Английская Википедия:Audrey Munson
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox person
Audrey Marie Munson (June 8, 1891 – February 20, 1996) was an American artist's model and film actress, considered to be "America's first supermodel."[1] In her time, she was variously known as "Miss Manhattan", the "Panama–Pacific Girl", the "Exposition Girl" and "American Venus." She was the model or inspiration for more than twelve statues in New York City, and many others elsewhere. Munson appeared in four silent films, including unclothed in Inspiration (1915). She was one of the first American actresses to appear nude in a non-pornographic film.[2]
Career
Model
Audrey Marie Munson was born in Rochester, New York, on June 8, 1891,[4][3]Шаблон:Rp to Edgar Munson (1857–1945), who was a streetcar conductor and Western real estate speculator descended from English Puritans, and Katherine C. "Kittie" Mahoney (1863/1864–1958), a daughter of John and Cecilia Mahoney, Irish immigrants.[5] Her father was from Mexico, New York, and she later lived there. Her parents divorced when she was eight, and Audrey and her mother moved to Providence, Rhode Island.[6]
In 1909, mother and daughter moved to Washington Heights in New York City, where the 17-year-old Audrey sought a career as an actress and chorus girl.[1][7] Her first role on Broadway was as a "footman" in The Boy and The Girl at the Aerial Gardens of the New Amsterdam Theatre, which ran from May 31 – June 19, 1909.[8] She also appeared in The Girl and the Wizard, Girlies and La Belle Parée.[8]
While window-shopping on Fifth Avenue with her mother she was spotted by photographer Felix Benedict Herzog, who asked her to pose for him at his studio in the Lincoln Arcade Building on Broadway and 65th Street.[1] Herzog introduced her to his friends in the art world. She posed for muralist William de Leftwich Dodge, who gave her a letter of introduction to Isidore Konti. Konti was her first sculptor and her first nude modeling.[9] From this point, Munson would pose for a few well-known visual artists, including painter Francis Coates Jones, illustrators Harrison Fisher, Archie Gunn, and Charles Dana Gibson,[10] and photographers Herzog and Arnold Genthe,[1]Шаблон:Rp but she was predominately a sculptors' model.
Munson's first acknowledged credit is Konti's marble statuary called Three Graces, unveiled in the new Grand Ballroom at the Hotel Astor in Times Square in September 1909.[1] She posed for all three Graces. Soon after that and for the next decade, Munson became the model of choice for the first tier of American sculptors, posing for a long list of freestanding statuary, monuments, and allegorical architectural sculpture on state capitols and other major public buildings. According to The Sun in 1913, "Over a hundred artists agree that if the name of Miss Manhattan belongs to anyone in particular it is to this young woman."[11]
By 1915, she was so well- established that she became Alexander Stirling Calder's model of choice when he became Director of Sculpture for the Panama–Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco that year. Her figure was "ninety times repeated against the sky" on one building alone, atop the colonnades of the Court of the Universe, roughly modeled on St. Peter's Square in the Vatican.[12] In fact, Munson posed for three-fifths of the sculpture created for the event[13] and earned fame as the "Panama–Pacific Girl".[14]Шаблон:Clear left
Film actress
Munson's newfound celebrity helped launch her career in the nascent film industry and she starred in four silent films. In the first, Inspiration (1915), made by the Thanhouser Film Corporation in New Rochelle, New York and directed by George Foster Platt, she appeared fully nude in a story of a sculptor's model.[7] The censors were reluctant to ban the film, fearing they would also have to ban Renaissance art. Munson's films were a box office success, although the critics were divided.[3]Шаблон:Rp Thanhouser hired a lookalike named Jane Thomas to do Munson's acting scenes, while Munson did the scenes where she posed nude.[15] Although Munson's appearance in Inspiration is sometimes said to be the first occasion of an American actress appearing nude in a non-pornographic film,[16] according to film historian Karen Ward Mahr, Margaret Edwards did so first in Hypocrites, which was released earlier in 1915.[17]
Munson's second film, Purity (1916), made by the American Film Company in Santa Barbara, California and directed by Rae Berger, is the only one of her films to survive, being rediscovered in 1993 in a "pornography" collection in France and acquired by the French national cinema archive.[1] Her third film, The Girl o' Dreams, also made by American in Santa Barbara and probably directed by Tom Ricketts from a story by William Pigott (the American Film Institute catalog lists Pigott as director, but all his other credits list him as a writer), was completed by the fall of 1916; although the film is mentioned on the credit lists of several of its actors in the October 21, 1916 Motion Picture Studio Directory, it was not released at that time and not copyrighted until December 31, 1918; there is no subsequent mention of the film and it may never have been released.[18][19]
Munson returned to the East Coast by train via Syracuse in December 1916, having been involved with high society in New York and Newport, Rhode Island. There are accounts in which her mother insists she married the son of a "Comstock Lode" silver heir, Hermann Oelrichs Jr., then the richest bachelor in America. There is no record of this. On January 27, 1919, she wrote a rambling letter to the U.S. State Department denouncing Oelrichs as part of a pro-German network that had driven her out of the movie business. She said she planned to abandon the United States to restart her movie career in England.[1][20]
