Английская Википедия:Attack on Fatima's house

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Pp-vandalism Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox event Шаблон:Islam The attack on Fatima's house refers to a disputed violent attack on the house of Fatima, daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn The attack is said to have taken place shortly after the death of Muhammad in 11 AH (632 CE) and was instigated by his successor Abu Bakr and led by Umar, another companion.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The purpose of the attack was to arrest Fatima's husband Ali, who had withheld his pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Her injuries during the raid might have caused the young Fatima's miscarriage and death within six months of Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The above claims are brought forward by the Shia and categorically rejected by the Sunni, the two largest branches of Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn On the one hand, Shia historians list some early Sunni sources that corroborate these allegations,Шаблон:Sfn arguing that sensitive information about the incident has also been censored by Sunni scholars who were concerned with the righteous presentation of companions.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, it is unimaginable for Sunnis that the companions would engage in violence against Muhammad's family.Шаблон:Sfn In turn, Sunni Islam holds that Fatima died from grief after the death of Muhammad and that her child died in infancy of natural causes.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Following her will, Abu Bakr was excluded from the private funeral of Fatima,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and she was buried secretly at night.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Fatima has been compared to Mary, the mother of Jesus, especially in Shia Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In view of Fatima's place in Islam, these allegations are highly controversial, with beliefs primarily split along sectarian lines between Sunni and Shia denominations.

Historical background

Шаблон:See also

Saqifa

In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, the Ansar (Medinan Muslims) gathered at the Saqifa (Шаблон:Lit) of the Banu Sa'ida clan.Шаблон:Sfn The conventional wisdom is that they met to decide on a new leader for the Muslim community among themselves. For Madelung, however, the absence of the Muhajirun (Meccan Muslims) from this meeting suggests that the Ansar gathered to re-establish their control over their city Medina, under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Abu Bakr and Umar, both companions of Muhammad, were tipped off about the meeting and arrived there with Abu Ubayda,Шаблон:Sfn as the only representatives of the Muhajirun.Шаблон:Sfn After a heated session, in which a chief of the Ansar was beaten into submission by Umar, those gathered at the Saqifa agreed on Abu Bakr as the new head of the community.Шаблон:Sfn

Opposition to Abu Bakr

The Saqifa affair excluded Muhammad's family, who were preparing to bury him, and most of the Muhajirun.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Some of them opposed Abu Bakr, and the Sunni al-Baladhuri (Шаблон:Died in) reports that the Banu Hashim (Muhammad's clan) and some of his companions gathered at Fatima's house in protest.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Among them were Muhammad's uncle Abbas and his companion Zubayr, according to Madelung.Шаблон:Sfn The protesters, including Fatima, held that her husband Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at the Ghadir Khumm.Шаблон:Sfn Ali is said to have explained this position to Abu Bakr,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn or to his representatives.Шаблон:Sfn Ali and Fatima are also said to have visited the Ansar at their homes and appealed for their support.Шаблон:Sfn

Threats against Ali

Soon after the Saqifa meeting, Abu Bakr reportedly tasked his ally Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As related by the Sunni al-Tabari (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn the latter led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pay their allegiance to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Here, al-Tabari writes that Umar shouted, "By God, either you come out to render the oath of allegiance [to Abu Bakr], or I will set the house on fire."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The scene soon grew violent, and Zubayr was disarmed and carried away.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn According to al-Tabari, Zubayr had come out of the house with his sword drawn but tripped on something and was then attacked.Шаблон:Sfn

The mob retreated without Ali's pledge after Fatima pleaded with them,Шаблон:Sfn as related in the Sunni al-Imama wa al-siyasa,Шаблон:Sfn and by the proto-Shia al-Ya'qubi,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn though Fatima is absent in the account of the Sunni al-Tabari.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, the canonical Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died some time later.Шаблон:Sfn Soufi comments that none except one of the traditions cited by al-Tabari and al-Baladhuri has a chain of transmission that reaches back to the time of the conflict.Шаблон:Sfn

Boycott of Ali

Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and also on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, according to a Sunni hadith attributed to Aisha.Шаблон:Sfn Hazleton similarly writes that Ali prayed alone even in the mosque.Шаблон:Sfn Jafri adds that those who initially supported Ali gradually turned away and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn It appears that only his wife Fatima and their four young children remained on his side, writes Hazleton,Шаблон:Sfn in line with a statement to this effect attributed to Ali in Nahj al-balagha.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, Ali had already turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate,Шаблон:Sfn including an offer from Abu Sufyan,Шаблон:Sfn which led Veccia Vaglieri (Шаблон:Died in) to conclude that Ali had no interest in the caliphate.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Momen, Jafri (Шаблон:Died in), and Ayoub (Шаблон:Died in) suggest that Ali rejected these divisive offers, fearing the destruction of the nascent Islam.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Momen adds that any remaining support for the caliphate of Ali melted away as he refused to advance his claims.Шаблон:Sfn

