Английская Википедия:Attack on Sydney Harbour
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Featured article Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military conflict
From 31 May to 8 June 1942, during World War II, Imperial Japanese Navy submarines made a series of attacks on the Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle. On the night of 31 May – 1 June, three Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarines, (M-14, M-21 and M-24) each with a two-member crew, entered Sydney Harbour, avoided the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net, and attempted to sink Allied warships. Two of the midget submarines were detected and attacked before they could engage any Allied vessels. The crew of M-14 scuttled their submarine, whilst M-21 was successfully attacked and sunk. The crew of M-21 killed themselves. These submarines were later recovered by the Allies. The third submarine attempted to torpedo the heavy cruiser Шаблон:USS, but instead sank the converted ferry Шаблон:HMAS, killing 21 sailors. This midget submarine's fate was unknown until 2006, when amateur scuba divers discovered the wreck off Sydney's northern beaches.
Immediately following the raid, the five Japanese fleet submarines that carried the midget submarines to Australia embarked on a campaign to disrupt merchant shipping in eastern Australian waters. Over the next month, the submarines attacked at least seven merchant vessels, sinking three ships and killing 50 sailors. During this period, between midnight and 02:30 on 8 June, two of the submarines bombarded the ports of Sydney and Newcastle.
The midget submarine attacks and subsequent bombardments are among the best-known examples of Axis naval activity in Australian waters during World War II, and are the only occasion in history when either city has come under attack. The physical effects were slight: the Japanese had intended to destroy several major warships, but sank only an unarmed depot ship and failed to damage any significant targets during the bombardments. The main impact was psychological; creating popular fear of an impending Japanese invasion and forcing the Australian military to upgrade defences, including the commencement of convoy operations to protect merchant shipping.
Forces
Japanese
The Imperial Japanese Navy originally intended to use six submarines in the attack on Sydney Harbour: B1-type submarines Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, Шаблон:Ship, and Шаблон:Ship, and C1-type submarines Шаблон:Ship and Шаблон:Ship.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp[1][2] The six submarines made up the Eastern Attack Group of the 8th Submarine Squadron, under the command of Captain Hankyu Sasaki.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
On 8 June 1942, I-21 and I-29—each carrying a Yokosuka E14Y1 "Glen" floatplane for aerial reconnaissance—scouted various Australasian harbours to select the ones most vulnerable to attack by midget submarines.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-21 scouted Nouméa, Suva, then Auckland, while I-29 went to Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
On 11 May, I-22, I-24, I-27, and I-28 were ordered to proceed to the Japanese naval base at Truk Lagoon, in the Caroline Islands, to each receive a Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-28 failed to reach Truk; she was torpedoed on the surface by the US submarine Шаблон:USS on 17 May.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The three remaining submarines left Truk around 20 May for a point south of the Solomon Islands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-24 was forced to return a day later when an explosion in her midget submarine's battery compartment killed the midget's navigator and injured the commander.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The midget submarine intended for I-28 replaced the damaged midget.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Allies
The naval officer-in-charge of Sydney Harbour at the time of the attack was Rear Admiral Gerard Muirhead-Gould of the Royal Navy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp On the night of the attack, three major vessels were present in Sydney Harbour; the heavy cruisers Шаблон:USS and Шаблон:HMAS, and the light cruiser Шаблон:HMAS.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Other warships in the harbour included: destroyer tender Шаблон:USS, auxiliary minelayer Шаблон:HMAS, corvettes Шаблон:HMAS, Шаблон:HMAS, and Шаблон:HMIS, armed merchant cruisers Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMAS, and Dutch submarine K-IX.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp A converted ferry—HMAS Kuttabul—was alongside at Garden Island where she served as a temporary barracks for sailors transferring between ships.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The hospital ship Oranje had also been in the harbour, but departed an hour before the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Harbour defences
At the time of the attack, the static Sydney Harbour defences consisted of eight anti-submarine indicator loops—six outside the harbour, one between North Head and South Head, and one between South Head and Middle Head, as well as the partially constructed Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net between George's Head on Middle Head and Laing Point (formerly known as Green Point) on Inner South Head.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The central section of the net was complete and support piles were in place to the west, but Шаблон:Convert wide gaps remained on either side.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Material shortages prevented the completion of the boom net prior to the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp On the day of the attack, the six outer indicator loops were inactive; two were not functioning and there were not enough trained personnel to man both the inner and outer loop monitoring stations.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The North Head – South Head indicator loop had been giving faulty signals since early 1940, and as civilian traffic regularly passed over the loop, readings were often ignored.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Harbour defence craft included the anti-submarine vessels Шаблон:HMAS and Bingera; the auxiliary minesweepers HMAS Goonambee and Шаблон:HMAS; pleasure launches converted to channel patrol boats (and armed with depth charges), namely Шаблон:HMAS, Lolita, Steady Hour, Шаблон:HMAS, Marlean, and Шаблон:HMAS; and four unarmed Naval Auxiliary Patrol boats.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Prelude