Notoriety
In 1919 Audrey Munson was living with her mother in a boarding house at 164 West 65th Street, Manhattan, owned by Dr. Walter Wilkins. Wilkins fell in love with Munson, and on February 27 murdered his wife, Julia, so he could be available for marriage.[16] Munson and her mother left New York, and the police sought them for questioning. After a nationwide hunt, they were located. They refused to return to New York, but were questioned by agents from the Burns Detective Agency in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The contents of the affidavits they supplied have never been revealed, but Audrey Munson strongly denied that she had any romantic relationship with Dr. Wilkins.[1] Wilkins was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to the electric chair. He hanged himself in his prison cell before the sentence could be carried out.[21]
The Wilkins killing may even have marked the end of Munson's modeling career, although she continued to seek regular newspaper coverage. By 1920, Munson could not find work anywhere and was reported as living in Syracuse, New York, supported by her mother, who sold kitchen utensils door-to-door. In November 1920, she was said to be working as a ticket-taker in a dime museum.[22]
From January to May 1921, a series of twenty serialized articles ran in Hearst's Sunday Magazine in dozens of Sunday newspaper supplements,[23][24] under Munson's name, entitled By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios'. The twenty articles relate anecdotes from her career, with warnings about the fates of other models. In one of them, she asked the reader to imagine her future:[16]
In February that year, agent-producer Allen Rock took out advertisements showing a $27,500 check he said he had paid Munson to star in a fourth film titled Heedless Moths, directed by Robert Z. Leonard from his own screenplay based on these writings. She later said the $27,500 check was just a "publicity stunt," and she filed suit against Allen Rock.[1] Those proceedings revealed that the twenty articles had been ghostwritten by journalist Henry Leyford Gates.[25]
In the summer of 1921 Munson conducted a nationwide search, carried by the United Press, for the perfect man to marry. She ended the search in August claiming she didn't want to get married anyway.[26] On October 3, 1921 she was arrested at the Royal Theater (later the Towne Theater) in St. Louis on a morals charge related to her personal appearance with the film Innocence (the reissue title of Purity), in which she had a leading role.[27] She and her manager, independent film producer Ben Judell,[28] were both acquitted. Weeks later, she was still appearing in St. Louis, along with screenings of Innocence, enacting "a series of new poses from famous paintings".[29]
On May 27, 1922, Munson attempted suicide by swallowing a solution of bichloride of mercury.[30]
Later life and death
On June 8, 1931, Munson's mother petitioned a judge to commit her to a mental asylum. The Oswego County judge ordered Munson be admitted into a psychiatric facility for treatment on her 40th birthday.[7] She remained in the St. Lawrence State Hospital for the Insane in Ogdensburg, New York, where she was treated for depression and schizophrenia for 65 years, until she died at the age of 104. During her stay at the institution, she often maintained her physical beauty with milk, yogurt and urine.[16][31]
In the mid-1950s, Munson was still famous enough to serve as the subject of an anecdote in a memoir that P.G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton wrote of their years on Broadway, Bring on the Girls! (1953), though that memoir is considered more fiction than fact by Wodehouse's biographer.[32]Шаблон:Efn
She had no visitors at the asylum for over 25 years after her mother died in 1958, but her half-niece, Darlene Bradley, rediscovered Munson in 1984, when Munson was 93.[1] In the mid-1980s, Munson, in her mid-90s, was moved to a nursing home in Massena, New York, as the original hospital closed; however, she would often escape to a nearby bar, with employees in the nursing home having to find her. Consequently, she was moved back to the new mental institution. By the time she turned 100, she had no teeth and lost much of her hearing but was otherwise in good health.[33] Shortly after her 100th birthday, Munson broke a hip. Munson died on February 20, 1996, at the age of 104.[34] She was buried at New Haven Cemetery in New Haven, New York, and she received a headstone on her grave on June 8, 2016, 20 years after her death and on what would have been her 125th birthday.[35]
Sculptures of Munson
This table is organized by sculptor and date. She posed for most of the sculptors who created architectural and fountain sculptures for the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition, and for other sculptors who exhibited there.
Coverage of Munson's career contained inaccuracies during her lifetime, and errors about the works for which she modeled have been perpetuated. Munson herself was inconsistent about her age and other matters. For example, a June 1915 article listed the 24-year-old Munson's age as 18,[14] and an August 1915 press release claimed that she started posing at age 14[13] which would have been four years prior to her first known modeling credit, for Konti's Three Graces group at the Hotel Astor, unveiled to the public in September 1909 when she was 18.
