Английская Википедия:Athena

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-protected Шаблон:For Шаблон:Redirect-several Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox deity Шаблон:Contains special characters AthenaШаблон:Efn or Athene,Шаблон:Efn often given the epithet Pallas,Шаблон:Efn is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft[1] who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva.Шаблон:Sfn Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of various cities across Greece, particularly the city of Athens, from which she most likely received her name.Шаблон:Snf The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens is dedicated to her. Her major symbols include owls, olive trees, snakes, and the Gorgoneion. In art, she is generally depicted wearing a helmet and holding a spear.

From her origin as an Aegean palace goddess, Athena was closely associated with the city. She was known as Polias and Poliouchos (both derived from polis, meaning "city-state"), and her temples were usually located atop the fortified acropolis in the central part of the city. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis is dedicated to her, along with numerous other temples and monuments. As the patron of craft and weaving, Athena was known as Ergane. She was also a warrior goddess, and was believed to lead soldiers into battle as Athena Promachos. Her main festival in Athens was the Panathenaia, which was celebrated during the month of Hekatombaion in midsummer and was the most important festival on the Athenian calendar.

In Greek mythology, Athena was believed to have been born from the forehead of her father Zeus. In some versions of the story, Athena has no mother and is born from Zeus' forehead by parthenogenesis. In others, such as Hesiod's Theogony, Zeus swallows his consort Metis, who was pregnant with Athena; in this version, Athena is first born within Zeus and then escapes from his body through his forehead. In the founding myth of Athens, Athena bested Poseidon in a competition over patronage of the city by creating the first olive tree. She was known as Athena Parthenos "Athena the Virgin", but in one archaic Attic myth, the god Hephaestus tried and failed to rape her, resulting in Gaia giving birth to Erichthonius, an important Athenian founding hero. Athena was the patron goddess of heroic endeavor; she was believed to have aided the heroes Perseus, Heracles, Bellerophon, and Jason. Along with Aphrodite and Hera, Athena was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War.

She plays an active role in the Iliad, in which she assists the Achaeans and, in the Odyssey, she is the divine counselor to Odysseus. In the later writings of the Roman poet Ovid, Athena was said to have competed against the mortal Arachne in a weaving competition, afterward transforming Arachne into the first spider; Ovid also describes how Athena transformed her priestess Medusa and the latter's sisters, Stheno and Euryale, into the Gorgons after witnessing the young woman being raped by Poseidon in the goddess's temple. Since the Renaissance, Athena has become an international symbol of wisdom, the arts, and classical learning. Western artists and allegorists have often used Athena as a symbol of freedom and democracy.

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Etymology

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The Acropolis at Athens (1846) by Leo von Klenze. Athena's name probably comes from the name of the city of Athens.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Snf

Athena is associated with the city of Athens.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn The name of the city in ancient Greek is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), a plural toponym, designating the place where—according to myth—she presided over the Athenai, a sisterhood devoted to her worship.Шаблон:Snf In ancient times, scholars argued whether Athena was named after Athens or Athens after Athena.Шаблон:Snf Now scholars generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city;Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn the ending -ene is common in names of locations, but rare for personal names.Шаблон:Snf Testimonies from different cities in ancient Greece attest that similar city goddesses were worshipped in other citiesШаблон:Snf and, like Athena, took their names from the cities where they were worshipped.Шаблон:Snf For example, in Mycenae there was a goddess called Mykene, whose sisterhood was known as Mykenai,Шаблон:Snf whereas at Thebes an analogous deity was called Thebe, and the city was known under the plural form Thebai (or Thebes, in English, where the 's' is the plural formation).Шаблон:Snf The name Athenai is likely of Pre-Greek origin because it contains the presumably Pre-Greek morpheme *-ān-.Шаблон:Snf

In his dialogue Cratylus, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (428–347 BC) gives some rather imaginative etymologies of Athena's name, based on the theories of the ancient Athenians and his etymological speculations:

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Thus, Plato believed that Athena's name was derived from Greek Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang—which the later Greeks rationalised as from the deity's (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) mind (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang). The second-century AD orator Aelius Aristides attempted to derive natural symbols from the etymological roots of Athena's names to be aether, air, earth, and moon.Шаблон:Snf

Origins

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Fragment of a fresco from the Cult Center at Mycenae dating the late thirteenth century BC depicting a warrior goddess, possibly Athena, wearing a boar's tusk helmet and clutching a griffin.Шаблон:Sfn

Athena was originally the Aegean goddess of the palace, who presided over household crafts and protected the king.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A single Mycenaean Greek inscription Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang appears at Knossos in the Linear B tablets from the Late Minoan II-era "Room of the Chariot Tablets";Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn these comprise the earliest Linear B archive anywhere.Шаблон:Sfn Although Athana potnia is often translated as "Mistress Athena", it could also mean "the Potnia of Athana", or the Lady of Athens.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, any connection to the city of Athens in the Knossos inscription is uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn A sign series Шаблон:Lang appears in the still undeciphered corpus of Linear A tablets, written in the unclassified Minoan language.[2] This could be connected with the Linear B Mycenaean expressions Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (Diwia, "of Zeus" or, possibly, related to a homonymous goddess),Шаблон:Sfn resulting in a translation "Athena of Zeus" or "divine Athena". Similarly, in the Greek mythology and epic tradition, Athena figures as a daughter of Zeus (Шаблон:Lang; cfr. Dyeus).Шаблон:Sfn However, the inscription quoted seems to be very similar to "Шаблон:Lang", quoted as SY Za 1 by Jan Best.Шаблон:Sfn Best translates the initial Шаблон:Lang, which is recurrent in line beginnings, as "I have given".Шаблон:Sfn

A Mycenean fresco depicts two women extending their hands towards a central figure, who is covered by an enormous figure-eight shield; this may depict the warrior-goddess with her palladium, or her palladium in an aniconic representation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the "Procession Fresco" at Knossos, which was reconstructed by the Mycenaeans, two rows of figures carrying vessels seem to meet in front of a central figure, which is probably the Minoan precursor to Athena.Шаблон:Sfn The early twentieth-century scholar Martin Persson Nilsson argued that the Minoan snake goddess figurines are early representations of Athena.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Nilsson and others have claimed that, in early times, Athena was either an owl herself or a bird goddess in general.Шаблон:Snf In the third book of the Odyssey, she takes the form of a sea-eagle.Шаблон:Snf Proponents of this view argue that she dropped her prophylactic owl mask before she lost her wings. "Athena, by the time she appears in art," Jane Ellen Harrison remarks, "has completely shed her animal form, has reduced the shapes she once wore of snake and bird to attributes, but occasionally in black-figure vase-paintings she still appears with wings."[3]

Файл:Seal of Inanna, 2350-2150 BCE.jpg
Ancient Akkadian cylinder seal (dating Шаблон:Circa 2334–2154 BC) depicting Inanna, the goddess of war, armored and carrying weapons, resting her foot on the back of a lionШаблон:Snf

