Английская Википедия:Augsburg

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox German place

Augsburg (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell,[1] Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell,[2] Шаблон:IPA-de; Шаблон:Lang-swg) is a city in the Bavarian part of Swabia, Germany, around Шаблон:Convert west of the Bavarian capital Munich. It is a university town and the regional seat of the Шаблон:Lang Swabia with a well preserved Altstadt (historical city centre). Augsburg is an urban district and home to the institutions of the Landkreis Augsburg. It is the third-largest city in Bavaria (after Munich and Nuremberg), with a population of 304,000[3] and 885,000 in its metropolitan area.[4]

After Neuss, Trier, Worms, Cologne and Xanten, Augsburg is one of Germany's oldest cities, founded in 15 BC by the Romans as Augusta Vindelicorum and named after the Roman emperor Augustus. It was a Free Imperial City from 1276 to 1803 and the home of the patrician Fugger and Welser families that dominated European banking in the 16th century. According to Behringer, in the sixteenth century it became "the dominant centre of early capitalism", having benefited from being part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost system as "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire" and the city's close connection to Maximilian I.Шаблон:Sfn The city played a leading role in the Reformation as the site of the 1530 Augsburg Confession and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. The Fuggerei, the oldest social housing complex in the world, was founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger.

In 2019 UNESCO recognised the Water Management System of Augsburg as a World Heritage Site because of its unique medieval canals and water towers and its testimony to the development of hydraulic engineering.[5][6]

Geography

Augsburg lies at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and on the Singold. The oldest part of the city and the southern quarters are on the northern foothills of a high terrace, which has emerged between the steep rim of the hills of Friedberg in the east and the high hills of the west. In the south extends the Lechfeld, an outwash plain of the post ice age between the rivers Lech and Wertach, where rare primeval landscapes were preserved. The Augsburg city forest and the Lech valley heaths today rank among the most species-rich middle European habitats.[7]

Augsburg borders the nature park Augsburg Western Woods - a large forestland. The city itself is also heavily verdant. As a result, in 1997 Augsburg was the first German city to win the Europe-wide contest Entente Florale for Europe's greenest and most livable city.

Шаблон:Wide image

Suburbs and neighbouring municipalities

Augsburg is surrounded by the counties Landkreis Augsburg in the west and Aichach-Friedberg in the east.

The suburbs of Augsburg are Friedberg, Königsbrunn, Stadtbergen, Neusäß, Gersthofen, Diedorf.

Neighbouring municipalities: Rehling, Affing, Kissing, Mering, Merching, Bobingen, Gessertshausen.

History

Шаблон:For timeline

Файл:1 conventionsthaler Francis I - 1765.png
Silver coin: 1 conventionsthaler Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1765

Early history

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Panorama of Augsburg, 1493
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Perlach market place in 1550

The city of Augsburg was founded in 15 BC on the orders of Emperor Augustus.[8] Emperor Augustus conducted extensive military campaigns and established administrative settlements. The Roman colony that became Augsburg was known as Augusta Vindelicorum, meaning "the Augustan city of the Vindelici".[9] The settlement was established at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach. In 120 AD Augsburg became the administrative capital of the Roman province of Raetia.[10] Augsburg was sacked by the Huns in the fifth century AD, by Charlemagne in the eighth century and by Welf I, Duke of Bavaria in the 11th century.Шаблон:Citation needed

Augsburg Confession

Augsburg was granted the status of a Free Imperial City on 9 March 1276 and from then until 1803, it was independent of its former overlord, the Prince-Bishop of Augsburg. Frictions between the city-state and the prince-bishops were to remain frequent however, particularly after Augsburg became Protestant and curtailed the rights and freedoms of Catholics. With its strategic location at an intersection of trade routes to Italy, the Free Imperial City of Augsburg became a major trading centre.Шаблон:Citation needed

Augsburg produced large quantities of woven goods, cloth and textiles. Augsburg became the base of two banking families that rose to great prominence, the Fuggers and the Welsers. The Fugger family donated the Fuggerei part of the city devoted to housing for needy citizens in 1516, which remains in use today.[11]

In 1530, the Augsburg Confession was presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg. Following the Peace of Augsburg in 1555, after which the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities were to be legally protected, a mixed Catholic–Protestant city council presided over a majority Protestant population; see Paritätische Reichsstadt.[12]