Umar's reputation

Umar has been noted for his severity and misogyny,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn especially in Shia sources.Шаблон:Sfn "Umar's toughness" (Шаблон:Transl) is cited in a Sunni tradition by Aisha as the reason Umar was excluded from a supposed attempt at reconciliation between Ali and Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn Kelen describes an incident of Umar's violence against his sister when she professed Islam before Umar.Шаблон:Sfn According to Madelung, Umar's reputation for "harsh treatment of women" was why Umm Kulthum bint Ali resisted his marriage proposal.Шаблон:Sfn

Shia narrative

It is uncertain what followed the above altercation at Fatima's house.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Some canonical Shia sources claim that Fatima later suffered broken ribs during a raid on her house led by Umar.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Such sources add that the pregnant Fatima also miscarried her son Muhsin,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn whose name had been chosen by Muhammad before his death, according to Abbas.Шаблон:Sfn

Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays

Authenticity of the book

Perhaps the earliest and most detailed Shia account of Umar's raid appears in the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays (Шаблон:Lit).Шаблон:Sfn The attribution of this collection of Shia hadiths to Sulaym, who might have been a close companion of Ali,Шаблон:Sfn is often rejected by Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, when asked about it, the fifth Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir (Шаблон:Died in), is said to have confirmed the authenticity of the book.Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, there is no consensus among Shia theologians about the reliability of the whole book.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn After analyzing the text, Modarresi is of the view that the core of the text has been preserved and dates back to before 138 AH, while some parts of the book might be more recent, such as its prediction of black banners arriving from the East before the collapse of the Umayyads.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, such instances of anachronism have been viewed by the Shia as prophesies on the part of the prophet and the Shia Imams, notes Khetia.Шаблон:Sfn

Attack

Much of the post-Saqifa account in the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays is similar to (Sunni) historical sources,Шаблон:Sfn but the book also contains explicit details of a raid led by an impatient Umar on Fatima's house after multiple failed attempts to subdue Ali.Шаблон:Sfn The account is narrated on the authority of Salman (Шаблон:Died in), a close companion of both the prophet and Ali. In the final standoff, according to this account, Fatima refused the mob entry into the house, after which an enraged Umar ignored Fatima's pleas and set the door on fire, pushing his way into the house. Upon Fatima's resistance, the account describes that Umar physically assaulted her with a sheathed sword. The mob soon overpowered Ali and dragged him away, striking Fatima again as she tried to prevent it. The account states that Fatima still carried the bruises from this raid when she died soon after.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Soufi notes that a slightly different version of the book also contains a reference to Fatima's miscarriage, while another condensed version only mentions Umar's role in the event. In all versions, it is Ali or Fatima who argue with Abu Bakr and Umar about the rights of the Ahl al-Bayt.Шаблон:Sfn

Kitab al-Kafi

Kitab al-Kafi is a canonical collection of Twelver hadiths compiled by al-Kulayni (Шаблон:Died in). The book contains a tradition ascribed to the seventh Imam, Musa al-Kazim (Шаблон:Died in), which describes Fatima as a (female) martyr (Шаблон:Transl). This hadith is narrated on the authority of a brother of al-Kazim with the name of Ali ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq, who is regarded as a prolific and trustworthy narrator and a mainstream Shia. As a result, this tradition is viewed as authoritative and authentic in Twelver scholarly circles.Шаблон:Sfn

Kamil al-ziyarat

Kamil al-ziyarat was compiled by al-Qummi (Шаблон:Died in), a distinguished Twelver traditionist. The book includes a hadith ascribed to the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq (Шаблон:Died in), in which the prophet was informed during the Isra about the violent deaths of his family at the hands of Muslims. For his daughter Fatima, the report mentions her miscarriage and death because of her injuries during a raid on her house.Шаблон:Sfn This tradition is reported on the authority of Hammad ibn Uthman, a well-known companion of al-Sadiq and a mainstream Shia. As a result, this tradition is again viewed as authentic in Twelver hadith circles.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Khetia, this book contains the earliest reference to Fatima's miscarriage during Umar's raid.Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Soufi notes that a slightly different version of the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays already refers to Fatima's miscarriage during the attack.Шаблон:Sfn Aside from these works, multiple sources record a fifth child of Fatima, named Muhsin,Шаблон:Sfn though Sunni sources maintain that he died in infancy.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Tarikh al-Ya'qubi