It is generally agreed that the cult of Athena preserves some aspects of the Proto-Indo-European transfunctional goddess.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Snf The cult of Athena may have also been influenced by those of Near Eastern warrior goddesses such as the East Semitic Ishtar and the Ugaritic Anat,Шаблон:Sfn both of whom were often portrayed bearing arms.Шаблон:Snf Classical scholar Charles Penglase notes that Athena resembles Inanna in her role as a "terrifying warrior goddess"Шаблон:Sfn and that both goddesses were closely linked with creation.Шаблон:Sfn Athena's birth from the head of Zeus may be derived from the earlier Sumerian myth of Inanna's descent into and return from the Underworld.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Plato notes that the citizens of Sais in Egypt worshipped a goddess known as Neith,Шаблон:Efn whom he identifies with Athena.[4] Neith was the ancient Egyptian goddess of war and hunting, who was also associated with weaving; her worship began during the Egyptian Pre-Dynastic period. In Greek mythology, Athena was reported to have visited mythological sites in North Africa, including Libya's Triton River and the Phlegraean plain.Шаблон:Efn Based on these similarities, the Sinologist Martin Bernal created the "Black Athena" hypothesis, which claimed that Neith was brought to Greece from Egypt, along with "an enormous number of features of civilization and culture in the third and second millennia".Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn The "Black Athena" hypothesis stirred up widespread controversy near the end of the twentieth century,Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn but it has now been widely rejected by modern scholars.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn

Epithets and attributes

Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Multiple image

Athena was also the goddess of peace.[5]

In a similar manner to her patronage of various activities and Greek cities, Athena was thought to be a "protector of heroes" and a "patron of art" and various local traditions related to the arts and handicrafts.[5]

Athena was known as Atrytone (Шаблон:Lang "the Unwearying"), Parthenos (Шаблон:Lang "Virgin"), and Promachos (Шаблон:Lang "she who fights in front"). The epithet Polias (Πολιάς "of the city"), refers to Athena's role as protectress of the city.Шаблон:Snf The epithet Ergane (Εργάνη "the Industrious") pointed her out as the patron of craftsmen and artisans.Шаблон:Sfn Burkert notes that the Athenians sometimes simply called Athena "the Goddess", hē theós (ἡ θεός), certainly an ancient title.Шаблон:Snf After serving as the judge at the trial of Orestes in which he was acquitted of having murdered his mother Clytemnestra, Athena won the epithet Areia (Αρεία).Шаблон:Sfn Some have described Athena, along with the goddesses Hestia and Artemis as being asexual, this is mainly supported by the fact that in the Homeric Hymns, 5, To Aphrodite, where Aphrodite is described as having "no power" over the three goddesses.[6]

Athena was sometimes given the epithet Hippia (Ἵππια "of the horses", "equestrian"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn referring to her invention of the bit, bridle, chariot, and wagon.Шаблон:Sfn The Greek geographer Pausanias mentions in his Guide to Greece that the temple of Athena Chalinitis ("the bridler")Шаблон:Sfn in Corinth was located near the tomb of Medea's children.Шаблон:Sfn Other epithets include Ageleia, Itonia and Aethyia, under which she was worshiped in Megara.Шаблон:Sfn[7] The word aíthyia (Шаблон:Lang) signifies a "diver", also some diving bird species (possibly the shearwater) and figuratively, a "ship", so the name must reference Athena teaching the art of shipbuilding or navigation.[8] In a temple at Phrixa in Elis, reportedly built by Clymenus, she was known as Cydonia (Κυδωνία).Шаблон:Sfn Pausanias wrote that at Buporthmus there was a sanctuary of Athena Promachorma (Προμαχόρμα), meaning protector of the anchorage.[9][10]

The Greek biographer Plutarch (AD 46–120) refers to an instance during the construction of the Propylaia of her being called Athena Hygieia (Ὑγίεια, i. e. personified "Health") after inspiring a physician to a successful course of treatment.[11]

At Athens there is the temple of Athena Phratria, as patron of a phratry, in the Ancient Agora of Athens.[12]

Pallas Athena

Файл:Pallas Athena or, Armoured Figure by Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn.jpg
Pallas Athenas (1657) by Rembrandt, which recalls her attributes as the goddess of warfare.

Athena's epithet Pallas – her most renowned one – is derived either from Шаблон:Lang, meaning "to brandish [as a weapon]", or, more likely, from Шаблон:Lang and related words, meaning "youth, young woman".[13] On this topic, Walter Burkert says "she is the Pallas of Athens, Pallas Athenaie, just as Hera of Argos is Here Argeie."Шаблон:Snf In later times, after the original meaning of the name had been forgotten, the Greeks invented myths to explain its origins, such as those reported by the Epicurean philosopher Philodemus and the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, which claim that Pallas was originally a separate entity, whom Athena had slain in combat.[14]

In one version of the myth, Pallas was the daughter of the sea-god Triton,Шаблон:Sfn and she and Athena were childhood friends. Zeus one day watched Athena and Pallas have a friendly sparring match. Not wanting his daughter to lose, Zeus flapped his aegis to distract Pallas, whom Athena accidentally impaled.Шаблон:Sfn Distraught over what she had done, Athena took the name Pallas for herself as a sign of her grief and tribute to her friend and Zeus gave her the aegis as an apology.Шаблон:Sfn In another version of the story, Pallas was a Giant;Шаблон:Sfn Athena slew him during the Gigantomachy and flayed off his skin to make her cloak, which she wore as a victory trophy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In an alternative variation of the same myth, Pallas was instead Athena's father,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn who attempted to assault his own daughter,Шаблон:Sfn causing Athena to kill him and take his skin as a trophy.Шаблон:Sfn

The palladium was a statue of Athena that was said to have stood in her temple on the Trojan Acropolis.Шаблон:Sfn Athena was said to have carved the statue herself in the likeness of her dead friend Pallas.Шаблон:Sfn The statue had special talisman-like propertiesШаблон:Sfn and it was thought that, as long as it was in the city, Troy could never fall.Шаблон:Sfn When the Greeks captured Troy, Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, clung to the palladium for protection,Шаблон:Sfn but Ajax the Lesser violently tore her away from it and dragged her over to the other captives.Шаблон:Sfn Athena was infuriated by this violation of her protection.Шаблон:Sfn Although Agamemnon attempted to placate her anger with sacrifices, Athena sent a storm at Cape Kaphereos to destroy almost the entire Greek fleet and scatter all of the surviving ships across the Aegean.Шаблон:Sfn

Glaukopis

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The owl of Athena, surrounded by an olive wreath. Reverse of an Athenian silver tetradrachm, Шаблон:Circa 175 BC

In Homer's epic works, Athena's most common epithet is Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), which usually is translated as, "bright-eyed" or "with gleaming eyes".[15] The word is a combination of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, meaning "gleaming, silvery", and later, "bluish-green" or "gray")[16] and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, "eye, face").[17]