Leading European centre of capitalism of the sixteenth century

Файл:Seld Joerg Vogelschauplan von Westen Augsburg.jpeg
A "bird’s-eye view" plan of western Augsburg, 1521

Augsburg's economic boom years occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries thanks to the bank and metal businesses of the merchant families Fugger, Welser and Hochstetter. These families held a near total monopoly in important industries. Monopolies were considered criminal in contemporary laws and these families' practices were criticised by Martin Luther himself, but as Emperor Charles V needed their financial assistance, he cancelled the charge in the 1530s.[13][14] In the 16th century Augsburg became one of Germany's largest cities. Augsburg was a major manufacturing centre for textiles, armor, scientific instruments, as well as gold- and silver-smithing. The prolific printers of Augsburg also made the city the largest producer of German-language books in the Holy Roman Empire. Like other free imperial cities, Augsburg was an independent entity, and had authority over its tax policies.[15]

Augsburg's wealth attracted artists seeking patrons. The city rapidly became a creative centre for sculptors and musicians. Augsburg became the base of the Holbein family, starting with Hans Holbein the Elder. The composer Leopold Mozart was born and educated in Augsburg.[16] Rococo became so prevalent that it became known as "Augsburg style" throughout Germany.Шаблон:Citation needed

Augsburg benefitted majorly from the establishment and expansion of the Kaiserliche Reichspost in the late 15th and early 16th century. This postal system, which was the first modern postal service in the world, was created through negotiations and agreements between the Taxis family represented by Шаблон:Ill and the early Habsburgs monarches, notably Maximilian I, his son Philip the Handsome and grandson Charles V.[17][18] Even when the Habsburg empire began to extend to other parts of Europe, Maximilian's loyalty to Augsburg, where he conducted a lot of his endeavours, meant that the imperial city became "the dominant centre of early capitalism" of the sixteenth century, and "the location of the most important post office within the Holy Roman Empire". From Maximilian's time, as the "terminuses of the first transcontinental post lines" began to shift from Innsbruck to Venice and from Brussels to Antwerpt, in these cities, the communication system and the news market started to converge. As the Fuggers as well as other trading companies based their most important branches in these cities, these traders gained access to these systems as well (despite a widely circulated theory which holds that the Fuggers themselves operated their own communication system, in reality they relied upon the imperial posts, presumably from the 1490s onwards, as official members of the court of Maximilian I).[19]

Witch hunts

Several witch hunts occurred in Augsburg in the late 16th century. Following the 1585–1588 plague epidemic, southeast Germany was shattered by the 1589–1591 witch hunts. Following the 1592–1593 plague epidemic, cities in southeast Germany entered a period of inflation, marked by brutal witch hunts in urban areas.[20]

Thirty Years' War

Religious peace in the city was largely maintained despite increasing tensions up to the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In 1629, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II issued the Edict of Restitution, which restored the legal situation of 1552. However, the edict was revoked in April 1632, when Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden occupied Augsburg.Шаблон:Citation needed

In 1634, the Swedish army was defeated at the nearby Battle of Nördlingen. By October 1634, Catholic troops had surrounded Augsburg. The Swedish army refused to surrender and a siege ensued through the winter of 1634/35 and thousands died from hunger and disease. During the Swedish occupation and the siege by Catholic troops, the population of the city was reduced from about 70,000 to about 16,000. Diseases such as typhus and the plague ravaged the city.[21]

Guilds

In the first half of the 17th century Augsburg was pivotal in the European network of goldsmiths. Augsburg attracted goldsmith journeymen from all over Europe and in the 18th century a large number of silversmiths and goldsmiths became master craftsman in Augsburg.[22]

Nine Years' War

In 1686 the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I formed the League of Augsburg, also known as the "Grand Alliance" after England joined in 1689. The coalition consisted at various times of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic. The coalition was formed to defend the Electorate of the Palatinate and fought against France in the Nine Years' War.Шаблон:Citation needed

End of Free Imperial City status

Файл:Augsburg map 1705-1720.png
Early 18th century map of Augsburg and surrounding area
Файл:Stockdale 1800 - Augsburg.jpeg
A map of Augsburg in 1800