The Japanese Navy used five Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarines in an unsuccessful operation against US battleships during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The navy hoped that upgrades to the submarines, intensified crew training, and the selection of a less well defended target would lead to better results and an increased chance of the crews of the midgets to return alive from their mission.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Therefore, on 16 December 1941, the navy initiated plans for a second midget submarine operation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The plans called for two simultaneous attacks against Allied naval vessels in the Indian and South Pacific oceans.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp These attacks were intended as diversions ahead of the attack on Midway Island in the North Pacific, with the Japanese hoping to convince the Allies that they intended to attack to the south or west of their conquests.[3] Eleven submarines of the 8th Submarine Squadron were to carry out the two attacks, the five submarines of the Western Attack Group in the Indian Ocean, and the six submarines of the Eastern Attack Group in the Pacific Ocean.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The submarine groups were to select a suitable port of attack, based on their own reconnaissance.
The Western Attack Group selected the port of Diégo-Suarez in Madagascar.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp This attack—which occurred at nightfall on 30 May and resulted in the damaging of the battleship Шаблон:HMS and the sinking of the tanker British Loyalty—came 22 days after the British captured the port from Vichy France at the beginning of the Battle of Madagascar.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The four potential targets for the Eastern Attack Group were Nouméa, Suva, Auckland and Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Identified by reconnaissance flights conducted by Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita of the Imperial Japanese Navy flying from I-25; commencing 17 February over Sydney Harbour, and the eastern Australian harbours of Melbourne and Hobart (1 March), followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington (8 March) and Auckland (13 March).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-21 and I-29 were sent to select the final target, with I-29 sailing to Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp On the evening of 16 May, I-29 fired on the Шаблон:Convert Soviet merchant vessel Wellen, Шаблон:Convert from Newcastle, New South Wales.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Although Wellen escaped with minimal damage, shipping between Sydney and Newcastle was halted for 24 hours while aircraft and all available anti-submarine ships from Sydney, including Dutch light cruiser HNLMS Tromp, Australian destroyer Шаблон:HMAS and US destroyer Шаблон:USS, searched unsuccessfully for the submarine.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Muirhead-Gould concluded that the submarine had operated alone and had left the area immediately after the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
I-29Шаблон:'s floatplane made a reconnaissance flight over Sydney on 23 May.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp A secret radar unit set up in Iron Cove detected the flight, but authorities dismissed its report as a glitch, as there were no Allied aircraft operating over Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The aircraft was damaged or destroyed on landing, although its two crew survived.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp They reported the presence of several capital ships, including two battleships or large cruisers, five other large warships, several minor war vessels and patrol boats, and prolific merchant shipping.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The report, which the Allied FRUMEL signals intelligence network partially intercepted, resulted in the Japanese Navy selecting Sydney as the target.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The three midget-carrying submarines rendezvoused with I-29 and I-21 approximately Шаблон:Convert north-east of Sydney Heads, with all five submarines in position by 29 May.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Midget submarine operation
Final reconnaissance
Before dawn on 29 May,Шаблон:Efn-ur I-21Шаблон:'s floatplane, piloted by Ito Susumu,[4]Шаблон:Rp performed a final reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour, with the mission of mapping the locations of the major vessels and of the anti-submarine net.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Multiple observers spotted the floatplane but assumed it was a US Navy Curtiss Seagull.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp No alarm was raised until 05:07, when it was realised that the only ship in the area carrying Seagulls was the U.S. cruiser Chicago, and all four of her aircraft were on board.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Richmond Air Force Base launched Wirraway fighters, which failed to locate I-21 or the floatplane.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Therefore, the reconnaissance flight did not result in the authorities in Sydney taking any special defence measures.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The floatplane was seriously damaged on landing and had to be scuttled, but both aircrew survived.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Plan of attack
The Japanese planned to launch the midgets one after the other between 17:20 and 17:40, from points Шаблон:Convert outside Sydney Harbour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The first midget was to pass through the Heads just after 18:30, but heavy seas delayed her by over an hour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The other two midgets followed at twenty-minute intervals and were similarly delayed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The choice of targets was left up to the midget commanders, with advice that they should primarily target aircraft carriers or battleships, with cruisers as secondary targets.[5] The midgets were to operate to the east of the Harbour Bridge, although if no suitable targets were to be found in this area they were to move under the Bridge and attack a battleship and large cruiser believed to be in the inner harbour.[5] When the second reconnaissance flyover revealed that the expected British battleship—Шаблон:HMS—was nowhere to be found, USS Chicago became the priority target.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