The word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang,[18] "little owl")[19] is from the same root, presumably according to some, because of the bird's own distinctive eyes. Athena was associated with the owl from very early on;Шаблон:Sfn in archaic images, she is frequently depicted with an owl perched on her hand.Шаблон:Sfn Through its association with Athena, the owl evolved into the national mascot of the Athenians and eventually became a symbol of wisdom.Шаблон:Sfn

Tritogeneia

In the Iliad (4.514), the Odyssey (3.378), the Homeric Hymns, and in Hesiod's Theogony, Athena is also given the curious epithet Tritogeneia (Τριτογένεια), whose significance remains unclear.Шаблон:Sfn It could mean various things, including "Triton-born", perhaps indicating that the homonymous sea-deity was her parent according to some early myths.Шаблон:Sfn One myth relates the foster father relationship of this Triton towards the half-orphan Athena, whom he raised alongside his own daughter Pallas.Шаблон:Sfn Kerényi suggests that "Tritogeneia did not mean that she came into the world on any particular river or lake, but that she was born of the water itself; for the name Triton seems to be associated with water generally."Шаблон:Snf[20] In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Athena is occasionally referred to as "Tritonia".

Another possible meaning may be "triple-born" or "third-born", which may refer to a triad or to her status as the third daughter of Zeus or the fact she was born from Metis, Zeus, and herself; various legends list her as being the first child after Artemis and Apollo, though other legends identify her as Zeus' first child.[21] Several scholars have suggested a connection to the Rigvedic god Trita,Шаблон:Sfn who was sometimes grouped in a body of three mythological poets.Шаблон:Sfn Michael Janda has connected the myth of Trita to the scene in the Iliad in which the "three brothers" Zeus, Poseidon, and Hades divide the world between them, receiving the "broad sky", the sea, and the underworld respectively.Шаблон:Sfn[22] Janda further connects the myth of Athena being born of the head (i. e. the uppermost part) of Zeus, understanding Trito- (which perhaps originally meant "the third") as another word for "the sky".Шаблон:Sfn In Janda's analysis of Indo-European mythology, this heavenly sphere is also associated with the mythological body of water surrounding the inhabited world (cfr. Triton's mother, Amphitrite).Шаблон:Sfn

Yet another possible meaning is mentioned in Diogenes Laertius' biography of Democritus, that Athena was called "Tritogeneia" because three things, on which all mortal life depends, come from her.[23]

Cult and patronages

Panhellenic and Athenian cult

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Athenian tetradrachm representing the goddess Athena

Шаблон:Ancient Greek religion

In her aspect of Athena Polias, Athena was venerated as the goddess of the city and the protectress of the citadel.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn In Athens, the Plynteria, or "Feast of the Bath", was observed every year at the end of the month of Thargelion.Шаблон:Sfn The festival lasted for five days. During this period, the priestesses of Athena, or plyntrídes, performed a cleansing ritual within the Erechtheion, a sanctuary devoted to Athena and Poseidon.Шаблон:Sfn Here Athena's statue was undressed, her clothes washed, and body purified.Шаблон:Sfn Athena was worshipped at festivals such as Chalceia as Athena Ergane,Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn the patroness of various crafts, especially weaving.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was also the patron of metalworkers and was believed to aid in the forging of armor and weapons.Шаблон:Sfn During the late fifth century BC, the role of goddess of philosophy became a major aspect of Athena's cult.Шаблон:Sfn

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A new peplos was woven for Athena and ceremonially brought to dress her cult image (British Museum).

As Athena Promachos, she was believed to lead soldiers into battle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena represented the disciplined, strategic side of war, in contrast to her brother Ares, the patron of violence, bloodlust, and slaughter—"the raw force of war".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena was believed to only support those fighting for a just causeШаблон:Sfn and was thought to view war primarily as a means to resolve conflict.Шаблон:Sfn The Greeks regarded Athena with much higher esteem than Ares.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena was especially worshipped in this role during the festivals of the Panathenaea and Pamboeotia,Шаблон:Sfn both of which prominently featured displays of athletic and military prowess.Шаблон:Sfn As the patroness of heroes and warriors, Athena was believed to favor those who used cunning and intelligence rather than brute strength.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg
The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, which is dedicated to Athena ParthenosШаблон:Sfn

In her aspect as a warrior maiden, Athena was known as Parthenos (Шаблон:Lang "virgin"),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn because, like her fellow goddesses Artemis and Hestia, she was believed to remain perpetually a virgin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena's most famous temple, the Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis, takes its name from this title.Шаблон:Sfn According to Karl Kerényi, a scholar of Greek mythology, the name Parthenos is not merely an observation of Athena's virginity, but also a recognition of her role as enforcer of rules of sexual modesty and ritual mystery.Шаблон:Sfn Even beyond recognition, the Athenians allotted the goddess value based on this pureness of virginity, which they upheld as a rudiment of female behavior.Шаблон:Sfn Kerényi's study and theory of Athena explains her virginal epithet as a result of her relationship to her father Zeus and a vital, cohesive piece of her character throughout the ages.Шаблон:Sfn This role is expressed in several stories about Athena. Marinus of Neapolis reports that when Christians removed the statue of the goddess from the Parthenon, a beautiful woman appeared in a dream to Proclus, a devotee of Athena, and announced that the "Athenian Lady" wished to dwell with him.[24]

Athena was also credited with creating the pebble-based form of divination. Those pebbles were called thriai, which was also the collective name of a group of nymphs with prophetic powers. Her half-brother Apollo however, angered and spiteful at the practitioners of an art rival to his own, complained to their father Zeus about it, with the pretext that many people took to casting pebbles, but few actually were true prophets. Zeus, sympathizing with Apollo's grievances, discredited the pebble divination by rendering the pebbles useless. Apollo's words became the basis of an ancient Greek idiom.Шаблон:Sfn

Regional cults

Файл:Athena shown on the reverse side of a Pergamene coin minted by Attalus I.jpg
Reverse side of a Pergamene silver tetradrachm minted by Attalus I, showing Athena seated on a throne (Шаблон:Circa BC)

Athena was not only the patron goddess of Athens, but also other cities, including Pergamon,[5] Argos, Sparta, Gortyn, Lindos, and Larisa.Шаблон:Snf The various cults of Athena were all branches of her panhellenic cultШаблон:Sfn and often proctored various initiation rites of Grecian youth, such as the passage into citizenship by young men or the passage of young women into marriage.Шаблон:Sfn These cults were portals of a uniform socialization, even beyond mainland Greece.Шаблон:Sfn Athena was frequently equated with Aphaea, a local goddess of the island of Aegina, originally from Crete and also associated with Artemis and the nymph Britomartis.Шаблон:Sfn In Arcadia, she was assimilated with the ancient goddess Alea and worshiped as Athena Alea.Шаблон:Sfn Sanctuaries dedicated to Athena Alea were located in the Laconian towns of Mantineia and Tegea. The temple of Athena Alea in Tegea was an important religious center of ancient Greece.Шаблон:Efn The geographer Pausanias was informed that the temenos had been founded by Aleus.[25]