The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss or the Final Recess of 1803, saw the annexation of nearly all of the 51 Free Imperial Cities, excepting Augsburg and five others. However, when the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, Napoleon encouraged his German allies to annex their smaller neighbours, and Augsburg lost its independence. It was annexed to the Kingdom of Bavaria. In 1817, the city became an administrative capital of the Oberdonaukreis, then administrative capital in 1837 for the district Swabia and Neuburg.Шаблон:Citation needed

Industrial revolution

During the end of the 19th century, Augsburg's textile industry again rose to prominence followed by the machine manufacturing industry.Шаблон:Citation needed

Second World War and Cold War

Augsburg was historically a militarily important city due to its strategic location. During the German re-armament before the Second World War, the Wehrmacht enlarged Augsburg's one original Kaserne (barracks) to three: Somme Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Artillerie-Regiment 27); Arras Kaserne (housing Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 27) and Panzerjäger Kaserne (housing Panzerabwehr-Abteilung 27 (later Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27)). Wehrmacht Panzerjäger-Abteilung 27 was later moved to Füssen.

Файл:A-Polish-woman-weeps-as-she-tells-her-story-to-US-troops-142365089506.jpg
A Polish woman weeps as she tells American soldiers of her life as a slave labourer for the Nazis. She was liberated in Augsburg when the third-largest Bavarian city fell to the Americans (23 April 1945).

The MAN factory at Augsburg was the largest German manufacturer of engines for U-boats in World War II and became the target of the Augsburg Raid. When the Avro Lancaster bomber was new in service, the RAF sent 12 at low level to bomb the factory in daylight, on 17 April 1942. The bombers were intercepted en route and only five returned, all damaged. The factory was damaged but production continued; the factory was repeatedly bombed later. A subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp outside Augsburg supplied approximately 1,300 forced labourers to local military-related industry, especially the Messerschmitt AG military aircraft firm, headquartered in Augsburg.[23][24]

In 1941 Rudolf Hess, without Adolf Hitler's permission, secretly took off from a local Augsburg airport and flew to Scotland, crashing in Eaglesham, to the south of Glasgow. His objective was to meet the Duke of Hamilton in an attempt to mediate the end of the European front of World War II and join sides for the upcoming Russian Campaign.

The Reichswehr Infanterie Regiment 19 was stationed in Augsburg and became the base unit for the Wehrmacht Infanterie Regiment 40, a subsection of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27 (which later became the Wehrmacht Panzerdivision 17). Elements of Wehrmacht II Battalion of Gebirgs-Jäger-Regiment 99 (especially Wehrmacht Panzerjäger Kompanie 14) was composed of parts of the Wehrmacht Infanterie Division 27. The Infanterie Regiment 40 remained in Augsburg until the end of the war, finally surrendering to the United States on 28 April 1945 when the U.S. Army occupied the city. The city and its Messerschmitt works were bombed on three occasions during the war. Collateral damage included the destruction of just under 25% of all homes in the city and the deaths of several hundred people.[25]

Following the war the three Kasernen changed hands confusingly between the American and Germans, finally ending up in US hands for the duration of the Cold War. They became the three main US barracks in Augsburg: Reese, Sheridan and FLAK. US Base FLAK had been an anti-aircraft barracks since 1936 and US Base Sheridan 'united' the former infantry barracks with a smaller Kaserne for former Luftwaffe communications units.

The American military presence in the city started with the U.S. 5th Infantry Division stationed at FLAK Kaserne from 1945 to 1955, then by 11th Airborne Division, followed by the 24th Infantry Division, U.S. Army VII Corps artillery, USASA Field Station Augsburg and finally the 66th Military Intelligence Brigade, which returned the former Kaserne to German hands in 1998. Originally the Heeresverpflegungshauptamt Südbayern and an Officers' caisson existed on or near the location of Reese-Kaserne but was demolished by the occupying Americans.

Politics

Municipality

Шаблон:Main From 1266 until 1548, the terms Stadtpfleger (head of town council) and Mayor were used interchangeably, or occasionally, simultaneously. In 1548 the title was finally fixed to Stadtpfleger, who officiated for several years and was then awarded the title for life (though no longer governing), thus resulting confusingly, in records of two or more simultaneous Stadtpfleger.