| Key: |
|---|
| Works for which Munson was too young to have posed |
| Works for which Munson confirmed she posed |
| Works for which Munson allegedly posed, but without direct evidence |
| Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
| Sculptor | Title | Image | Year | Location/GPS Coordinates | Material | Height | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbert Adams | The Three Graces[10] | Файл:Adams McMillan Fountain ALNY 1911.jpg | 1912 | James McMillan Fountain, McMillan Reservoir, Washington, D.C. |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt (overall) |
1941 expansion of McMillan Reservoir. The pieces spent decades in storage, and suffered vandalism. Only the central figures and upper basin remain.[36] |
| Priestess of Culture[37] | Файл:Perry The Sculpture & Murals of the PPIE p.74.jpg | 1914 | Rotunda, Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | Шаблон:Cvt | Adams was awarded a PPIE Medal of Honor for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp inside the Rotunda of the Palace of Fine Arts. Those now in place are reproductions. The two surviving original figures are in the collection of the Exploratorium. | |
| Robert Ingersoll Aitken | Greenhut Mausoleum door[39] | Файл:Aitken Greenhut Mausoleum 1913 SAAM-S0000084.jpg | 1913 | tomb of merchandiser Joseph B. Greenhut, Salem Fields Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York City |
bronze | Stone, Gould & Farrington, architects | |
| Gates Mausoleum door | 1913 | John Warne Gates Mausoleum, Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York City |
bronze | Stone, Gould & Farrington, architects[40] Aitken was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | |||
| Panama-Pacific $50 U.S. Gold Coin[41] | Файл:Fifty dollar panama pacific octogonal obv.jpg | 1915 | |||||
| The Elements: Air | Файл:Perry Air The Sculpture & Murals of the PPIE p.24.jpg | 1915 | Flanking stairs to sunken garden, Court of the Universe, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | |||
| The Elements: Earth | Файл:Perry Earth The Sculpture & Murals of the PPIE p.24.jpg | ||||||
| Fountain of the Earth | Файл:Aitken Fountain of Earth 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition.jpg | 1915 | Court of the Universe, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | |||
| Karl Bitter | Venus | Файл:Karl Bitter at Work.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1895 | Library, Biltmore Estate, Asheville, North Carolina |
steel | Bitter's andiron figure of Venus for Biltmore was completed in 1895,Шаблон:Efn when Munson was 4 years old. A life-sided Venus Coming from the Bath was photographed in Bitter's studio in 1901,[42] when Munson was 10 years old. | |
| Venus de Milo (with arms) | by 1921 | Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Netherlands |
marble | Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands commissioned a Venus de Milo (with arms) from Bitter. Munson wrote that Bitter experimented with different arrangements of the arms, modeled the sculpture in clay, and carved it in marble himself.[43] | |||
| Peace[44] | Файл:2016 Appellate courthouse Karl Bitter Peace.jpg | 1896–1900 | Appellate Division Courthouse of New York State, 35 East 25th Street, Manhattan, New York City |
Bitter completed his work on the Appellate Courthouse in June 1899,[45] about the time Munson turned 8 years old. | |||
| Peace | Файл:Audrey Munson & Karl Bitter.jpg | by 1921 | Munson wrote that she posed for Bitter for a sculpture of Peace (pictured), but it was not the Appellate Courthouse work.[43] | ||||
| Liberty Supported by the Law[10][46] | Файл:Liberty Wisconsin SC, by Karl Bitter.jpg | 1906–1910 | East Pediment, Wisconsin State Capitol Madison, Wisconsin |
Bethel Vermont granite |
Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| Bas relief: Diana[43] | Шаблон:Circa1910? | Ballroom, George Jay Gould I Mansion, Manhattan, New York City |
marble | bronze of Diana: | |||
| Pomona or Abundance[47] | Файл:Schevill Karl Bitter unfinished figure.jpg | plaster 1898, 1915 bronze 1916 (by Konti) |
Pulitzer Fountain, Grand Army Plaza, Manhattan, New York City |
bronze | plaster Шаблон:Cvt bronze Шаблон:Cvt |
the time of Bitter's April 9, 1915 death.[48] Bitter's widow asked Isidore Konti to complete the work, which was dedicated in May 1916.[48] Munson was publicly credited as the model for Pomona as early as August 1916.[49] Actress Doris Doscher (1882–1970) later claimed to have been the model for Pomona.[50] (Bitter may have used more than one model, or Konti may have used a different model.) | |
| Alexander Stirling Calder | Star Maiden[51] | Star, for the "Colonnade of Stars," Court of the Universe building, 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco | 1915 | Panama-Pacific International Exposition Oakland Museum Oakland, California |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | roof balustrade figure surrounding the Court of the Universe and the Colonnade of Stars: |
| Flower Girl[52] | Файл:Calder Flower Girl Perry p.50.jpg | 1915 | Court of Flowers, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | colonnade of the Court of Flowers. Edgar Walter's Beauty and the Beast Fountain is in the foreground. | ||
| Enterprise Crowning figure |
Файл:Calder Enterprise American Architect Dec 1920 p.779.jpg | 1915 | The Nations of the West, atop Arch of the Setting Sun, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | Arch of the Setting Sun: | ||
| The Mother of Tomorrow[53]Шаблон:Rp Central figure |
Файл:Mother Calder Sculpture of PPIE frontispiece.jpg | ||||||
| Eastern Hemisphere (reclining female nude with the head of a lioness, east side of the globe) |