After completing their mission, the midgets were to depart Sydney Harbour and head south for Шаблон:Convert to the recovery point off Port Hacking.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Four of the mother submarines would be waiting in an east–west line Шаблон:Convert long, with the fifth waiting Шаблон:Convert further south.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Attack
Midget submarine M-14—launched from I-27—was the first to enter Sydney Harbour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The Middle Head – South Head loop detected it at 20:01, but dismissed the reading due to heavy civilian traffic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At 20:15, a Maritime Services Board watchman spotted the midget after it passed through the western gap, collided with the Pile Light, then reversed and trapped its stern in the net.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The submarine's bow broke the surface; the watchman rowed toward it to determine what it was and then rowed to the nearby patrol boat Шаблон:HMAS to report his finding.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Despite efforts by Yarroma to pass on this information, Sydney Naval Headquarters did not receive the report until 21:52.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp HMAS Yarroma and Шаблон:HMAS were dispatched to investigate.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Upon confirming that the object in the net was a "baby submarine", Lolita dropped two depth charges while YarromaШаблон:'s commander requested permission from Sydney Naval Headquarters to open fire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The depth charges failed to detonate, as the water was too shallow for the hydrostatic fuse setting.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At 22:35, while Yarroma was waiting for permission to fire, and Lolita was setting up to deploy a third depth charge, the two crewmen on M-14 activated one of the submarine's scuttling charges, killing themselves and destroying the submarine's forward section.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Muirhead-Gould gave the general alarm, along with orders for ships to take anti-submarine measures, at 22:27; the alarm was repeated at 22:36 with advice for ships to take precautions against attack, as an enemy submarine might be in the harbour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At the time of the first alarm, Sydney Harbour was closed to external traffic, but Muirhead-Gould ordered ferries and other internal traffic to continue, as he believed that having multiple ships travelling around at speed would help force any submarines to remain submerged.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Midget submarine M-24Шаблон:Efn-ur was the second to enter the harbour. HMAS Falie grazed M-24Шаблон:'s hull and reported the contact to command.[6] The report was not followed up. M-24 crossed the indicator loop undetected at 21:48, and at approximately 22:00 followed a Manly ferry through the anti-submarine net.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At 22:52, M-24 was spotted by a Chicago searchlight operator less than Шаблон:Convert to the moored cruiser's starboard, and on a course roughly parallel to the ship's facing.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Chicago opened fire with a Шаблон:Convert gun and a quadruple machinegun mount, but inflicted minimal damage as the weapons could not depress far enough.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Some of the Шаблон:Convert shells skipped off the water and hit Fort Denison's Martello tower, while fragments were later found in the suburbs of Cremorne and Mosman.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The senior officer present aboard Chicago ordered the crew to begin preparing for departure, and for USS Perkins to begin an anti-submarine screening patrol around the cruiser, orders that were revoked by the sceptical Captain Howard Bode when he arrived on board at around 23:30.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Шаблон:HMAS and Шаблон:HMAS also fired upon M-24 as it fled west toward the Sydney Harbour Bridge, before the midget was able to submerge and escape.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp When it returned to periscope depth, the midget found itself west of Fort Denison.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp It turned and sailed east for about Шаблон:Convert, then took up a firing position south-west of Bradley's Head, from where its commander could see ChicagoШаблон:'s stern silhouetted against the construction floodlights at Garden Island's new Captain Cook Graving Dock.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Midget submarine M-21—from I-22—probably entered the harbour at the same time that USS Chicago opened fire on M-24.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The unarmed Naval Auxiliary Patrol boat Lauriana (later commissioned HMAS Lauriana) spotted M-21 and illuminated the submarine's conning tower, while sending an alert signal to the Port War Signal Station at South Head, and the nearby anti-submarine vessel HMAS Yandra.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Yandra attempted to ram the submarine, lost contact, regained contact at 23:03, and fired a full pattern of six depth charges.[7]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At the time of the attack, it was assumed that the depth charges had destroyed or disabled the midget, but M-21 survived.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Historians believe that the midget took refuge on the harbour floor and waited until the Allied vessels had moved away before it resumed the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