After the transfer to Bavaria in 1806, Augsburg was ruled by a Magistrate with two mayors, supported by an additional council of "Community Commissioners": the Gemeindebevollmächtige.

As of 1907, the Mayor was entitled Oberbürgermeister, as Augsburg had reached a population of 100,000, as per the Bavarian Gemeindeordnung.

Mayor

The mayor of Augsburg has been Eva Weber of the Christian Social Union (CSU) since 2020. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows:

Шаблон:Election table ! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate ! rowspan=2| Party ! colspan=2| First round ! colspan=2| Second round |- ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Eva Weber | align=left| Christian Social Union | 41,534 | 43.1 | 63,762 | 62.3 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Dirk Wurm | align=left| Social Democratic Party | 18,116 | 18.8 | 38,532 | 37.7 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Martina Wild | align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens | 17,851 | 18.5 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Andreas Jurca | align=left| Alternative for Germany | 4,673 | 4.8 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Peter Hummel | align=left| Free Voters of Bavaria | 3,053 | 3.2 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Frederik Hintermayr | align=left| The Left | 2,564 | 2.7 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Lisa McQueen | align=left| Die PARTEI | 1,896 | 2.0 |- | | align=left| Bruno Marcon | align=left| Augsburg in the Citizens' Hands | 1,478 | 1.5 |- | | align=left| Anna Tabak | align=left| We are Augsburg | 1,261 | 1.3 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Lars Vollmar | align=left| Free Democratic Party | 1,249 | 1.3 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Christian Pettinger | align=left| Ecological Democratic Party | 1,183 | 1.2 |- | | align=left| Claudia Eberle | align=left| Pro Augsburg | 941 | 1.0 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Florian Betz | align=left| V-Partei³ | 678 | 0.7 |- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 96,477 ! 99.4 ! 102,294 ! 99.4 |- ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 578 ! 0.6 ! 661 ! 0.6 |- ! colspan=3| Total ! 97,055 ! 100.0 ! 102,955 ! 100.0 |- ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 214,110 ! 45.3 ! 213,982 ! 48.1 |- | colspan=7| Source: City of Augsburg (first round, second round) |}

City council

Файл:2020 Augsburg City Council election.svg
Results of the 2020 city council election

The Augsburg city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 15 March 2020, and the results were as follows:

Шаблон:Election table ! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Christian Social Union (CSU) | 1,653,781 | 32.3 | Шаблон:Decrease 5.4 | 20 | Шаблон:Decrease 3 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 1,198,090 | 23.4 | Шаблон:Increase 11.0 | 14 | Шаблон:Increase 7 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 734,066 | 14.3 | Шаблон:Decrease 8.1 | 9 | Шаблон:Decrease 4 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 337,834 | 6.6 | Шаблон:Increase 0.7 | 4 | ±0 |- | bgcolor=#007E82| | align=left| Free Voters of Bavaria (FW) | 230,952 | 4.5 | Шаблон:Increase 0.9 | 3 | Шаблон:Increase 1 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| The Left (Die Linke) | 189,034 | 3.7 | Шаблон:Increase 0.5 | 2 | ±0 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 117,201 | 2.3 | Шаблон:Increase 0.7 | 1 | ±0 |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Ecological Democratic Party (ÖDP) | 114,119 | 2.2 | Шаблон:Increase 0.3 | 1 | ±0 |- | | align=left| Generation AUX (GenAUX) | 108,956 | 2.1 | New | 1 | New |- | | align=left| Augsburg in the Citizens' Hands (AiB) | 96,690 | 1.9 | New | 1 | New |- | | align=left| Pro Augsburg (PRO A) | 94,346 | 1.8 | Шаблон:Decrease 3.3 | 1 | Шаблон:Decrease 2 |- | | align=left| We are Augsburg (WSA) | 77,189 | 1.5 | New | 1 | New |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| Die PARTEI | 76,557 | 1.5 | New | 1 | New |- | bgcolor=Шаблон:Party color| | align=left| V-Partei³ | 69,643 | 1.4 | New | 1 | New |- | colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey| |- | | align=left| Political Voters' Association/Democracy in Motion (Polit-WG/DiB) | 29,149 | 0.6 | Шаблон:Decrease 2.5 | 0 | Шаблон:Decrease 1 |- ! colspan=2| Total ! 5,127,607 ! 100.0 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 2,079 ! 2.1 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Total ! 97,013 ! 100.0 ! ! 60 ! ±0 |- ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 214,110 ! 45.3 ! Шаблон:Increase 4.1 ! ! |- | colspan=7| Source: City of Augsburg |}

Members of the Bundestag

Augsburg is located in the Wahlkreis 253 Augsburg-Stadt constituency, which includes Königsbrunn and parts of the District of Augsburg (Landkreis Augsburg).