Al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in Шаблон:Sfn) describes a raid on Fatima's house led by Abu Bakr and Umar, writing that Ali came out with a sword but was overpowered. The mob then entered the house but left after Fatima threatened to cry to God for help. He also cites Abu Bakr's regret on his deathbed for breaking into Fatima's house.Шаблон:Sfn Al-Ya'qubi lists Muhsin among the children of Fatima without alluding to miscarriage.Шаблон:Sfn

Kitab al-Irshad

This work was compiled by al-Mufid (Шаблон:Died in), another prominent Twelver theologian. Therein, al-Mufid only mentions the Shia belief in the miscarriage of Muhsin without referring to Umar or listing any traditions to support this belief. Considering that al-Mufid writes about violence against Fatima elsewhere, Khetia suspects that he refrained in his Kitab al-Irshad from controversial topics to render the book accessible to most Twelvers without provoking the anger of Sunnis.Шаблон:Sfn

Dala'il al-imama

In his Dala'il al-imama, Ibn Rustam (4/11 century) includes a tradition from Ja'far al-Sadiq on the authority of Abu Basir, a prolific transmitter of hadith and a close companion of the sixth Imam. The rest of the chain of transmission includes some of the most prominent Shia authorities, and this hadith is thus viewed as reliable. The content of the hadith is very similar to the account found in the Kitab Sulaym ibn Qays, except that it adds that Fatima lost Muhsin when she was struck by a client of Umar, named Qunfudh, rather than Umar himself.Шаблон:Sfn

Al-Ama'li aw al-majalis

The influential Ibn Babawayh (Шаблон:Died in) narrates in his book a long hadith, attributed to Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn in which he predicts the plight of Fatima after his death, "her sanctity shall be violated, her rights usurped, her inheritance denied and her troubles multiplied. She shall lose her child [through miscarriage], all the while crying out, 'O my Muhammad,' but no one will come to her aid." The hadith adds that she would be consoled by Mary in her final illness, that she would meet her father after her death "heavy with grief, persecuted and martyred," and that Muhammad would pray to God to punish those who wronged her.Шаблон:Sfn

Sunni narrative

Файл:Residence of Fatimah.JPG

The location of Fatima's house in the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, present-day Saudi Arabia

The allegations of violence are categorically rejected by Sunnis,Шаблон:Sfn who also maintain that Muhsin died in infancy of natural causes.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, these allegations have found some support in Sunni historical sources: In his al-Saqifa wa Fadak, al-Jawhari (Шаблон:Died in)Шаблон:Sfn includes a tradition to the effect that Umar and his men first threatened to set Fatima's house on fire. Then they entered the house, despite her pleas, and forced Ali and his supporters out of the house.Шаблон:Sfn Tarikh al-Tabari, by the famous Sunni historian al-Tabari, includes a similar narration about Umar threatening to set the house on fire. The remainder of the earlier account in al-Imama wa al-siyasa describes that Ali was pulled out of his house by force and brought before Abu Bakr, where he paid allegiance under duress.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Mu'awiya (Шаблон:Reign) is known to have alluded to the violent arrest of Ali in a letter to him before the Battle of Siffin (657).Шаблон:Sfn

Modern views

Madelung is uncertain about the use of force. Still, he notes that there is evidence (in Sunni sources) that Fatima's house was searched. According to Madelung, Ali later repeatedly said that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there been forty men with him.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Alternatively, Buehler suggests that the allegations of violence should be treated with caution as they reflect the political agendas of the time.Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Veccia Vaglieri is of the view that the Shia allegations are based on facts, even if they have been exaggerated.Шаблон:Sfn Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni sources mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries.Шаблон:Sfn

Censorship

Khetia believes that there are known instances where sensitive information about the incident has been censored by Sunni authors, such as the prominent jurist Abu Ubayd al-Salam (Шаблон:Died in), who was possibly concerned with the righteous representation of Muhammad's companions.Шаблон:Sfn Similar allegations have emerged against al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi (Шаблон:Died in),Шаблон:Sfn though the latter has also been accused of Shia tendencies.Шаблон:Sfn Along these lines, Lucas and Soufi both note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn particularly about the Saqifa affair,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn while these conflicts might have been amplified in Shia records.Шаблон:Sfn