At 23:14, Muirhead-Gould ordered all ships to observe blackout conditions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Just after 23:30, he set off on a barge towards the boom net, to make a personal inspection.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The Admiral reached Lolita at about midnight and indicated to her crew that he did not take the reports of enemy submarines seriously, reportedly saying: "What are you all playing at, running up and down the harbour dropping depth charges and talking about enemy subs in the harbour? There's not one to be seen."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The crew reiterated that a submarine had been seen, but Muirhead-Gould remained unconvinced and before he left, added sarcastically: "If you see another sub, see if the captain has a black beard. I'd like to meet him."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Despite the blackout order, the Garden Island floodlights remained on until 00:25.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp About five minutes later, M-24 fired the first of its two torpedoes; it delayed firing the second torpedo for several minutes as the midget submarines would lose longitudinal stability immediately after firing a torpedo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Historians are divided as to the exact paths of the torpedoes relative to Chicago, although all agree that the US cruiser was the intended target. Both torpedoes missed Chicago, while one torpedo may have also passed close to Perkins' starboard bow.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp One of the torpedoes continued underneath the Dutch submarine K-IX and HMAS Kuttabul, then hit the breakwater Kuttabul was tied up against.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The explosion broke Kuttabul in two and sank her, and damaged K-IX.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The attack killed 19 Royal Australian Navy and two Royal Navy sailors, and wounded another 10.[8] The explosion shook residences in the area and damaged Garden Island's lights and telecommunications.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The other torpedo ran aground on the eastern shore of Garden Island without exploding.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp M-24 then dived and moved to leave the harbour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
A crossing over the indicator loop that was recorded at 01:58 was initially believed to be another midget submarine entering the harbour, although later analysis showed that the reading indicated an outbound vessel and therefore most likely represented M-24Шаблон:'s exit.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp M-24 did not return to its mother submarine, and its fate remained unknown until 2006.[9]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Ships were ordered to make for the open ocean. Chicago left her anchorage at 02:14, leaving a sailor behind on the mooring buoy in her haste to depart.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Bombay, Whyalla, Canberra, and Perkins began their preparations to depart.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Just before 03:00, as Chicago was leaving the harbour, the lookouts spotted a submarine periscope passing alongside the cruiser.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At 03:01, the indicator loop registered an inbound signal; M-21 was re-entering Sydney Harbour after recovering from the attack four hours previously.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Шаблон:HMS fired on M-21 in Neutral Bay at 03:50, and at 05:00, three auxiliary patrol boats—HMAS Steady Hour, Sea Mist, and Yarroma—spotted the submarine's conning tower in Taylors Bay.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The patrol boats had set their depth charge fuses to Шаблон:Convert, and when Sea Mist passed over where the submarine had just submerged and dropped a depth charge, she had only five seconds to clear the area.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The blast damaged M-21, which inverted and rose to the surface before sinking again.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Sea Mist dropped a second depth charge, which damaged one of her two engines in the process and prevented her from making further attacks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Steady Hour and Yarroma continued the attack, dropping seventeen depth charges on believed visual sightings and instrument contacts of the midget over the next three and a half hours.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp At some point during the night, the crew of M-21 killed themselves.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
At 04:40, HMAS Canberra recorded that the Japanese may have fired torpedoes at her.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp This may have been one of many false alarms throughout the night. However, M-21 had attempted to fire its two torpedoes, but failed because of damage to the bow either from HMAS YandraШаблон:'s ramming or depth charges, or a possible collision with USS Chicago, making it possible that M-21 attempted to attack the cruiser.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The observer aboard Canberra may have seen bubbles from the compressed air released to fire the torpedoes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Secondary missions
As per the operation plan, the five mother submarines waited off Port Hacking on the nights of 1 and 2 June for the midget submarines to return.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp FRUMEL picked up wireless traffic between the five submarines, leading the Royal Australian Air Force to task three Lockheed Hudsons and two Bristol Beauforts with finding the source of the communications.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp They were unsuccessful.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp On 3 June, Sasaki abandoned hope of recovering the midget submarines, and the submarines dispersed on their secondary missions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Attacks on Allied merchant shipping