Файл:Calder EasternHemisphere Todd vol.1 opp. p.194.jpg | 1915 | Fountain of Energy, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | |||
| The Atlantic Ocean (F. G. R. Roth modeled the dolphin)[54] |
Файл:Fountain energy atlantic.jpg | ||||||
| The Pacific Ocean (F. G. R. Roth modeled the manatee)[54] |
Файл:PacificASC.jpg | ||||||
| Nereid No. 1,[55] No. 2 and No. 3 (F. G. R. Roth modeled the dolphins)[54] Three nereids riding dolphins, repeated (as a group) four times around the fountain's basin. A water jet spouted from each dolphin's mouth. |
Файл:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 1.jpg Файл:Calder Nereid Riding Dolphin 2.jpg |
||||||
| Caryatid[56] (John Bateman assisted on this work)[57]Шаблон:Rp |
Файл:Calder Bateman Caryatid p.91.jpg | 1915 | Attic of Colonnade (above each column), Court of Palms, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | |||
| Ulric Ellerhusen | Wonderment[58] | Файл:Rotunda sculpture Calder Sculpture of PPIE p.123.jpg | 1915 | exterior of Rotunda dome, Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | Шаблон:Cvt | and Wonderment (female), flank the relief panels on each face of the Rotunda's dome.[57] The figures were recast in cast stone by Spero Anargyros in 1969.[59] |
| Consolation[57]Шаблон:Rp (Weeping Maidens or Drooping Maidens) |
Файл:Weeping-Maidens-Planter-Close-Up-.jpg | Pergola of the Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
"In the goddesses atop the towers and minarets and in the Grecian boxes adorning the Roman columns of the Palace of the Fine Arts will be found the enchanting line of the [Munson's] girlish form."[13] | ||||
| Garland figures[57]Шаблон:Rp | Файл:Reliefs - Palace of Fine Arts - San Francisco, CA - DSC02454.jpg | Peristyle Walk, Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
A set of five larger-than-life, high-relief figures, repeated around the four semi-circular, ground-level planters | ||||
| John Flanagan | Medallion: Head of Audrey Munson[60]Шаблон:Rp | 1915 | Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
bronze | Flanagan was awarded a PPIE Medal of Honor for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | ||
| Medal of Award, Panama-Pacific International Exposition[61] |
Файл:Panama-Pacific medal reverse.jpg | 1915 | bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | |||
| Daniel Chester French | Mourning VictoryШаблон:Efn | Файл:Mourning Victory.jpg | 1906–1908 | Melvin Memorial,[62] Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts |
Tennessee marble | Шаблон:Cvt | three brothers who fought and died in the American Civil War.[63] Munson was 15 years old when the memorial was completed. |
| Mourning Victory[64] (mirror image of the Melvin Memorial)[65]Шаблон:Rp |
Файл:Mourning Victory from the Melvin Memorial MET DT11598.jpg | carved 1912–1914 |
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City |
marble | Шаблон:Cvt | funded the carving of a mirror-image marble version, and donated it to MMA.[66] MMA also owns a bronze cast of Victory's head.[67] | |
| Memory[68] | Файл:Memory by Daniel Chester French 02.jpg | modeled Шаблон:Circa1909 carved 1917–1919 |
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Manhattan, New York City |
marble | Шаблон:Cvt | and studio in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. (Pictured, center) | |
| Jurisprudence[69] | Файл:Jurisprudence by Daniel Chester French, 1912 - Cleveland, Ohio - DSC07960.JPG | 1910–1912 | Metzenbaum United States Courthouse, Cleveland, Ohio |
marble | Шаблон:Cvt | Superior Avenue façade. | |
| Commerce[70] | Файл:Commerce by Daniel Chester French, 1912 - Cleveland, Ohio - DSC07914.JPG | 1910–1912 | marble | Шаблон:Cvt | |||
| Wisconsin (Forward)[71] | Файл:Statue atop the Wisconsin State Capitol Building titled "Wisconsin".jpg | 1912 | Wisconsin State Capitol, Madison, Wisconsin |
gilded bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| Evangeline[72][73] (bas relief figure, 2nd from right) |
Файл:DCF Longfellow SAAM-J0108331.jpg | 1912–1914 | Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Memorial, Longfellow Park, Cambridge, Massachusetts |
marble | Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| The Spirit of Life[74] | Файл:DCF Spirit of Life Head SAAM-J0108365.jpg Файл:DCF Spirit of Life SAAM-J0108368.jpg |
1913–1915 | Spencer Trask Memorial, Congress Park, Saratoga Springs, New York |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | size working model are in the collections of: Smithsonian American Art Museum,[75] Indianapolis Museum of Art,[76] Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey,[77] Brooks Memorial Library, Brattleboro, Vermont,[78] and elsewhere. | |
| The Genius of Creation EveШаблон:Efn |
Файл:Genius of Creation.jpeg Файл:Art in California - a survey of American art with special reference to Californian painting, sculpture and architecture past and present, particularly as those arts were represented at the (14761820756).jpg |
1915 | West entrance to Palace of Machinery, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | French was awarded a PPIE Medal of Honor for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp A plaster model is at Chesterwood,[79] French's home and studio in Stockbridge, Massachusetts: | ||
| Brooklyn[80] | Файл:Allegorical Figure of Brooklyn, from the Manhattan Bridge, NYC - Daniel Chester French - Brooklyn Museum - DSC08223.JPG | 1916 | Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York City |
granite | The pair were created to adorn the Brooklyn side of the Manhattan Bridge. Relocated to exterior of the Brooklyn Museum, 1963. At least some of the modeling for the Brooklyn figure was done by Rosalie Miller.[81] | ||