Abu Bakr's regret

Both al-Tabari and al-Mas'udi note that Abu Bakr regretted the events after Saqifa on his deathbed.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, al-Tabari writes that Abu Bakr wished he had "never opened Fatima's house to anything, even though they had locked it as a gesture of defiance."Шаблон:Sfn This appears to be a sensitive admission that has been censored by the Sunni author Abu Ubayd al-Salam in his Kitab al-amwal.Шаблон:Sfn It is likely that al-Tabari too has concealed parts of the admission because al-Mas'udi writes in his report that, "He [Abu Bakr] recalled that [event] in many words [at length]," even though this author also suppresses recollections of Abu Bakr.Шаблон:Sfn The caliph's regret is also cited by al-Ya'qubi (Шаблон:Died in), who sympathized with the cause of Alids.Шаблон:Sfn In his account, Abu Bakr wished he had "not searched the house of Fatima, daughter of the Messenger of God, or allowed men to enter it, even it was shut with the purpose of inciting war."Шаблон:Sfn

Death of Fatima

Fatima died in 11/632, within six months of Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn She was about eighteen or twenty-seven at that time according to Shia and Sunni sources, respectively.Шаблон:Sfn The Sunni view is that Fatima died from grief after Muhammad's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Shia Islam, however, holds that Fatima's injuries during the raid by Umar directly caused her miscarriage and death shortly after.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Some sources report that Fatima never reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn partly based on a tradition to this effect in the canonical Sunni collection Sahih al-Bukhari.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There are also some accounts that Abu Bakr and Umar visited Fatima on her deathbed to apologize, which Madelung considers to be self-incriminatory.Шаблон:Sfn As reported in the Sunni al-Imama wa al-siyasa,Шаблон:Sfn Fatima reminded the two visitors of Muhammad's words, "Fatima is part of me, and whoever angers her has angered me."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The dying Fatima then told the two that they had indeed angered her and that she would soon take her complaint to God and His prophet, Muhammad.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn There are also Sunni reports that Fatima reconciled with Abu Bakr and Umar, though Madelung suggests that they were invented to address the negative implications of Fatima's anger.Шаблон:Sfn

Following her will, Ali buried Fatima secretly at night.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn As noted by al-Tabari, her dying wish was that Abu Bakr should not attend the funeral,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and this request was fulfilled by Ali.Шаблон:Sfn Her exact burial place in Medina remains uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Reaction of Ali

Sunni sources are nearly unanimousШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn that Ali pledged his allegiance to Abu Bakr after Fatima's death.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn After her death and in the absence of popular support, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn which was facing internal and external threats, according to Mavani.Шаблон:Sfn In particular, Jafri notes that Ali turned down proposals to forcefully pursue the caliphate,Шаблон:Sfn including an offer from Abu Sufyan.Шаблон:Sfn In reference to Abu Bakr's caliphate, Madelung writes that a poem later began to circulate among the Banu Hashim ending with, "Surely, we have been cheated in the most monstrous way."Шаблон:Sfn Ali forbade the poet to recite it, adding that the welfare of Islam was dearer to him than anything else.Шаблон:Sfn Shah-Kazemi mentions this and similar accounts in Sharḥ nahj al-balagha by the Mu'tazilite Ibn Abi'l-Hadid (Шаблон:Died in).Шаблон:Sfn

In contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman.Шаблон:Sfn Anthony describes this change in Ali's attitude as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.Шаблон:Sfn While he reputedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with the two is well-documented,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn but largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn In contrast, Shias tend to view Ali's pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency or Шаблон:Transl,Шаблон:Sfn thus rejecting that Ali ever pledged.Шаблон:Sfn The charge that Ali was dragged to the mosque, and there he pledged to Abu Bakr under duress and threat of execution appears also in the Sunni al-Imama wa al-siyasa,Шаблон:Sfn which is sometimes attributed to Ibn Qutaybah (Шаблон:Died in) but is possibly written by another Sunni author in the Abbasid era.Шаблон:Sfn

A common Sunni argument is that Ali would have never continued his relations with Umar had the latter organized a raid on Ali's home.Шаблон:Sfn A typical Shia response is that Ali gave up his rights and exercised restraint for the sake of a nascent Islam.Шаблон:Sfn

References

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Bibliography

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