Volker Ullrich of the CSU was directly elected to the Bundestag in the 18th German Bundestag.

Indirectly elected to the Bundestag to adhere to the Landesliste were Ulrike Bahr for the SPD and Claudia Roth for Bündnis 90/Die Grünen.[26]

Climate

Augsburg has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) or, following the 0 °C isotherm, a humid continental climate (Dfb).

Шаблон:Weather box

Main sights

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Augsburg Town Hall and Perlachturm (left)
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The Fuggerei
Файл:Augsburg Fuggerhaeuser Stadtpalast.jpg
Fugger's City Palace
  • Town Hall, built in 1620 in the Renaissance style with the Goldener Saal
  • Perlachturm, a bell tower built in 989
  • Fuggerei, the oldest social housing estate in the world, inhabited since 1523
  • Fuggerhäuser (Fugger houses), restored renaissance palatial homes of the Fugger banking family
  • Bishop's Residence, built about 1750 in order to replace the older bishop's palace; today the administrative seat of Swabia
  • Cathedral, founded in the ninth century
  • St Anne's Church, medieval church building that was originally part of a monastery built in 1321
  • St Mary's Syriac Orthodox Church on the Zusamstraße in Lechhausen, built 1998 by Suryoye (Assyrians)
  • Augsburg Synagogue, one of the few German synagogues to survive the war, now restored and open with a Jewish museum inside
  • Augsburg textile and industry museum- or just tim - organises its displays under headings Mensch-Maschine-Muster-Mode.
  • Schaezlerpalais, a Rococo mansion (1765) now housing a major art museum
  • St Ulrich and St Afra— one church is Roman Catholic, the other Lutheran, the duality being a result of the Peace of Augsburg concluded in 1555 between Catholics and Protestants
  • Mozart Haus Augsburg (where the composer's father Leopold Mozart was born and Mozart visited several times)
  • Augsburger Puppenkiste, a puppet theatre
  • Luther Stiege, museum located in a church that showing Martin Luther's life and various rooms. (free admission)
  • Eiskanal, the world's first artificial whitewater course (venue for the whitewater events of the 1972 Munich Olympics)
  • Dorint Hotel Tower
  • Childhood home of Bertolt Brecht
  • The Augsburg Botanical Gardens (Botanischer Garten Augsburg)
  • Maximillian Museum, decorative arts
  • Bahnpark Augsburg home of 29 historic locomotives, blacksmith, historic roundhouse
  • 3 magnificent renaissance fountains, the Augustus Fountain, Mercury Fountain and Hercules Fountain from the 15th century, built for the 1500th anniversary of the foundation of the city
  • Walter Art Museum at the Glas Palast ("Glas-Palace")
  • Roman Museum in the former Monastery of St Magdalena. In December 2012 the church was closed owing to the risk of collapse. In 2015 an exhibition opened in the Zeughaus, which will replace the museum for an indefinite period. Renovation work is ongoing and the Church will remain closed until further notice.[27]
  • Medieval canals, used to run numerous industries, medieval arms production, silver art, sanitation and water pumping
  • Kulturhaus Abraxas

Water Management System

Файл:Kraftwerk Meitingen01.JPG
Water Management System in Meitingen

The water systems of Augsburg have been the site of innovations in hydraulic engineering for centuries.[28] Augsburg was built on top of an aquifer fed by the Lech and Wertach rivers, which provided purified groundwater that ran through the city through springs and streams.[29] The canals channelling this water through the city were first mentioned in 1276, and by 1416 waterworks, pumps and water towers were added to distribute this water effectively.[29] In 1545 Augsburg was one of the first European towns to separate drinking water from water used for industry, effectively preventing water-borne diseases.[6] The pumps and waterwheels also generated power for fountains and food processing, such as a 17th-century butcher's hall that still stands today.[29] In the 19th and 20th centuries hydroelectic power plants were also installed. These power plants were some of the first in the world to generate electricity from water and they are still in use today.[29] On 6 July 2019 the Water Management System of Augsburg was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[30]