| Manhattan[82] | Файл:Allegorical Figure of Manhattan, from the Manhattan Bridge, NYC - Daniel Chester French - Brooklyn Museum - DSC08218.JPG | 1916 | granite | ||||
| Sherry Edmundson Fry | 70th Street pediment[10] | Файл:Henry C Frick House 010.JPG | 1913 | Frick Mansion, Fifth Avenue & East 70th Street, Manhattan, New York City |
Bedford blue limestone |
||
| Maidenhood[83] | 1914 | Brookgreen Gardens, Murrells Inlet, South Carolina |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | Ex collection: Metropolitan Museum of Art[37] | ||
| Peace (Maidenhood) | Файл:Statue Burness PPIE p.59.jpg | 1914–1915 | Peristyle Walk, Exterior of Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
bronze | Fry was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | ||
| Cartouche | 1915 | Female nude beside shield, over great arched window of Festival Hall,[53]Шаблон:Rp Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | ||||
| Flora[84] | Файл:Statue in front of Festival Hall.jpg | Twin figures atop pedestals at base of pylons of Festival Hall,[53]Шаблон:Rp Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
|||||
| Torch Bearer | Файл:Corner Dome figure Festival Hall.jpg | Figure repeated atop the four corner domes of Festival Hall,[53]Шаблон:Rp Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
|||||
| Reclining Woman (Listening Woman) Pylon figure |
Файл:Unidentified Burness p.51.jpg | atop east pylon of Festival Hall,[53]Шаблон:Rp Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
|||||
| Ceres, Goddess of Agriculture[85] | 1921 | Missouri State Capitol, Jefferson City, Missouri |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt[86] | |||
| Carl Augustus Heber | Spirit of Commerce[87] | Файл:Manhattan Bridge Arch south pier.jpg | 1909–1914 | Manhattan Bridge (south pier), Manhattan, New York City |
granite | ||
| Relief tablet over entrance | Файл:Helen Hayes Theatre NYC 2007.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1912 | The Little Theatre (now Helen Hayes Theatre), 238 West 44th Street, Manhattan, New York City |
marble | |||
| Albert Jaegers | Harvest (Nature) | Файл:Albert Jaegers - La Récolte.jpg | 1915 | atop Half-Dome, Court of the Four Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | Jaegers was awarded a PPIE bronze medal for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | |
| Sunshine Rain |
Файл:Jaegers Sunshine sculpturemuralp00pana 0046.jpg Файл:Jaegers Rain sculpturemuralp00pana 0046.jpg |
atop columns flanking the Half-Dome, Court of the Four Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
|||||
| The Feast of Sacrifice[88] | Файл:Jaegers Feast James p.100.jpg Файл:Perry Sacrifice sculpturemuralso00panarich 0040.jpg |
Heroic-sized group, repeated twice atop pylons above Forecourt of Ceres, Court of the Four Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
|||||
| Augustus Jaegers[60]Шаблон:Rp | Abundance[89] Attic figures |
Файл:Jaegers Court of 4 Seasons figure Burness.jpg | 1915 | Court of the Four Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | attic and spandrel figures on the arcades in the Court of the Four Seasons.[90] Abundance was repeated sixteen times on the arcades. | |
| Isidore Konti | The Three Graces | Файл:Three Graces, Hotel Astor ballroom.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1909 | marble | opened September 29, 1909 (second balcony): At the other end of the ballroom, a companion marble group called The Song featured similar figures, possibly also modeled by Munson.[48]Шаблон:Rp | ||
| Three Muses[91] | Файл:Three Muses (Isadore Konti).jpg | undated | Hudson River Museum, Yonkers, New York |
plaster | Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| Mother and Child: The Bath (Fountain Group)[37] |
Файл:Isidore Konti - Groupe pour fontaine.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1910 | private collection | marble | two-thirds life size[48]Шаблон:Rp |
||
| Solace[10][92] | 1911 | Hudson River Museum,[48]Шаблон:Rp Yonkers, New York |
plaster | Шаблон:Cvt | |||
| Fame and Victory (relief figures)[48]Шаблон:Rp | Файл:Konti frieze Calder Sculpture of PPIE p.67.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1915 | Column of Human Progress, Forecourt of the Stars, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | surrounded the base of the Шаблон:Cvt-tall Column of Human Progress.[48]Шаблон:Rp Munson was the model for Fame and Victory, which flanked the entrance to its vault.[48]Шаблон:Rp | ||
| Pomona | Файл:Pomona.jpg | 1915–1916 | Pulitzer Fountain, Grand Army Plaza, Manhattan, New York City |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | following Bitter's death in April 1915. Konti enlarged it from a Шаблон:Cvt maquette, added detail, and made minor changes. His full-size plaster model was completed in January 1916, approved by Bitter's widow in February, and sent to the foundry in March. The fountain was dedicated in May 1916.[48]Шаблон:Rp | |
| Evelyn Beatrice Longman | Consecration (L'Amour)[93][37] | Файл:Longman Consecration 1915.jpg | modeled 1909–1912 carved 1914 |
Wadsworth Athenaeum, Hartford, Connecticut |
marble | Шаблон:Cvt | Exhibited in the Palace of Fine Arts at the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Longman was awarded a PPIE silver medal for her sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp |
| Fountain of Ceres | Файл:Burness frontispiece p.5.jpg | 1915 | Forecourt, Court of the Four Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | |||
| Augustus Lukeman | Memory[94] Titanic Memorial |