Athena had a major temple on the Spartan Acropolis,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn where she was venerated as Poliouchos and Khalkíoikos ("of the Brazen House", often latinized as Chalcioecus).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This epithet may refer to the fact that cult statue held there may have been made of bronze,Шаблон:Sfn that the walls of the temple itself may have been made of bronze,Шаблон:Sfn or that Athena was the patron of metal-workers.Шаблон:Sfn Bells made of terracotta and bronze were used in Sparta as part of Athena's cult.Шаблон:Sfn An Ionic-style temple to Athena Polias was built at Priene in the fourth century BC.Шаблон:Sfn It was designed by Pytheos of Priene,Шаблон:Sfn the same architect who designed the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.Шаблон:Sfn The temple was dedicated by Alexander the GreatШаблон:Sfn and an inscription from the temple declaring his dedication is now held in the British Museum.Шаблон:Sfn

In Pergamon, Athena was thought to have been a god of the cosmos and the aspects of it that aided Pergamon and its fate.[5]

Mythology

Birth

Файл:Amphora birth Athena Louvre F32.jpg
Athena is "born" from Zeus's forehead as a result of him having swallowed her mother Metis, as he grasps the clothing of Eileithyia on the right; black-figured amphora, 550–525 BC, Louvre.
Файл:Statuette of Athena (3rd cent. A.D.) in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens on 14 April 2018 (cropped).jpg
The Varvakeion Athena, the most faithful copy of the Athena Parthenos, as displayed in the National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

She was the daughter of Zeus, produced without a mother, and emerged full-grown from his forehead. There was an alternate story that Zeus swallowed Metis, the goddess of counsel, while she was pregnant with Athena and when she was fully grown she emerged from Zeus' forehead. Being the favorite child of Zeus, she had great power. In the classical Olympian pantheon, Athena was regarded as the favorite child of Zeus, born fully armed from his forehead.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn The story of her birth comes in several versions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The earliest mention is in Book V of the Iliad, when Ares accuses Zeus of being biased in favor of Athena because "autos egeinao" (literally "you fathered her", but probably intended as "you gave birth to her").[26]Шаблон:Sfn She was essentially urban and civilized, the antithesis in many respects of Artemis, goddess of the outdoors. Athena was probably a pre-Hellenic goddess and was later taken over by the Greeks. In the version recounted by Hesiod in his Theogony, Zeus married the goddess Metis, who is described as the "wisest among gods and mortal men", and engaged in sexual intercourse with her.[27]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After learning that Metis was pregnant, however, he became afraid that the unborn offspring would try to overthrow him, because Gaia and Ouranos had prophesied that Metis would bear children wiser than their father.[27]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In order to prevent this, Zeus tricked Metis into letting him swallow her, but it was too late because Metis had already conceived.[27]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A later account of the story from the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, written in the second century AD, makes Metis Zeus's unwilling sexual partner, rather than his wife.[28]Шаблон:Sfn According to this version of the story, Metis transformed into many different shapes in effort to escape Zeus,[28]Шаблон:Sfn but Zeus successfully raped her and swallowed her.[28]Шаблон:Sfn

After swallowing Metis, Zeus took six more wives in succession until he married his seventh and present wife, Hera.Шаблон:Sfn Then Zeus experienced an enormous headache.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He was in such pain that he ordered someone (either Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, Ares, or Palaemon, depending on the sources examined) to cleave his head open with the labrys, the double-headed Minoan axe.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena leaped from Zeus's head, fully grown and armed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The "First Homeric Hymn to Athena" states in lines 9–16 that the gods were awestruck by Athena's appearanceШаблон:Sfn and even Helios, the god of the sun, stopped his chariot in the sky.Шаблон:Sfn Pindar, in his "Seventh Olympian Ode", states that she "cried aloud with a mighty shout" and that "the Sky and mother Earth shuddered before her."[29]Шаблон:Sfn

Hesiod states that Hera was so annoyed at Zeus for having given birth to a child on his own that she conceived and bore Hephaestus by herself,Шаблон:Sfn but in Imagines 2. 27 (trans. Fairbanks), the third-century AD Greek rhetorician Philostratus the Elder writes that Hera "rejoices" at Athena's birth "as though Athena were her daughter also." The second-century AD Christian apologist Justin Martyr takes issue with those pagans who erect at springs images of Kore, whom he interprets as Athena: "They said that Athena was the daughter of Zeus not from intercourse, but when the god had in mind the making of a world through a word (logos) his first thought was Athena."[30] According to a version of the story in a scholium on the Iliad (found nowhere else), when Zeus swallowed Metis, she was pregnant with Athena by the Cyclops Brontes.[31] The Etymologicum MagnumШаблон:Sfn instead deems Athena the daughter of the Daktyl Itonos.Шаблон:Sfn Fragments attributed by the Christian Eusebius of Caesarea to the semi-legendary Phoenician historian Sanchuniathon, which Eusebius thought had been written before the Trojan war, make Athena instead the daughter of Cronus, a king of Byblos who visited "the inhabitable world" and bequeathed Attica to Athena.Шаблон:Sfn[32]

Lady of Athens

Файл:René-Antoine Houasse - The Dispute of Minerva and Neptune, 1689.jpg
The Dispute of Minerva and Neptune by René-Antoine Houasse (Шаблон:Circa)

In Homer's Iliad, Athena, as a war goddess, inspired and fought alongside the Greek heroes; her aid was synonymous with military prowess. Also in the Iliad, Zeus, the chief god, specifically assigned the sphere of war to Ares, the god of war, and Athena. Athena's moral and military superiority to Ares derived in part from the fact that she represented the intellectual and civilized side of war and the virtues of justice and skill, whereas Ares represented mere blood lust. Her superiority also derived in part from the vastly greater variety and importance of her functions and the patriotism of Homer's predecessors, Ares being of foreign origin. In the Iliad, Athena was the divine form of the heroic, martial ideal: she personified excellence in close combat, victory, and glory. The qualities that led to victory were found on the aegis, or breastplate, that Athena wore when she went to war: fear, strife, defense, and assault. Athena appears in Homer's Odyssey as the tutelary deity of Odysseus, and myths from later sources portray her similarly as the helper of Perseus and Heracles (Hercules). As the guardian of the welfare of kings, Athena became the goddess of good counsel, prudent restraint and practical insight, and war. In a founding myth reported by Pseudo-Apollodorus,Шаблон:Sfn Athena competed with Poseidon for the patronage of Athens.Шаблон:Sfn They agreed that each would give the Athenians one giftШаблон:Sfn and that Cecrops, the king of Athens, would determine which gift was better.Шаблон:Sfn Poseidon struck the ground with his trident and a salt water spring sprang up;Шаблон:Sfn this gave the Athenians access to trade and water.Шаблон:Sfn Athens at its height was a significant sea power, defeating the Persian fleet at the Battle of SalamisШаблон:Sfn—but the water was salty and undrinkable.Шаблон:Sfn In an alternative version of the myth from Vergil's Georgics,Шаблон:Sfn Poseidon instead gave the Athenians the first horse.Шаблон:Sfn Athena offered the first domesticated olive tree.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Cecrops accepted this giftШаблон:Sfn and declared Athena the patron goddess of Athens.Шаблон:Sfn The olive tree brought wood, oil, and food,Шаблон:Sfn and became a symbol of Athenian economic prosperity.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Robert Graves was of the opinion that "Poseidon's attempts to take possession of certain cities are political myths",Шаблон:Sfn which reflect the conflict between matriarchal and patriarchal religions.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Atena-Giustiniani---Vatican.jpg
The Athena Giustiniani, a Roman copy of a Greek statue of Pallas Athena. The guardian serpent of the Athenian Acropolis sits coiled at her feet.Шаблон:Sfn