Four of the submarines began operations against Allied merchant shipping. I-21 patrolled north of Sydney, while I-24 patrolled south of Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-27 began searching off Gabo Island for ships departing Melbourne, and I-29 travelled to Brisbane.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-22 left the group to conduct reconnaissance operations, first at Wellington and Auckland in New Zealand, and then at Suva in Fiji.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Between 1 and 25 June, when the four submarines arrived at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands to re-supply before proceeding to Japanese shipyards for maintenance, the four submarines attacked at least seven Allied merchant vessels.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Three of these were sunk: Iron Chieftain by I-24 on 3 June, Iron Crown by I-27 on 4 June, and Guatemala by I-21 on 12 June.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The first two attacks resulted in 12 and 37 fatalities respectively, though the third attack killed no one.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The attacks forced the authorities to institute changes in merchant traffic; travel north of Melbourne was restricted until a system of escorted convoys was established.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
I-21 was the only submarine to return to Australian waters, where she sank three ships and damaged two others during January and February 1943.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp During her two deployments, I-21 sank Шаблон:Convert of Allied shipping, which made her the most successful Japanese submarine to operate in Australian waters.[10]
Bombardment
On the morning of 8 June, I-24 and I-21 briefly bombarded Sydney and Newcastle.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Just after midnight, I-24 surfaced Шаблон:Convert south-south-east of Macquarie Lighthouse.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The submarine's commander ordered the gun crew to target the Sydney Harbour Bridge.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp They fired 10 shells over a four-minute period; nine landed in the Eastern Suburbs and one landed in water.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp I-24 then crash dived to prevent successful retaliation by coastal artillery batteries.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Only one shell detonated, and the only injuries inflicted were cuts and fractures from falling bricks or broken glass when the unexploded shells hit buildings.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp A United States Army Air Forces pilot, 1st Lieutenant George Cantello, based at Bankstown Airport disobeyed orders and took off to try and locate the source of the shelling, but was killed when engine failure caused his Airacobra to crash in a paddock at Hammondville.[11] In 1988, following efforts by residents and the US Consulate in Sydney, the City of Liverpool established a memorial park, the Lt. Cantello Reserve, with a monument in his honour.[11][12][13]
At 02:15, I-21 shelled Newcastle, from Шаблон:Convert north-east of Stockton Beach.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp She fired 34 shells over a 16-minute period, including eight star shells.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The target of the attack was the BHP steelworks in the city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp However, the shells landed over a large area, causing minimal damage and no fatalities: the only shell to detonate damaged a house on Parnell Place, while an unexploded shell hit a tram terminus.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Fort Scratchley returned fire, the only time an Australian land fortification has fired on an enemy warship during wartime, but the submarine escaped unscathed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp[14]
Analysis
The attack on Sydney Harbour ended in failure on both sides, and revealed flaws in both the Allied defences and the Japanese tactics. During the primary attack, the Japanese lost all three midget submarines in exchange for the sinking of a single barracks ship. The subsequent operations were no more successful as the five large Japanese submarines sank only three merchant ships and caused minimal property damage during the two bombardments. The performance of the Allied defenders was equally poor. However, one historian states that the lack of damage in Sydney Harbour was due to "a combination of good luck and aggressive counter-attack".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The main impact of the midget submarine attack and subsequent operations was psychological; dispelling any belief that Sydney was immune to Japanese attack and highlighting Australia's proximity to the Pacific War.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp There was no official inquiry into the attacks, despite demand from some sections of the media, as there was concern that an inquiry would lead to defeatism and reduce faith in John Curtin's government, particularly after the damaging inquiry into Australian defences that had followed the Japanese aerial attack on Darwin three months earlier.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Failures in Allied defences
The Allies failed to respond adequately to several warnings of Japanese activity off the east coast of Australia prior to the attack; they simply ignored the warnings or explained them away. They attributed the unsuccessful attack on the freighter Wellen on 16 May to a single submarine, and assumed it had departed Australian waters immediately after the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The first reconnaissance flight went unnoticed, and although FRUMEL intercepted the report and distributed it to Allied commanders on 30 May, Muirhead-Gould apparently did not react.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp New Zealand naval authorities detected radio chatter between the Japanese submarines on 26 and 29 May, and although they could not decrypt the transmissions, radio direction finding indicated that a submarine or submarines were approaching Sydney.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The Allies considered dispatching an anti-submarine patrol in response to the 29 May fix, but were unable to do so as all anti-submarine craft were already committed to protecting a northbound troop convoy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The only response to the second reconnaissance flight on 29 May was the launching of search planes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp No other defence measures were put into place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Although the midget attack on Diego Suarez in Madagascar occurred on the morning of 31 May (Sydney time), the Allies sent no alert to other command regions, as they believed that Vichy French forces had launched the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Historians have questioned the competence of the senior Allied officers. Muirhead-Gould had been hosting a dinner party on the night of the attack, and one of the main guests was the senior United States Navy officer in Sydney Harbour, Captain Howard Bode of USS Chicago.