Файл:Lukeman Memory Straus Memorial NYC SAAM-J0049736.jpg | 1913–1914 | Straus Memorial, Straus Park, West 106th Street (west of Broadway), Manhattan, New York City |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | in the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic. The park and memorial were dedicated on April 15, 1915, the third anniversary of the sinking. |
| Frederick MacMonnies | Beauty[95] | Файл:MacMonnies Beauty NYPL SAAM-S0001588.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1911–1917 | New York Public Library Main Branch, Fifth Avenue at East 41st Street, Manhattan, New York City |
Carrara marble | Шаблон:Cvt | Munson wrote that MacMonnies used her for the legs, and another model for the torso and face.Шаблон:Efn |
| Allen George Newman | Mermaid (unlocated) | Файл:Munson NY Sun 8 June 1913.jpg | 1910 | Music of the Waters Fountain (demolished),[96] Riverside Drive at 156th Street, Manhattan, New York City |
marble | "Up on Riverside Drive, Allen George Newman's fountain 'Music of the Water' shows another pose of this young woman."[97] | |
| The Triumph of Peace[98] | Файл:Triumph of Peace Journal of American History 1912 p.561.jpg | 1911 | Peace Monument, Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Georgia |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy[99] |
Файл:Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy.jpg | 1914–1915 | Confederate Park, Jacksonville, Florida |
bronze | seated figure Шаблон:Cvt flagbearer Шаблон:Cvt |
monument.Шаблон:Efn She also may have posed for the young mother reading to her children. | |
| Attilio Piccirilli | Columbia Triumphant[10] | Файл:USS Maine (ACR-1) Monument Columbus Circle NYC Columbia Triumphant.JPG | 1901–1913 | USS Maine National Monument,[100] Central Park, Manhattan, New York City |
gilded bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| Peace[10] | Файл:Piccirilli Attilio Peace Maine Monument 1913.jpg | marble | |||||
| Duty[10] | Файл:Firemens Memorial south jeh.JPG | 1910–1913 | Firemen's Memorial, Riverside Park, Riverside Drive at West 100th Street, Manhattan, New York City |
Knoxville marble | |||
| Sacrifice[10] | Файл:Firemens Memorial north jeh.JPG | ||||||
| A Soul (Alone?[3] Widowhood?)Шаблон:Efn |
1915 | Exhibited outside Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
marble | Piccirilli was awarded a PPIE gold medal for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | |||
| Sapientia (Wisdom)[10] | Файл:WiscCap5AP.jpg | completed 1917 |
Learning of the World (north pediment), Wisconsin State Capitol, Madison, Wisconsin |
Bethel white granite | Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| Furio Piccirilli | Eurydice[101]Шаблон:Rp | Файл:Piccirilli Furio Eurydice Perry & Calder p. 157.jpg | 1911 | Exhibited outside Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
marble | Piccirilli was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | |
| Summer | Файл:Piccirilli Furio Summer Official Handbook p.35.jpg | 1915 | Court of the Four Seasons, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | by a colonnade, and set upon a curved stepped base, down which water cascaded. | ||
| Autumn | Файл:AutumnFP.jpg | ||||||
| Winter | Файл:Piccirilli Furio Winter Official Handbook p.37.jpg | ||||||
| Spring (Munson posed for both the female figures)[102] |
Файл:Piccirilli Furio Spring Official Handbook p.34.jpg | ||||||
| Edmond Thomas Quinn | Audrey[103][104] | 1915 | Exhibited at Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
freestanding bronze | Quinn was awarded a PPIE silver medal for his sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp | ||
| Ulysses Ricci | Portrait of Miss Audrey Munson[105] | 1914 | whereabouts unknown | bronze[106] | Exhibited at National Academy of Design in 1914 Exhibited at Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts[106] | ||
| Frederick Ruckstull | Monument to South Carolina Women of the Confederacy[107] |
Файл:SC Monument to the Women of the Confederacy in Columbia IMG 4744.JPG | 1909–1912 | South Carolina State House, Columbia, South Carolina |
bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | |
| Salvatore Cartaino Scarpitta | Lady Godiva | by 1914 | unknown | silver | "Even on Fifth avenue you will find her at a famous silversmith's sitting dejectedly on a white horse as Lady Godiva in a beautiful piece of work made by Scarpetti Шаблон:Sic."[10] | ||
| The Light That Failed[72] | Файл:Scarpitta Light That Failed.jpg | 1915 | |||||
| Starlight[72] | Шаблон:Circa1915 | Collection of John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1921) |
|||||
| Maidenhood[108] | by 1921 | Collection of Henry Clay Frick (1921) | |||||
| Francois Tonetti | Water Nymph[9] | by 1921 | Kykuit (John D. Rockefeller Estate) Pocantico Hills, New York |
||||
| Edgar Walter | Beauty and the Beast | Файл:Edgar Walter - La belle et la bete.jpg | 1915 | Beauty and the Beast Fountain, Court of Flowers, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | ||
| Adolph Alexander Weinman | Day and Night Pair of figures flanking the exterior clocks, repeated over the station's four main entrances. The station was demolished, 1963-1966. |
Файл:The New York improvement and tunnel extension of the Pennsylvania railroad. Issued October, 1910 (1910) (14759502262).jpg Файл:Pennsylvania Station aerial view, 1910s.jpg Файл:Penn Station demolition, June 25, 1966.jpg |
Шаблон:Circa1910 | Pennsylvania Station, (bordered by 31st Street, 7th Avenue, 33rd Street and 8th Avenue), Manhattan, New York City |