Afterwards, Poseidon was so angry over his defeat that he sent one of his sons, Halirrhothius, to cut down the tree. But as he swung his axe, he missed his aim and it fell in himself, killing him. This was supposedly the origin of calling Athena's sacred olive tree moria, for Halirrhotius's attempt at revenge proved fatal (moros in Greek). Poseidon in fury accused Ares of murder, and the matter was eventually settled on the Areopagus ("hill of Ares") in favour of Ares, which was thereafter named after the event.[33]Шаблон:Sfn

Pseudo-ApollodorusШаблон:Snf records an archaic legend, which claims that Hephaestus once attempted to rape Athena, but she pushed him away, causing him to ejaculate on her thigh.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn Athena wiped the semen off using a tuft of wool, which she tossed into the dust,Шаблон:SnfШаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn impregnating Gaia and causing her to give birth to Erichthonius.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn Athena adopted Erichthonius as her son and raised him.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn The Roman mythographer HyginusШаблон:Snf records a similar story in which Hephaestus demanded Zeus to let him marry Athena since he was the one who had smashed open Zeus's skull, allowing Athena to be born.Шаблон:Snf Zeus agreed to this and Hephaestus and Athena were married,Шаблон:Snf but, when Hephaestus was about to consummate the union, Athena vanished from the bridal bed, causing him to ejaculate on the floor, thus impregnating Gaia with Erichthonius.Шаблон:Snf

The geographer PausaniasШаблон:Snf records that Athena placed the infant Erichthonius into a small chestШаблон:Snf (cista), which she entrusted to the care of the three daughters of Cecrops: Herse, Pandrosos, and Aglauros of Athens.Шаблон:Snf She warned the three sisters not to open the chest,Шаблон:Snf but did not explain to them why or what was in it.Шаблон:Snf Aglauros, and possibly one of the other sisters,Шаблон:Snf opened the chest.Шаблон:Snf Differing reports say that they either found that the child itself was a serpent, that it was guarded by a serpent, that it was guarded by two serpents, or that it had the legs of a serpent.Шаблон:Snf In Pausanias's story, the two sisters were driven mad by the sight of the chest's contents and hurled themselves off the Acropolis, dying instantly,Шаблон:Snf but an Attic vase painting shows them being chased by the serpent off the edge of the cliff instead.Шаблон:Snf

Erichthonius was one of the most important founding heroes of AthensШаблон:Snf and the legend of the daughters of Cecrops was a cult myth linked to the rituals of the Arrhephoria festival.Шаблон:SnfШаблон:Sfn Pausanias records that, during the Arrhephoria, two young girls known as the Arrhephoroi, who lived near the temple of Athena Polias, would be given hidden objects by the priestess of Athena,Шаблон:Sfn which they would carry on their heads down a natural underground passage.Шаблон:Sfn They would leave the objects they had been given at the bottom of the passage and take another set of hidden objects,Шаблон:Sfn which they would carry on their heads back up to the temple.Шаблон:Sfn The ritual was performed in the dead of nightШаблон:Sfn and no one, not even the priestess, knew what the objects were.Шаблон:Sfn The serpent in the story may be the same one depicted coiled at Athena's feet in Pheidias's famous statue of the Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.Шаблон:Sfn Many of the surviving sculptures of Athena show this serpent.Шаблон:Sfn

Herodotus records that a serpent lived in a crevice on the north side of the summit of the Athenian AcropolisШаблон:Sfn and that the Athenians left a honey cake for it each month as an offering.Шаблон:Sfn On the eve of the Second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, the serpent did not eat the honey cakeШаблон:Sfn and the Athenians interpreted it as a sign that Athena herself had abandoned them.Шаблон:Sfn Another version of the myth of the Athenian maidens is told in Metamorphoses by the Roman poet Ovid (43 BCШаблон:Snds17 AD); in this late variant Hermes falls in love with Herse. Herse, Aglaulus, and Pandrosus go to the temple to offer sacrifices to Athena. Hermes demands help from Aglaulus to seduce Herse. Aglaulus demands money in exchange. Hermes gives her the money the sisters have already offered to Athena. As punishment for Aglaulus's greed, Athena asks the goddess Envy to make Aglaulus jealous of Herse. When Hermes arrives to seduce Herse, Aglaulus stands in his way instead of helping him as she had agreed. He turns her to stone.[34]

Athena gave her favour to an Attic girl named Myrsine, a chaste girl who outdid all her fellow athletes in both the palaestra and the race. Out of envy, the other athletes murdered her, but Athena took pity in her and transformed her dead body into a myrtle, a plant thereafter as favoured by her as the olive was.[35] An almost exact story was said about another girl, Elaea, who transformed into an olive, Athena's sacred tree.[36]

Patron of heroes

Файл:Douris cup Jason Vatican 16545.jpg
Attic red-figure kylix painting from Шаблон:Circa 480-470 BC showing Athena observing as the Colchian dragon disgorges the hero JasonШаблон:Sfn

According to Pseudo-Apollodorus's Bibliotheca, Athena advised Argos, the builder of the Argo, the ship on which the hero Jason and his band of Argonauts sailed, and aided in the ship's construction.[37]Шаблон:Sfn Pseudo-Apollodorus also records that Athena guided the hero Perseus in his quest to behead Medusa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She and Hermes, the god of travelers, appeared to Perseus after he set off on his quest and gifted him with tools he would need to kill the Gorgon.Шаблон:Sfn[38] Athena lent Perseus her polished bronze shield to view Medusa's reflection without becoming petrified himself.Шаблон:Sfn[39] Hermes lent Perseus his harpe to behead Medusa with.Шаблон:Sfn[40] When Perseus swung the blade to behead Medusa, Athena guided it, allowing the blade to cut the Gorgon's head clean off.Шаблон:Sfn[39] According to Pindar's Thirteenth Olympian Ode, Athena helped the hero Bellerophon tame the winged horse Pegasus by giving him a bit.Шаблон:Sfn[41]

