Английская Википедия:Audulf
Audulf (Шаблон:Lang-la) was a Frisian active Шаблон:C., just after the Great Migration Period. He is not mentioned by any historians of the era but several gold coins have been found inscribed with his name, leading to debate as to whether he was a petty king in FrisiaШаблон:Mdashthe former lands of the Frisii on the coastline of the northern Netherlands and northwestern GermanyШаблон:Mdashor simply a Frisian moneyer, probably in the employ of the Merovingian Franks.
Name
The name appears to be an Old Dutch form of the Germanic names related to Adolf,Шаблон:Sfnp various compounds ultimately derived from Proto-Germanic *aþalaz ("noble") and *wulfaz ("wolf"). It appears in some sources as Adulf (Шаблон:Lang) and Aldulf,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp chiefly as a result of mistaken engravings of his coins and their mistaken attribution to Ealdwulf, king of East Anglia.
Coins
Several gold tremisses have been discovered inscribed with Audulf's name and dated by numismatists to the period from the late 6th centuryШаблон:Sfnp to the early 7th century.Шаблон:Sfnp They have been found at Escharen in North Brabant; at Wiuwert; and in England. The coins are now held by the collections in the Hague in the Netherlands and Brussels in Belgium; by the BnF Museum in Paris, France; and by the British Museum in London, England.Шаблон:Sfnp They bear inscriptions in poor Latin reading Шаблон:Smallcaps ("Audulf Frisia") obverse and Шаблон:Smallcaps ("Victory by Audulf") reverse.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp The known specimens are about Шаблон:Convert wide and vary in weight from Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Interpretation
Duchalais lists the names typically featured on Merovingian-era coins as reigning kings, their moneyers and palace mayors, and high nobles and ecclesiastical officials.Шаблон:Sfnp He dismissed the idea of Audulf being either a mayor or ecclesiastic out of hand on the basis of the reverse inscription touting a victory;Шаблон:Sfnp but acknowledged that the inscription and design directly mimicked solidi and tremisses issued by Clothar II, that Clothar was specifically identified as a king (Шаблон:Smallcaps) on his obverse, that Clothar's name was in the genitive (Шаблон:Smallcaps)Шаблон:Sfnp while moneyers were more often in the ablative as on Audulf's coins, and thatШаблон:Mdashas the two words on the obverse are apparently unrelated to one anotherШаблон:Mdashit is quite possible the two words on the reverse were unconnected as well.Шаблон:Sfnp
Given the lack of other identification for the diademed figure on the obverse of the coins, Duchalais leaned towards interpreting the coin as the issue of a petty king in Frisia in what is now the central NetherlandsШаблон:Sfnp celebrating some obscure victory over his enemies or paganism. The Frisians of the era were ruled by numerous petty lords rather than Merovingian agents,Шаблон:Sfnp and this view is generally upheld by modern Dutch scholars.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Excavations in Westergo in northern Friesland have shown some level of united power or cooperation in the area during the relevant time period,Шаблон:Citation needed and some scholarsШаблон:Who even think the victory mentioned on the coins may have been over the Franks themselves, who are recorded contesting control over the Rhine delta with the Frisians in the later 7th century.
Some numismatists, however, still consider the Audulf of the coins to have only been the moneyer of another ruler.[1]Шаблон:Sfnp Boeles went so far as to argue that the "Frisia" of the coin was unrelated to the Dutch area and possibly intended an area near Paris instead,Шаблон:Sfnp although LafaurieШаблон:Sfnp and Grierson considered this completely implausible.Шаблон:Sfnp
Following Robert CottonШаблон:Sfnp and John Speed,Шаблон:Sfnp the English coin was long misattributed to Ealdwulf, the king of East Anglia from Шаблон:C. to 713, a mistake further compounded by a series of errors that recorded it as a silver sceat penny and progressively garbled the coin's inscription and design.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1772, Samuel Pegge correctly argued that all the coins then attributed to the early Anglo-Saxon kings were actually from continental Europe or from other rulers of a much later date. In doing so, however, he misattributed Audulf's coin to the 15th-century Adolf, duke of Guelders,Шаблон:Sfnp after which it was ignored by subsequent numismatists until it was finally connected to Audulf's other coins and correctly restored to the Merovingian era in the 20th century.Шаблон:Sfnp
References
Citations
Sources
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Шаблон:Citation.
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- 6th-century births
- 7th-century deaths
- Dukes of Frisia
- Coin designers
- 7th-century monarchs in Europe
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