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Both officers were sceptical that any attack was taking place.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Muirhead-Gould arrived aboard HMAS Lolita at approximately midnight, an action he described as attempting to learn about the situation. But members of Lolita's crew later recounted that when Muirhead-Gould came aboard he immediately chastised the patrol boat's skipper and crew, and quickly dismissed their report.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Junior officers on Chicago provided similar descriptions of Bode's return on board, and members of both crews later claimed that Muirhead-Gould and Bode were intoxicated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp It was only after the destruction of HMAS Kuttabul that both officers began to take the attack seriously.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
During the attack, there were several delays between events and responses to them. Over two hours passed between the observation of M-14 in the boom net and Muirhead-Gould's first order for ships to commence anti-submarine actions.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp It took another two hours to mobilise the auxiliary patrol boats, which did not leave their anchorage for a further hour.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Part of these delays was due to a lack of effective communications.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp None of the auxiliary patrol craft in the harbour had radio communications, so all instructions and reports came from signal lights via the Port War Signal Station or Garden Island, or by physical communication via launches.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp In Muirhead-Gould's preliminary report on the attack, he stated that the Port War Signal Station was not designed for the volume of communications traffic the attack caused.[15] Telephone communications with Garden Island were unreliable during the early part of the attack, and then the first torpedo explosion disabled them completely.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The need to keep information secret may also have contributed to the delays and the defenders' scepticism.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp As the auxiliary patrol boat crews, the indicator loop staff, and other personnel manning defensive positions would have been outside 'need to know' and would not have been informed about any of the incidents prior to the attack, they would not have been alert, contributing to the disbelief demonstrated in the early hours of the attack.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Flaws in Japanese tactics
The main flaw in the Japanese plans was the use of midget submarines for the primary attack. Midget submarines were originally intended to operate during fleet actions: they would be released from modified seaplane carriers to run amok through the enemy fleet.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp This concept went out of favour as changing Japanese naval thinking and experience led to recognition that naval warfare would centre around carrier-supported aerial combat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp As a result, the midget program's focus changed to the infiltration of enemy harbours, where they would attack vessels at anchor.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp This concept failed completely during the attack on Pearl Harbor, where the midgets had no effect, and tying up 11 large submarines for six weeks in support of further midget submarine attacks on Sydney and Diego Suarez proved a waste of resources.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Moreover, the failures at Sydney Harbour and Diego Suarez demonstrated that the improvements to the midget submarines made after Pearl Harbor had not increased the overall impact of the midget program.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The modifications had various effects. The ability to man and deploy the midgets while the mother ships were submerged prevented the Army coastal radars from detecting the mother submarines.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp However, the midgets were still difficult to control, unstable, and prone to surfacing or diving uncontrollably.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Beyond the use of the unreliable midgets, historians have identified areas in the plan of attack where the Japanese could have done significantly more damage. If the Japanese midget submarines had conducted a simultaneous, co-ordinated attack, they would have overwhelmed the defences.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp A chance for more damage came following the destruction of Kuttabul, when several naval vessels headed to sea, including USS Chicago, USS Perkins, Dutch submarine K-IX, HMAS Whyalla, and HMIS Bombay.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The five mother submarines were already en route to the Port Hacking recovery position, and although Sasaki's plan at Pearl Harbor had been to leave some submarines at the harbour mouth to pick off fleeing vessels, he did not repeat this tactic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
-
M-21 being raised by a floating crane on 10 June 1942
-
The wreckage of M-21
USS ChicagoШаблон:'s survival
Several factors beyond the control of any of the combatants contributed to the survival of USS Chicago. At the time of M-24Шаблон:'s attack on Chicago, the latter had spent some time preparing to depart from Sydney Harbour, and although still moored and stationary, was producing large volumes of white smoke as the boilers warmed up.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp This smoke, streaming aft under the influence of the wind, and contrasting against the dark, low-lying cloud, may have given the impression that Chicago was moving, causing M-24 to lead the target when firing its torpedoes, and consequently sending its torpedoes across the bow.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Another factor that may have influenced ChicagoШаблон:'s survival was the extinguishing of Garden Island's floodlights minutes before M-24 fired its first torpedo, impeding targeting.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