In ancient Greek art, Athena is frequently shown aiding the hero Heracles.Шаблон:Sfn She appears in four of the twelve metopes on the Temple of Zeus at Olympia depicting Heracles's Twelve Labors,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including the first, in which she passively watches him slay the Nemean lion,Шаблон:Sfn and the tenth, in which she is shown actively helping him hold up the sky.Шаблон:Sfn She is presented as his "stern ally",Шаблон:Sfn but also the "gentle... acknowledger of his achievements."Шаблон:Sfn Artistic depictions of Heracles's apotheosis show Athena driving him to Mount Olympus in her chariot and presenting him to Zeus for his deification.Шаблон:Sfn In Aeschylus's tragedy Orestes, Athena intervenes to save Orestes from the wrath of the Erinyes and presides over his trial for the murder of his mother Clytemnestra.Шаблон:Sfn When half the jury votes to acquit and the other half votes to convict, Athena casts the deciding vote to acquit OrestesШаблон:Sfn and declares that, from then on, whenever a jury is tied, the defendant shall always be acquitted.Шаблон:Sfn

In The Odyssey, Odysseus' cunning and shrewd nature quickly wins Athena's favour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn For the first part of the poem, however, she largely is confined to aiding him only from afar, mainly by implanting thoughts in his head during his journey home from Troy. Her guiding actions reinforce her role as the "protectress of heroes," or, as mythologian Walter Friedrich Otto dubbed her, the "goddess of nearness", due to her mentoring and motherly probing.[42]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is not until he washes up on the shore of the island of the Phaeacians, where Nausicaa is washing her clothes that Athena arrives personally to provide more tangible assistance.Шаблон:Sfn She appears in Nausicaa's dreams to ensure that the princess rescues Odysseus and plays a role in his eventual escort to Ithaca.Шаблон:Sfn Athena appears to Odysseus upon his arrival, disguised as a herdsman;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn she initially lies and tells him that Penelope, his wife, has remarried and that he is believed to be dead,Шаблон:Sfn but Odysseus lies back to her, employing skillful prevarications to protect himself.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Impressed by his resolve and shrewdness, she reveals herself and tells him what he needs to know to win back his kingdom.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She disguises him as an elderly beggar so that he will not be recognized by the suitors or Penelope,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and helps him to defeat the suitors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena also appears to Odysseus's son Telemachus.Шаблон:Sfn Her actions lead him to travel around to Odysseus's comrades and ask about his father.Шаблон:Sfn He hears stories about some of Odysseus's journey.Шаблон:Sfn Athena's push for Telemachus's journey helps him grow into the man role, that his father once held.Шаблон:Sfn She also plays a role in ending the resultant feud against the suitors' relatives. She instructs Laertes to throw his spear and to kill Eupeithes, the father of Antinous.

Punishment myths

Файл:Gorgona pushkin.jpg
Classical Greek depiction of Medusa from the fourth century BC

The Gorgoneion appears to have originated as an apotropaic symbol intended to ward off evil.Шаблон:Sfn In a late myth invented to explain the origins of the Gorgon,Шаблон:Sfn Medusa is described as having been a young priestess who served in the temple of Athena in Athens.Шаблон:Sfn Poseidon lusted after Medusa, and raped her in the temple of Athena,Шаблон:Sfn refusing to allow her vow of chastity to stand in his way.Шаблон:Sfn Upon discovering the desecration of her temple, Athena transformed Medusa into a hideous monster with serpents for hair whose gaze would turn any mortal to stone.Шаблон:Sfn

In his Twelfth Pythian Ode, Pindar recounts the story of how Athena invented the aulos, a kind of flute, in imitation of the lamentations of Medusa's sisters, the Gorgons, after she was beheaded by the hero Perseus.Шаблон:Sfn According to Pindar, Athena gave the aulos to mortals as a gift.Шаблон:Sfn Later, the comic playwright Melanippides of Melos (Шаблон:Circa 480-430 BC) embellished the story in his comedy Marsyas,Шаблон:Sfn claiming that Athena looked in the mirror while she was playing the aulos and saw how blowing into it puffed up her cheeks and made her look silly, so she threw the aulos away and cursed it so that whoever picked it up would meet an awful death.Шаблон:Sfn The aulos was picked up by the satyr Marsyas, who was later killed by Apollo for his hubris.Шаблон:Sfn Later, this version of the story became accepted as canonicalШаблон:Sfn and the Athenian sculptor Myron created a group of bronze sculptures based on it, which was installed before the western front of the Parthenon in around 440 BC.Шаблон:Sfn

A myth told by the early third-century BC Hellenistic poet Callimachus in his Hymn 5 begins with Athena bathing in a spring on Mount Helicon at midday with one of her favorite companions, the nymph Chariclo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Chariclo's son Tiresias happened to be hunting on the same mountain and came to the spring searching for water.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He inadvertently saw Athena naked, so she struck him blind to ensure he would never again see what man was not intended to see.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Chariclo intervened on her son's behalf and begged Athena to have mercy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena replied that she could not restore Tiresias's eyesight,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn so, instead, she gave him the ability to understand the language of the birds and thus foretell the future.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Myrmex was a clever and chaste Attic girl who became quickly a favourite of Athena. However when Athena invented the plough, Myrmex went to the Atticans and told them that it was in fact her own invention. Hurt by the girl's betrayal, Athena transformed her into the small insect bearing her name, the ant.[43]

Файл:René-Antoine Houasse - Minerve et Arachne (Versailles).jpg
Minerva and Arachne by René-Antoine Houasse (1706)

The fable of Arachne appears in Ovid's Metamorphoses (8 AD) (vi.5–54 and 129–145),Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn which is nearly the only extant source for the legend.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The story does not appear to have been well known prior to Ovid's rendition of itШаблон:Sfn and the only earlier reference to it is a brief allusion in Virgil's Georgics, (29 BC) (iv, 246) that does not mention Arachne by name.Шаблон:Sfn According to Ovid, Arachne (whose name means spider in ancient Greek[44]) was the daughter of a famous dyer in Tyrian purple in Hypaipa of Lydia, and a weaving student of Athena.Шаблон:Sfn She became so conceited of her skill as a weaver that she began claiming that her skill was greater than that of Athena herself.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena gave Arachne a chance to redeem herself by assuming the form of an old woman and warning Arachne not to offend the deities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Arachne scoffed and wished for a weaving contest, so she could prove her skill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Athena wove the scene of her victory over Poseidon in the contest for the patronage of Athens.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena's tapestry also depicted the 12 Olympian gods and defeat of mythological figures who challenged their authority.Шаблон:Sfn Arachne's tapestry featured twenty-one episodes of the deities' infidelity,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including Zeus being unfaithful with Leda, with Europa, and with Danaë.Шаблон:Sfn It represented the unjust and discrediting behavior of the gods towards mortals.Шаблон:Sfn Athena admitted that Arachne's work was flawless,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but was outraged at Arachne's offensive choice of subject, which displayed the failings and transgressions of the deities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Finally, losing her temper, Athena destroyed Arachne's tapestry and loom, striking it with her shuttle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena then struck Arachne across the face with her staff four times.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Arachne hanged herself in despair,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but Athena took pity on her and brought her back from the dead in the form of a spider.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In a rarer version, surviving in the scholia of an unnamed scholiast on Nicander, whose works heavily influenced Ovid, Arachne is placed in Attica instead and has a brother named Phalanx. Athena taught Arachne the art of weaving and Phalanx the art of war, but when brother and sister laid together in bed, Athena was so disgusted with them that she turned them both into spiders, animals forever doomed to be eaten by their own young.[45]