Incorporations

Year Municipality Area
1 July 1910 Meringerau 9.5 km2
1 January 1911 Pfersee 3.5 km2
1 January 1911 Oberhausen 8.6 km2
1 January 1913 Lechhausen 27.9 km2
1 January 1913 Hochzoll 4.4 km2
1 April 1916 Kriegshaber 59 km2
1 July 1972 Göggingen
1 July 1972 Haunstetten
1 July 1972 Inningen

Population

Шаблон:Historical populations

Augsburg has a population of about 300,000. It is the 3rd largest city in Bavaria and the largest city in the Swabia region. In the 16th century, Augsburg was one of the largest cities in Holy Roman Empire, with a population of about 30,000. This put it on a level with cities like Cologne and Prague. Augsburg passed 100,000 residents in 1909 and the population has grown steadily since then.

Largest groups of foreign residents[31]
Nationality Population (31 December 2022)
Шаблон:Flag 11,701
Шаблон:Flag 7,242
Шаблон:Flag 5,382
Шаблон:Flag 4,280
Шаблон:Flag 4,123
Шаблон:Flag 2,581
Шаблон:Flag 2,332
Шаблон:Flag 2,249
Шаблон:Flag 2,169
Шаблон:Flag 2,107
Шаблон:Flag 1,823
Шаблон:Flag 1,650

Twin towns – sister cities

Шаблон:See also Augsburg is twinned with:[32] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Transport

Roads

The main road link is autobahn A 8 between Munich and Stuttgart.

Public transport

Public transport is very well catered for. It is controlled by the Augsburger Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund (Augsburg transport and tariff association, AVV) extended over central Swabia. There are seven rail Regionalbahn lines, five tram lines, 27 city bus lines and six night bus lines, as well as several taxi companies.

The Augsburg tramway network is now 35.5 km-long after the opening of new lines to the university in 1996, the northern city boundary in 2001 and to the Klinikum Augsburg (Augsburg hospital) in 2002. Tram line 6, which runs 5.2 km from Friedberg West to Hauptbahnhof (Central Station), opened in December 2010.[33]

Intercity bus

There is one station for intercity bus services in Augsburg: Augsburg Nord, located in the north of the city.[34]

Railway

Файл:Bahnhofsgebäude Augsburg.JPG
The front of the station

Augsburg has seven stations, the Central Station (Hauptbahnhof), Hochzoll, Oberhausen, Haunstetterstraße, Morellstraße, Messe and Inningen. The Central Station, built from 1843 to 1846, is Germany's oldest main station in a large city still providing services in the original building. It is currently being modernised and an underground tram station is built underneath it. Hauptbahnhof is on the Munich–Augsburg and Ulm–Augsburg lines and is connected by ICE and IC services to Munich, Berlin, Dortmund, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Stuttgart. As of December 2007, the French TGV connected Augsburg with a direct High Speed Connection to Paris. In addition EC and night train services connect to Amsterdam, Paris and Vienna and connections will be substantially improved by the creation of the planned Magistrale for Europe.

The AVV operates seven Regionalbahn lines from the main station to:

Starting in 2008, the regional services are planned to be altered to S-Bahn frequencies and developed long term as integrated into the Augsburg S-Bahn.

Air transport

Until 2005 Augsburg was served by nearby Augsburg Airport (AGB). In that year all air passenger transport was relocated to Munich Airport. Since then, the airport is used almost entirely by business airplanes.[35]

Economy

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Statue of Archangel Michael in Augsburg
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KUKA's industrial robots

Augsburg is a vibrant industrial city. Many global market leaders namely MAN, EADS or KUKA produce high technology products like printing systems, large diesel engines, industrial robots or components for the Airbus A380 and the Ariane carrier rocket. After Munich, Augsburg is considered the high-tech centre for Information and Communication in Bavaria and takes advantage of its lower operating costs, yet close proximity to Munich and potential customers. In 2018 the Bavarian State Government recognised this fact and promoted Augsburg to Metropole.[36]

Major companies

Education

Augsburg is home to the following universities and colleges:

