Английская Википедия:Atlantic Bronze Age

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox archaeological culture Шаблон:See also The Atlantic Bronze Age refers to a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period in prehistoric Europe, spanning approximately 1300–700 BC. This complex includes various cultures in Britain, France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain.

Trade

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The Atlantic Bronze Age is characterised by economic and cultural exchange, resulting in a high degree of cultural similarity between coastal communities from central Portugal to Galicia, Armorica, Cornwall and Scotland. This is evidenced by the frequent use of stone as chevaux-de-frise, the construction of cliff castles and domestic architecture, sometimes characterised by roundhouses.[1] Trade contacts extended from Sweden[2] and Denmark to the Mediterranean.[1] The Bronze Age was characterised by distinct regional centres of metal production, linked by regular maritime trade. The main centres were in southern England and Ireland, north-west France, and western Iberia.[3] Radiocarbon dating indicates that the Early Bronze Age began on the northern Iberian plateau in 2100 cal. BC, while the Late Bronze Age began in 1350 cal. BC.[4][5][6] Items associated with this culture are often found in hoards or deposited in ritual areas,[7][8] typically in watery contexts such as rivers, lakes, and bogs. The cultural complex includes various items, such as socketed and double-ring bronze axes, sometimes buried in large hoards in Brittany and Galicia. Military equipment such as lunate spearheads, V-notched shields, and a variety of bronze swords, including carp-tongue swords, are usually found buried in lakes, rivers, or rocky outcrops.[9] Elite feasting equipment such as spits, kettles, and meat hooks[8][10] have also been found from central Portugal to Scotland.[1]

In 2008, John T. Koch attributed the origins of the Celts to this period.[11] This theory is supported by Barry Cunliffe,[12] who argues that Celtic developed as an Atlantic lingua franca before spreading to mainland Europe.[8] The authors argue that communities in the Late Bronze Age adopted elite status markers, such as grip-tongue swords and bronze sheet metalwork, from the Urnfield period (Bronze D and Hallstatt A). They also acquired new skills for their production and ritual knowledge about their proper treatment after deposition.[13] These changes may indicate processes related to language change.[13] In 2013, Koch suggested that the emergence of Celtic languages with a Proto-Celtic homeland in west-central Europe could be explained by elite contact from east to west.[14] However, this view contrasts with the more widely accepted view that Celtic origins are linked to the central European Hallstatt C culture.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Europe Before History by Kristian Kristiansen Шаблон:Webarchive
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

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Шаблон:Bronze Age footer

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