Trojan War

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Judgement Paris Antioch Louvre Ma3443.jpg
Ancient Greek mosaic from Antioch dating to the second century AD, depicting the Judgement of Paris

The myth of the Judgement of Paris is mentioned briefly in the Iliad,Шаблон:Sfn but is described in depth in an epitome of the Cypria, a lost poem of the Epic Cycle,Шаблон:Sfn which records that all the gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (the eventual parents of Achilles).Шаблон:Sfn Only Eris, goddess of discord, was not invited.Шаблон:Sfn She was annoyed at this, so she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the word καλλίστῃ (kallistēi, "for the fairest"), which she threw among the goddesses.Шаблон:Sfn Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed to be the fairest, and thus the rightful owner of the apple.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The goddesses chose to place the matter before Zeus, who, not wanting to favor one of the goddesses, put the choice into the hands of Paris, a Trojan prince.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After bathing in the spring of Mount Ida where Troy was situated, the goddesses appeared before Paris for his decision.Шаблон:Sfn In the extant ancient depictions of the Judgement of Paris, Aphrodite is only occasionally represented nude, and Athena and Hera are always fully clothed.Шаблон:Sfn Since the Renaissance, however, Western paintings have typically portrayed all three goddesses as completely naked.Шаблон:Sfn

All three goddesses were ideally beautiful and Paris could not decide between them, so they resorted to bribes.Шаблон:Sfn Hera tried to bribe Paris with power over all Asia and Europe,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Athena offered fame and glory in battle,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but Aphrodite promised Paris that, if he were to choose her as the fairest, she would let him marry the most beautiful woman on earth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This woman was Helen, who was already married to King Menelaus of Sparta.Шаблон:Sfn Paris selected Aphrodite and awarded her the apple.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The other two goddesses were enraged and, as a direct result, sided with the Greeks in the Trojan War.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Файл:Antalya Museum 06022022 003.jpg
Athena statue in the Antalya Museum.

In Books V–VI of the Iliad, Athena aids the hero Diomedes, who, in the absence of Achilles, proves himself to be the most effective Greek warrior.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Several artistic representations from the early sixth century BC may show Athena and Diomedes,Шаблон:Sfn including an early sixth-century BC shield band depicting Athena and an unidentified warrior riding on a chariot, a vase painting of a warrior with his charioteer facing Athena, and an inscribed clay plaque showing Diomedes and Athena riding in a chariot.Шаблон:Sfn Numerous passages in the Iliad also mention Athena having previously served as the patron of Diomedes's father Tydeus.[46]Шаблон:Sfn When the Trojan women go to the temple of Athena on the Acropolis to plead her for protection from Diomedes, Athena ignores them.Шаблон:Sfn

In Book XXII of the Iliad, while Achilles is chasing Hector around the walls of Troy, Athena appears to Hector disguised as his brother DeiphobusШаблон:Sfn and persuades him to hold his ground so that they can fight Achilles together.Шаблон:Sfn Then, Hector throws his spear at Achilles and misses, expecting Deiphobus to hand him another,Шаблон:Sfn but Athena disappears instead, leaving Hector to face Achilles alone without his spear.Шаблон:Sfn In Sophocles's tragedy Ajax, she punishes Odysseus's rival Ajax the Great, driving him insane and causing him to massacre the Achaeans' cattle, thinking that he is slaughtering the Achaeans themselves.Шаблон:Sfn Even after Odysseus himself expresses pity for Ajax,Шаблон:Sfn Athena declares, "To laugh at your enemies - what sweeter laughter can there be than that?" (lines 78–9).Шаблон:Sfn Ajax later commits suicide as a result of his humiliation.Шаблон:Sfn

Classical art

Athena appears frequently in classical Greek art, including on coins and in paintings on ceramics.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She is especially prominent in works produced in Athens.Шаблон:Sfn In classical depictions, Athena is usually portrayed standing upright, wearing a full-length chiton.Шаблон:Sfn She is most often represented dressed in armor like a male soldierШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and wearing a Corinthian helmet raised high atop her forehead.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her shield bears at its centre the aegis with the head of the gorgon (gorgoneion) in the center and snakes around the edge.Шаблон:Sfn Sometimes she is shown wearing the aegis as a cloak.Шаблон:Sfn As Athena Promachos, she is shown brandishing a spear.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Scenes in which Athena was represented include her birth from the head of Zeus, her battle with the Gigantes, the birth of Erichthonius, and the Judgement of Paris.Шаблон:Sfn

The Mourning Athena or Athena Meditating is a famous relief sculpture dating to around 470-460 BCШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn that has been interpreted to represent Athena Polias.Шаблон:Sfn The most famous classical depiction of Athena was the Athena Parthenos, a now-lost Шаблон:Cvt[47] gold and ivory statue of her in the Parthenon created by the Athenian sculptor Phidias.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Copies reveal that this statue depicted Athena holding her shield in her left hand with Nike, the winged goddess of victory, standing in her right.Шаблон:Sfn Athena Polias is also represented in a Neo-Attic relief now held in the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts,Шаблон:Sfn which depicts her holding an owl in her handШаблон:Efn and wearing her characteristic Corinthian helmet while resting her shield against a nearby herma.Шаблон:Sfn The Roman goddess Minerva adopted most of Athena's Greek iconographical associations,Шаблон:Sfn but was also integrated into the Capitoline Triad.Шаблон:Sfn

Post-classical culture

Art and symbolism

Файл:Austria Parlament Athena bw.jpg
Statue of Pallas Athena in front of the Austrian Parliament Building. Athena has been used throughout Western history as a symbol of freedom and democracy.Шаблон:Sfn

Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria and Firmicus, denigrated Athena as representative of all the things that were detestable about paganism;Шаблон:Snf they condemned her as "immodest and immoral".Шаблон:Snf During the Middle Ages, however, many attributes of Athena were given to the Virgin Mary,Шаблон:Snf who, in fourth-century portrayals, was often depicted wearing the Gorgoneion.Шаблон:Snf Some even viewed the Virgin Mary as a warrior maiden, much like Athena Parthenos;Шаблон:Snf one anecdote tells that the Virgin Mary once appeared upon the walls of Constantinople when it was under siege by the Avars, clutching a spear and urging the people to fight.Шаблон:Snf During the Middle Ages, Athena became widely used as a Christian symbol and allegory, and she appeared on the family crests of certain noble houses.Шаблон:Snf