Bombardment impact
The bombardments failed to cause significant physical damage, but had a major psychological impact on the residents of Sydney and Newcastle. Due to the inaccuracy of the submarines' range-finding equipment, coupled with the unstable firing platform of a submarine at sea, specific targeting was impossible.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The intention of the submarine bombardment was to frighten the population of the target area.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The failure of the majority of the shells to detonate may have had various causes. As the submarines fired armour-piercing shells, intended for use against steel ship hulls, the relatively softer brick walls may have failed to trigger the impact fuses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Sea water may have degraded the shells, which the Japanese had stored in deck lockers for several weeks.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The age of the shells may also have been a factor; some of the shells recovered from the Newcastle bombardment were found to be of English manufacture: surplus munitions from World War I.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
In Sydney, fear of an impending Japanese invasion caused people to move west; housing prices in the Eastern Suburbs dropped, while those beyond the Blue Mountains rose significantly.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The attack also led to a significant increase in the membership of volunteer defence organisations, and strengthening of defences in Sydney Harbour and Port Newcastle.[16]
Aftermath
The papers did not publish news of the submarine attack until 2 June, as most of the attack occurred after the newspapers went to press on the morning of 1 June.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Instead, on the morning after the attack, the front pages carried news of Operation Millennium, the Royal Air Force's first 1,000-bomber raid, although several newspapers included a small interior article mentioning the final reconnaissance flyover.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The Federal Censor ordered total censorship of the events, issuing an official statement on the afternoon of 1 June which reported that the Allies had destroyed three submarines in Sydney Harbour, and described the loss of Kuttabul and the 21 deaths as the loss of "one small harbour vessel of no military value".Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Smith's Weekly finally released the real story on 6 June, and follow-up material in 13 June issue caused more political damage, prompting the Royal Australian Navy to attempt to charge the newspaper with releasing defence information.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
It was several days before the 21 dead sailors aboard Kuttabul could all be recovered.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp On 3 June, Muirhead-Gould and over 200 Navy personnel attended a burial ceremony for these sailors.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp On 1 January 1943, the Navy base at Garden Island was commissioned as Шаблон:HMAS in commemoration of the ferry and the lives lost.[8]
The Australians recovered the bodies of the four Japanese crew of the two midget submarines sunk in Sydney Harbour and had them cremated at Eastern Suburbs Crematorium.[17][18] For the cremation, the Allies draped the Japanese flag over each coffin and rendered full naval honours.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Muirhead-Gould was criticised for this, but defended his actions as respecting the courage of the four submariners, regardless of their origin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Australian politicians also hoped that the Japanese Government would notice the respect paid to the sailors and improve the conditions Australian prisoners-of-war were experiencing in Japanese internment camps.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Japanese authorities noted the funeral service, but this did not lead to any major improvement in conditions for Australian POWs.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Following the use of the midget submariners' funeral by the Japanese for propaganda purposes, the Australian High Command forbade similar funerals for enemy personnel in the future.Шаблон:Sfn
An exchange of Japanese and Allied diplomatic personnel stranded in the opposing nations occurred in August 1942, which allowed Tatsuo Kawai, the Japanese ambassador to Australia, to return home with the ashes of the four Japanese submariners.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp When the exchange ship Kamakura Maru arrived in Yokohama, several thousand people were present to honour the four men.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
The two main targets of the attack, USS Chicago and HMAS Canberra, were both lost within the next year: Canberra sinking on 9 August 1942 during the Battle of Savo Island, and Chicago on 30 January 1943 following the Battle of Rennell Island.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp None of the Japanese submarines involved in the attack survived the war. Шаблон:USS and Шаблон:USS sank I-21 on 5 February 1944 off the Marshall Islands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp An American torpedo boat sank I-22 on 25 December 1942 off New Guinea.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp An American patrol craft sank I-24 on 10 June 1943 near the Aleutian Islands.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Шаблон:HMS and Шаблон:HMS sank I-27 on 12 February 1943 off the Maldives.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Lastly, Шаблон:USS sank I-29 on 26 July 1944 in the Philippines.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
-
The burial service for the Australian sailors killed during the raid on Sydney.
-
Relatives of four of the Japanese sailors killed in the midget submarines which raided Sydney Harbour greet Kamakura Maru as she arrives at Yokohama with the ashes of the four submariners in October 1942.