pink granite | Шаблон:Cvt | clocks over the station's 7th and 8th Avenue main entrances, and were repeated over the 31st and 33rd Street entrances. A salvaged figure of Night was donated to the Brooklyn Museum in 1966.[109] Scout Memorial Fountain in Kansas City, Missouri. Another clock entablature (disassembled) is at Ringwood State Park in Passaic County, New Jersey.[110] |
| Civic Fame[111][37] | Файл:2008-05-04 CanonS3 IMG 3076 Civic Fame crop.jpg | 1913 | atop Manhattan Municipal Building, Centre Street at Chambers Street, Manhattan, New York City |
gilded bronze | Шаблон:Cvt | ||
| Descending Night[9] atop column |
Файл:DescendingNightAAW.jpg | 1915 | Fountain of the Setting Sun, Court of the Universe, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | |||
| Goddess of Truth at base of column |
Файл:FountainoftheSetting SunAAW.jpg | ||||||
| Walking Liberty Half Dollar | Файл:1916-S 50C (obv).jpg | 1916 | 90% silver 10% copper |
Шаблон:Cvt | the Mercury dime (1916). | ||
| Daphnis and Chloe[112]Шаблон:Efn | by 1921 | Devonshire House, (prior to 1921) London, England |
as Chloe | ||||
| Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney | Paganism Immortal[41] | Файл:Whitney Paganism SAAM-J0074484.jpg | Шаблон:Circa1910 | ||||
| Fountain of El Dorado[41] | Файл:Artincalifornias00port 0588.jpg Файл:Whitney Door to El Dorado hi res SAAM-S0002530.jpg |
1915 | Tower of Jewels Arcade, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
Whitney was awarded a PPIE bronze medal for her sculpture.[38]Шаблон:Rp pressing forward toward the mysterious portal of Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney's Fountain of El Dorado."[113] | |||
| Bruno Louis Zimm | Relief panels: The Triumph of the Arts The Struggle for the Beautiful The Power of the Arts[114] |
Файл:Zimm PPIE Rotunda panels Burness p.53.jpg | 1915 | Attic of Rotunda, Palace of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition |
staff | Шаблон:Cvt | The Struggle for the Beautiful. |
Filmography
the model for Karl Bitter's Pomona (3rd from left) and Adolph Alexander Weinman's Descending Night (center).[49]
All four films in which Munson appeared were thought to have been lost, until a copy of Purity (1916) was recovered in France in 2009.[115]
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1915 | Inspiration | The Model | Reissued as The Perfect Model (1918)[24][23] |
| 1916 | Purity | Purity / Virtue | [23] |
| 1916 | The Girl o' Dreams | Norma Hansen | [23] |
| 1921 | Heedless Moths | Audrey Munson | Based on Munson's stories and articles for Hearst's Sunday Magazine[23] |
In 2010, film director Roberto Serrini made a documentary[116] about Munson which was featured in several news outlets including the New York Post.[117]
References
Informational notes Шаблон:Noteslist
Citations Шаблон:Reflist
Bibliography
- Bone, James (2016) The Curse of Beauty: The Scandalous & Tragic Life of Audrey Munson, America's First Supermodel. New York: Regan Arts. Шаблон:ISBN
- Donnelly, Elisabeth (Summer 2015) "Descending Night", The Believer, v.13 n.2.
- Mullgardt, Louis Christian (1915) The Architecture and Landscape Gardening of the Exposition – A Pictorial Survey of the Most Beautiful of the Compositions of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company.
- Neuhaus, Eugen (1915) The Art of the Exposition – Personal Impressions of the Architecture, Sculpture, Mural Decorations, Color Scheme & Other Aesthetic Aspects of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: Paul Elder and Company.
- Rozas, Diane & Gottehrer, Anita Bourne (1999) American Venus: The Extraordinary Life of Audrey Munson, Model and Muse. Los Angeles: Balcony Press. Шаблон:ISBN
External links
- Шаблон:IMDb name
- Шаблон:IBDB name
- Blog devoted to Munson in NYC
- The Audrey Munson Project
- Audrey Munson, J. Willis Sayre Photographs Collection, University of Washington
- Portrait photo, 1922, The New York Times, December 9, 2007
- "America's first supermodel", BBC News, May 31, 2016; video with images: photos, film, sculpture
- "Miss Manhattan", 99% invisible, February 15, 2016, Podcast, video, images
- Шаблон:YouTube
Шаблон:Karl Bitter Шаблон:Alexander Stirling Calder Шаблон:Daniel Chester French Шаблон:Adolph Weinman Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Roberts, Sam. (December 15, 2022) "Overlooked No More: Audrey Munson, Forgotten but, Living On in Sculptures, Not Gone" The New York Times.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 1." The San Francisco Examiner, January 9, 1921, p. 83.
- ↑ 10,00 10,01 10,02 10,03 10,04 10,05 10,06 10,07 10,08 10,09 10,10 "The 'Most Copied' Girl in America," The El Paso Times, March 22, 1914, p. 48.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокTimes-Dispatchне указан текст - ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Mahr, Karen Ward (2008) Women Filmmakers in Early Hollywood Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.93-94 Шаблон:Isbn
- ↑ "The Girl O'Dreams" University of California, Santa Barbara website
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ later of Producers Releasing Corporation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Number: 082-42-0284; Issue State: New York; Issue Date: 1996. Ancestry.com. U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935–2014 [database on-line]. Provo, UT: USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2011.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ McMillan Fountain, from SIRIS.
- ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 37,4 Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 7." The Washington Times, February 20, 1921, p. 83.
- ↑ 38,00 38,01 38,02 38,03 38,04 38,05 38,06 38,07 38,08 38,09 38,10 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 6." The San Francisco Examiner, February 13, 1921, p. 85.