During the Renaissance, Athena donned the mantle of patron of the arts and human endeavor;Шаблон:Snf allegorical paintings involving Athena were a favorite of the Italian Renaissance painters.Шаблон:Snf In Sandro Botticelli's painting Pallas and the Centaur, probably painted sometime in the 1480s, Athena is the personification of chastity, who is shown grasping the forelock of a centaur, who represents lust.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Andrea Mantegna's 1502 painting Minerva Expelling the Vices from the Garden of Virtue uses Athena as the personification of Graeco-Roman learning chasing the vices of medievalism from the garden of modern scholarship.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Athena is also used as the personification of wisdom in Bartholomeus Spranger's 1591 painting The Triumph of Wisdom or Minerva Victorious over Ignorance.Шаблон:Sfn

During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Athena was used as a symbol for female rulers.Шаблон:Sfn In his book A Revelation of the True Minerva (1582), Thomas Blennerhassett portrays Queen Elizabeth I of England as a "new Minerva" and "the greatest goddesse nowe on earth".Шаблон:Sfn A series of paintings by Peter Paul Rubens depict Athena as Marie de' Medici's patron and mentor;Шаблон:Sfn the final painting in the series goes even further and shows Marie de' Medici with Athena's iconography, as the mortal incarnation of the goddess herself.Шаблон:Sfn The Flemish sculptor Jean-Pierre-Antoine Tassaert (Jan Peter Anton Tassaert) later portrayed Catherine II of Russia as Athena in a marble bust in 1774.Шаблон:Sfn During the French Revolution, statues of pagan gods were torn down all throughout France, but statues of Athena were not.Шаблон:Snf Instead, Athena was transformed into the personification of freedom and the republicШаблон:Snf and a statue of the goddess stood in the center of the Place de la Revolution in Paris.Шаблон:Snf In the years following the Revolution, artistic representations of Athena proliferated.Шаблон:Snf

A statue of Athena stands directly in front of the Austrian Parliament Building in Vienna,Шаблон:Sfn and depictions of Athena have influenced other symbols of Western freedom, including the Statue of Liberty and Britannia.Шаблон:Sfn For over a century, a full-scale replica of the Parthenon has stood in Nashville, Tennessee.Шаблон:Sfn In 1990, the curators added a gilded forty-two-foot (12.5 m) tall replica of Phidias's Athena Parthenos, built from concrete and fiberglass.Шаблон:Sfn The Great Seal of California bears the image of Athena kneeling next to a brown grizzly bear.[48] Athena has occasionally appeared on modern coins, as she did on the ancient Athenian drachma. Her head appears on the $50 1915-S Panama-Pacific commemorative coin.Шаблон:Sfn

Modern interpretations

Файл:Hellen altar.png
Modern Neopagan Hellenist altar dedicated to Athena and Apollo

One of Sigmund Freud's most treasured possessions was a small, bronze sculpture of Athena, which sat on his desk.Шаблон:Sfn Freud once described Athena as "a woman who is unapproachable and repels all sexual desires - since she displays the terrifying genitals of the Mother."Шаблон:Sfn Feminist views on Athena are sharply divided;Шаблон:Sfn some feminists regard her as a symbol of female empowerment,Шаблон:Sfn while others regard her as "the ultimate patriarchal sell out... who uses her powers to promote and advance men rather than others of her sex."Шаблон:Sfn In contemporary Wicca, Athena is venerated as an aspect of the GoddessШаблон:Sfn and some Wiccans believe that she may bestow the "Owl Gift" ("the ability to write and communicate clearly") upon her worshippers.Шаблон:Sfn Due to her status as one of the twelve Olympians, Athena is a major deity in Hellenismos,Шаблон:Sfn a Neopagan religion which seeks to authentically revive and recreate the religion of ancient Greece in the modern world.Шаблон:Sfn

Athena is a natural patron of universities: At Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, a statue of Athena (a replica of the original bronze one in the arts and archaeology library) resides in the Great Hall.Шаблон:Sfn It is traditional at exam time for students to leave offerings to the goddess with a note asking for good luck,Шаблон:Sfn or to repent for accidentally breaking any of the college's numerous other traditions.Шаблон:Sfn Pallas Athena is the tutelary goddess of the international social fraternity Phi Delta Theta.[49] Her owl is also a symbol of the fraternity.[49]

Genealogy

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See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Ancient sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Modern sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Wikiquote Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Library resources box

Шаблон:Greek myth (Olympian) Шаблон:Greek religion Шаблон:Greek mythology (deities) Шаблон:Symbols of Greece

Шаблон:Authority control

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  2. ↑ KO Za 1 inscription, line 1.
  3. ↑ Harrison 1922:306. Cfr. ibid., p. 307, fig. 84: Шаблон:Cite web.
  4. ↑ Cf. also Herodotus, Histories 2:170–175.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Pausanias, i. 5. § 3; 41. § 6.
  8. ↑ John Tzetzes, ad Lycophr., l.c..
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Chantraine, s.v.; the New Pauly says the etymology is simply unknown
  14. ↑ New Pauly s.v. Pallas
  15. ↑ Шаблон:LSJ.
  16. ↑ Шаблон:LSJ.
  17. ↑ Шаблон:LSJ.
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:LSJ.
  20. ↑ Шаблон:LSJ.
  21. ↑ Hesiod, Theogony II, 886–900.
  22. ↑ Homer, Iliad XV, 187–195.
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece viii.4.8.
  26. ↑ Iliad Book V, line 880
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Hesiod, Theogony 885-900 Шаблон:Webarchive, 929e-929t Шаблон:Webarchive
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.3.6 Шаблон:Webarchive
  29. ↑ Pindar, "Seventh Olympian Ode Шаблон:Webarchive" lines 37–38
  30. ↑ Justin, Apology 64.5, quoted in Robert McQueen Grant, Gods and the One God, vol. 1:155, who observes that it is Porphyry "who similarly identifies Athena with 'forethought'Шаблон:-".
  31. ↑ Gantz, p. 51; Yasumura, p. 89 Шаблон:Webarchive; scholia bT to Iliad 8.39.
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Servius On Virgil's Georgics 1.18; scholia on Aristophanes's Clouds 1005
  34. ↑ Ovid, Metamorphoses, X. Aglaura, Book II, 708–751; XI. The Envy, Book II, 752–832.
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.9.16 Шаблон:Webarchive
  38. ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.37, 38, 39
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.41
  40. ↑ Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.39
  41. ↑ Pindar, Olympian Ode 13.75-78 Шаблон:Webarchive
  42. ↑ W.F.Otto,Die Gotter Griechenlands(55-77).Bonn:F.Cohen,1929
  43. ↑ Servius, Commentary on Virgil's Aeneid 4.402 Шаблон:Webarchive; Smith 1873, s.v. Myrmex Шаблон:Webarchive
  44. ↑ Шаблон:LSJ, Шаблон:LSJ.
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  46. ↑ Iliad 4.390 Шаблон:Webarchive, 5.115-120 Шаблон:Webarchive, 10.284-94 Шаблон:Webarchive
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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