M-14 and M-21
The Allies located and recovered M-21 on 3 June and M-14 on 8 June.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Although both were damaged during the attack, it was possible to assemble a complete submarine from the two vessels.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The centre section of the rebuilt submarine was mounted on a trailer and taken on a Шаблон:Convert tour throughout southern New South Wales, Victoria, and western South Australia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The purpose of the tour was twofold; it allowed Australians to see a Japanese midget submarine up close, and was used to raise A£28,000 for the Naval Relief Fund and other charities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:Sfn The submarine arrived at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra on 28 April 1943, flying the White Ensign and a paying-off pennant.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The submarine was originally displayed outside the museum in three separate pieces,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp but was moved inside in the 1980s due to heavy vandalism; on one occasion in 1966, a group of university students painted it bright yellow in response to The Beatles' song Yellow Submarine.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The composite submarine was restored and remains on display inside the Memorial as part of a permanent exhibition on the attack, next to the recovered wheelhouse of HMAS Kuttabul.'Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The conning tower from M-21 is on display at the Royal Australian Navy Heritage Centre on Garden Island.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Leftover material from M-21 was melted down and made into souvenirs following the construction of the combined vessel.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
M-24
Over the 64 years following the disappearance of M-24 after the attacks, more than 50 people approached the Royal Australian Navy claiming to have found the submarine.[19] All of these claims were found to be false.[19] One early theory about the midget's fate was that it was damaged or destroyed, along with M-21, in or around Taylors Bay, which would account for reports from Steady Hour and Yarroma of multiple submarines during their three-hour attack against M-21.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:RpШаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp A second theory was that the midget attempted to return to the mother submarines but exhausted its battery power before reaching the Port Hacking recovery point and would therefore be outside and to the south of Sydney Heads.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp The third theory was that the midget's crew decided to avoid endangering the five larger submarines during the recovery process, and either ran straight out to sea or headed north.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
A group of seven amateur scuba divers solved the mystery in November 2006, when they found a small submarine sitting upright on the seabed, Шаблон:Convert below sea level and approximately Шаблон:Convert from Bungan Head, off Sydney's Northern Beaches.[9][20] Commander Shane Moore, the officer responsible for the Royal Australian Navy's heritage collection, confirmed that the wreck was M-24 after viewing footage from multiple dives, along with measurements the group had taken.[9] The wreck had several bullet holes in it, most likely from ChicagoШаблон:'s quadruple machine-gun mount.[9] The location of the wreck was kept secret by both the divers and the navy, with Defence Minister Brendan Nelson promising to have the wreck protected as a war grave.[9] The wreck was gazetted on 1 December 2006 as a heritage site.[21] A Шаблон:Convert exclusion zone was established around the wreck site, and any vessel entering the zone is liable to a fine under New South Wales law of up to A$1.1 million, with additional fines and confiscation of equipment under Commonwealth law.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp Shore- and buoy-mounted surveillance cameras and a sonar listening device further protect the site.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Rp
On 7 February 2007, during JMSDF Admiral Eiji Yoshikawa's visit to Australia, Yoshikawa and RAN Vice Admiral Russ Shalders presided over a ceremony held aboard Шаблон:HMAS to honour M-24Шаблон:'s crew.[22] Relatives of the midget submarines' crews, one of the survivors from Kuttabul, and dignitaries and military personnel from Australia and Japan attended another ceremony on 6 August 2007 at HMAS Kuttabul.[19] Шаблон:HMAS then carried relatives of M-24Шаблон:'s crew to the wreck site, where they poured sake into the sea before being presented with sand taken from the seabed around the submarine.[19]
In May 2012, the NSW state government announced that, with the approval of the Japanese government and the submariners' families, divers would be allowed to observe the M-24 wreck for a short period of time.[20] Divers would enter a ballot for places on controlled dives run on several days.[20] If successful, opening the site would become an annual event to commemorate the attack.[20]
See also
Explanatory footnotes
Citations
General and cited references
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Australia's War 1939–1945: Australia Attacked – Sydney Harbour Overview of the events. Includes an animation showing the events immediately prior to and during the attack.
- Midget Submarines at Sydney, Australia 1942 at Combinedfleet.com.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Sasaki, Telegraphic Order 3. (Reproduced in Шаблон:HarvnbШаблон:Rp)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 Шаблон:Cite episodeШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite speech
- ↑ Reproduced in Шаблон:HarvnbШаблон:Rp.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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