- ↑ National Magazine, vol. 13, no. 6 (March 1901) (Boston: Joe Mitchell Chapple), p. 491.[1]
- ↑ 43,0 43,1 43,2 Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 4." The San Francisco Examiner, January 30, 1921, p. 80.
- ↑ Peace, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Dennis, James M., Karl Bitter: Architectural Sculptor 1867–1915, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1967, p. 71.
- ↑ Liberty Supported by the Law, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Pulitzer Fountain, from SIRIS.
- ↑ 48,0 48,1 48,2 48,3 48,4 48,5 48,6 48,7 48,8 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 49,0 49,1 Moving Picture World, vol. 29, no. 9 (August 26, 1916), p. 1355
- ↑ Kevin C. Fitzpatrick, The Algonquin Round Table, New York: A Historical Guide (Rowman & Little, 2015), p. 185.
- ↑ Star Figure, from SIRIS.
- ↑ "Audrey Monson in 'The Flower Girl'." Goodwin's Weekly, November 25, 1916, p. 12.[2]
- ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 53,4 John Daniel Barry, The City of Domes: A Walk with an Architect about the Courts and Palaces of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: John J. Newbegin, 1915).
- ↑ 54,0 54,1 54,2 Henry Rankin Poore, "Stirling Calder, Sculptor" The International Studio, vol. 57, no. (April 1919), pp. XXXVII-LI.[3]
- ↑ "Nereid, no. 1; by A. Sterling Calder," Catalogue of Copyright Entries for the Year 1914: Works of Art (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914), p. 165.[4]
- ↑ "Caryatid; by A. Sterling Calder," Catalogue of Copyright Entries for the Year 1914: Works of Art (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1914), p. 165.[5]
- ↑ 57,0 57,1 57,2 57,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 60,0 60,1 Gardner Teall, "Art: The Mirror of American Genius," Hearst's Magazine, vol. 27, no. 5 (May 1915), pp. 434–37.[6]
- ↑ Medal of Award, PPIE, from MMA.
- ↑ Mourning Victory, from SIRIS.
- ↑ James C. Melvin, The Melvin Memorial, Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts, A Brother's Tribute, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Riverside Press, 1910), p. xvi.[7]
- ↑ Mourning Victory (MMA), from SIRIS.
- ↑ Thayer Tolles, ed., American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born before 1865 (MMA, 1999).
- ↑ Mourning Victory, from MMA.
- ↑ Study for a Head, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Memory, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Jurisprudence, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Commerce, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Forward, from SIRIS.
- ↑ 72,0 72,1 72,2 Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 3." The Pittsburgh Press, January 23, 1921, p. 79.
- ↑ Longfellow Monument, from SIRIS.
- ↑ The Spirit of Life, from SIRIS.
- ↑ The Spirit of Life (SAAM), from SIRIS.
- ↑ Spirit of Life, from IMA.
- ↑ The Spirit of Life, from Newark Museum.
- ↑ The Spirit of Life (VT), from SIRIS.
- ↑ Model for Creation, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Brooklyn, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Richman, Michael, "Daniel Chester French: An American Sculptor", The Preservation Press, Washington D.C., 1976 p. 146
- ↑ Manhattan, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Maidenhood, from SIRIS.
- ↑ "Miss Audrey Monson and the Statue for Which She Posed," The Logan Republican (Utah), April 13, 1915, p. 1.[8]
- ↑ Ceres, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Spirit of Commerce, from SIRIS.
- ↑ "Miss Audrey Monson, and Statues of Her," The Guthrie Daily Leader (Oklahoma), March 20, 1915, p. 1.[9]
- ↑ Stella G. S. Perry, The Sculpture & Murals of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition (San Francisco: The Wahlgreen Company, 1915), p. 33.
- ↑ Edward Payson Critcher, "Sculpture and Sculptors: Panam-Pacific International Exposition," The Fine Arts Journal, vol. 32 (February 1915), p. 47.[10]
- ↑ Three Muses, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Solace, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Consecration, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Straus Memorial, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Beauty, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Music of the Waters Fountain, from Audubon Park Historic District.
- ↑ "All New York Bows to the Real Miss Manhattan," The New York Sun, June 8, 1913, p. 9.[11]
- ↑ Peace Monument, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Florida's Tribute to the Women of the Confederacy Monument, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Maine Monument, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Thayer Tolles, ed., American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born between 1865 and 1885 (MMA, 2000).
- ↑ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 8." The Philadelphia Inquirer, February 27, 1921, p. 77.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ American Art Annual, 14 (1918): "Who's Who in Art": s.v. "Quinn, Edmond T., 135 De Kalb Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y."".
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 106,0 106,1 "Why the Beautiful Audrey Munson Wanted Her Death Announced," The New York Evening World, October 23, 1920, p. 11.[12]
- ↑ Monument to South Carolina Women of the Confederacy' from SIRIS.
- ↑ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 2." The Nebraska State Journal, January 16, 1921, p. 83.
- ↑ Night, from SIRIS.
- ↑ "Day and Night" Clock Entablature, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Civic Fame, from SIRIS.
- ↑ Audrey Munson, "By the 'Queen of the Artists' Studios,' Chapter 5." The Washington Times, February 6, 1921, p. 83.
- ↑ "Audrey Munson, the 'Exposition Girl'," Sunset Magazine, vol. 35, no. 1 (July 1915), p. 164.[13]
- ↑ Frank Morton Todd, The Story of the Exposition, Volume 2 (New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1921), p. 319.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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