Media

The local newspaper is the Augsburger Allgemeine first published in 1807.Шаблон:Citation needed

Notable people

Файл:Heilige Afra.jpg
Saint Afra
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Holbein's house
Файл:Guilehelmus Xylander 1669.jpg
Guilehelmus Xylander, 1669
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Rudolf Diesel, Шаблон:Circa
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Bertolt Brecht, 1954

Sport

Файл:1969 Juventus FC - Helmut Haller.jpg
Helmut Haller, 1969

Sports

Файл:Borussia dortmund augsburg.jpg
FC Augsburg against Borussia Dortmund in the Bundesliga at the SGL arena in November 2012

FC Augsburg is a football team based in Augsburg and plays in the WWK ARENA to the south of the city centre. FC Augsburg secured promotion to Bundesliga in 2011 and have remained there ever since, qualifying for the Europa League for the first time in 2015 and securing mid-table finishes across the last few seasons. The club, nicknamed the Fuggerstädter or simply as FCA, reached the last 32 in the 2015–16 Europa League with a 1–0 aggregate defeat to Liverpool. The WWK ARENA, nicknamed the "Anfield of the B17 Highway" following the Liverpool UEL match, opened in July 2009 and also hosted games of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. The 30,660 capacity arena is easily accessible from the city centre or the adjacent B17 dual carriageway.

The city is home to a DEL (first-division) ice hockey team, the Augsburger Panther. The original club, AEV, was formed in 1878, the oldest German ice sport club and regularly draws around 4,000 spectators, quite reasonable for German ice hockey. Home games are played at the Curt Frenzel Stadion: a recently rebuilt (2012–2013) indoor rink and modern stadium and the club reached the 2018/19 DEL semi finals, eventually losing in the winner-takes-all game 7 to EHC Red Bull München (4–3 series defeat). Consequently, the Panthers qualified for the Champions Hockey League. Augsburg is also home to one of the most traditional German Baseball clubs, the Augsburg Gators and 2 American Football Clubs, the Raptors and Augsburg Storm, and in nearby Königsbrunn there's the Königsbrunn Ants.

For the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, a protective diversion channel of the Lech dam for river ice was transformed into the world's first artificial whitewater slalom course: the Eiskanal, which remains a world-class competition venue and has served as a prototype for two dozen similar courses abroad.

Local city nicknames

While commonly called Fuggerstadt (Fuggers' city) due to the Fuggers residing there, within Swabia it is also often referred to as Datschiburg: which originated sometime in the 19th century refers to Augsburg's favorite sweet: the Datschi made from fruit, preferably prunes, and thin cake dough.[51] The Datschiburger Kickers charity football team (founded in 1965) reflects this in its choice of team name.[52][53]

Among younger people, the city is commonly called "Aux" for short. Шаблон:Citation needed

See also

Шаблон:Portal

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

  • Die Chroniken der schwäbischen Städte, Augsburg, (Leipzig, 1865–1896).
  • Werner, Geschichte der Stadt Augsburg, (Augsburg, 1900).
  • Lewis, "The Roman Antiquities of Augsburg and Ratisbon", in volume xlviii, Archæological Journal, (London, 1891).
  • Michael Schulze, Augsburg in one day. A city tour Lehmstedt Verlag, Leipzig 2015, Шаблон:ISBN.

Bibliography

Шаблон:See also

External links

Шаблон:Commons Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:EB9 Poster

Шаблон:Geographic location

Шаблон:Swabian League Шаблон:Swabian Circle Шаблон:Free Imperial Cities Шаблон:Germany districts Bavaria Шаблон:AugsburgCityDivisions Шаблон:World Heritage Sites in Germany

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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  23. ↑ Wolfgang Sofsky, William Templer, The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp: Princeton University Press: 1999, Шаблон:ISBN, page 183
  24. ↑ Edward Victor. Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps. Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ ePaper 14. January 2014: Results of the Bundestagswahl 2014 in Augsburg (PDF; 12,1 MB)
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  51. ↑ Augsburger Stadtlexikon – Datschiburg Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang accessed: 18 November 2008
  52. ↑ Datschiburger Kickers website Шаблон:Webarchive accessed: 18 November 2008
  53. ↑ Augsburger Stadtlexikon – Datschiburger Kickers Шаблон:In lang accessed: 18 November 2008
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