Английская Википедия:August 1964

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Файл:MaddoxTonkin1.svg
August 2, 1964: North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats confront USS Maddox (below) in the Gulf of Tonkin, escalation of Vietnam War follows
Файл:USS Maddox (DD-731) underway at sea, circa the early 1960s (NH 97900).jpg
U.S. Navy destroyer USS Maddox (DD-731)
Файл:Signing of the EOA.jpg
August 20, 1964: U.S. President Johnson signs the Economic Opportunity Act into law during the War on Poverty

The following events occurred in August 1964:

August 1, 1964 (Saturday)

August 2, 1964 (Sunday)

  • The Gulf of Tonkin incident took place when the destroyer Шаблон:USS engaged three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron, while performing a signals intelligence patrol as part of DESOTO operations.[2] Accounts from both sides agreed that the North Vietnamese fired first, with Commander Nguyen Van Tu of T-336 giving the order to launch the first torpedo, followed by the T-339 and the T-333.[3] According to the U.S. Navy, the Maddox evaded two torpedoes at 4:08 in the afternoon local time, and at 4:21 the Maddox and a third Viet boat exchanged gunfire.[4][5] During the battle, the Maddox spent over 280 three-inch and five-inch shells, and in which four U. S. Navy F-8 Crusader jet fighter bombers strafed the torpedo boats. One American aircraft was damaged, one 14.5 mm round hit the destroyer, four North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed and six wounded.
  • British driver John Surtees won the 1964 German Grand Prix.[6]
  • The wreckage of a plane piloted by popular singer Jim Reeves was found near Brentwood, Tennessee, 42 hours after it crashed. Reeves' body had been thrown from the aircraft, while the body of his manager, Dean Manuel, was found inside the plane.[7]
  • Swimmers broke two world records on the final day of the Amateur Athletic Union's national championships in Los Altos, California, in a meet where competitors had set 10 new world bests. Murray Rose of Australia swam the men's 1,500-meter freestyle in 17 minutes, 1.8 seconds, and 15-year-old Sharon Stouder set a new mark for the women's 200-meter butterfly at 2 minutes, 26.4 seconds.[8]
  • Born: Mary-Louise Parker, American stage, television and film actress; in Fort Jackson, South Carolina
  • Died: Carel Godin de Beaufort, 30, Dutch nobleman and motorsport driver; from injuries from crash during practice for the German Grand Prix[9]

August 3, 1964 (Monday)

  • The Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party issued decree number 655-268, directing Vladimir Chelomey of the OKB-52 bureau to proceed on building rockets for a crewed landing on the Moon. The decree slowed the progress of the OKB-1 rocket design program headed by Sergei Korolev for a Soyuz lunar mission.[10]
  • Followers of Alice Lenshina and the Lumpa sect attacked the town of Lundazi in Zambia and indiscriminately murdered residents they found on the streets, using hatchets, spears, arrows and gunfire. They then marched northward from Lundzi and attacked seven villages. At least 150 people were killed in the attack.[11] Zambian troops and riot police counterattacked at the Lumpa village of Chipoma and killed 74 of the rebels, and Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda outlawed the Lumpa church.[12][13] Lenshina would be captured, alive, on August 11.
  • Willis B. Foster, Director of Manned Space Science in the NASA Office of Space Science and Applications, distributed a preliminary draft report of the Ad Hoc Astronomy Panel of the Orbiting Research Laboratory (ORL). The panel was created to sound out the American scientific community on the validity of astronomical research by humans in space and to define astronomy objectives for the ORL mission. Although sounding rocket and uncrewed satellite programs had merit, the panel stated that broader, more flexible and ultimately more economical astronomy programs required the presence of humans in space. Initial crewed astronomy programs should be carried out as soon as possible, and, although primary interest was on Earth-orbiting systems, the panel was looking forward to the eventual possibility of lunar surface observatories. The Ad Hoc Astronomy Panel also presented a comprehensive rationale for the human role in space astronomy: assembly of large, bulky, or fragile equipment in space; maintenance, repair, and modification of equipment; and direct monitoring of scientific apparatus and immediate data feedback during critical periods and for specialized operations. While recognizing that the presence of flight-oriented astronauts was mandatory aboard an ORL, the panel recommended inclusion in the crew of a qualified astronomer to direct scientific operations aboard the laboratory.[14]
  • Lyman Frain Sr., aged 80, became the oldest person to complete a transcontinental bicycle ride across the United States, arriving at the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco after a journey of 86 days and Шаблон:Convert. Frain had taken up the sport at the age of 72.[15]
  • Born:
  • Died: Flannery O'Connor, 39, American novelist; of lupus

August 4, 1964 (Tuesday)

  • The second Gulf of Tonkin incident, which would propel the United States into a large-scale commitment to the Vietnam War, involved the commanders of two U.S. Navy destroyers believing that they had been victims of an attack that "probably never occurred".[17] The USS C. Turner Joy and the USS Maddox reported during the evening that they were being attacked by North Vietnamese gunboats. U.S. President Lyndon Johnson would authorize a retaliatory air strike from the carrier USS Ticonderoga and deliver a late-night televised address calling Congress to action.[18] Three days later, Congress would overwhelmingly authorize American use of force to a war that would claim the lives of over 58,000 Americans and one million Vietnamese. Nearly 40 years later, declassified information would show that the President was skeptical about the second attack,[19] and the National Security Agency concluded after analyzing 140 formerly secret documents that, although there was no doubt about the August 2 attack on the Maddox, there had never been a second attack. NSA historian Robert J. Hanyok concluded that, "In truth, Hanoi's navy was engaged in nothing that night but the salvage of two of the boats damaged on 2 August. SIGINT reports which suggested that an attack had occurred contained severe analytical errors, unexplained translation changes and the conjunction of two unrelated messages into one translation."[20] The overall consensus is that "there was no attack on the American ships on August 4, but... Johnson believed that there had been an attack when he ordered retaliation."[21]
  • Nine miners in a French limestone quarry were rescued alive after being trapped for eight days by a cave-in near Champagnole. Another five died beneath the surface.[22]
Файл:Civil Rights Workers.jpg
August 4, 1964: The bodies of Schwerner, Goodman and Chaney
  • The bodies of murdered civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney were found at the site of an earthen dam on a farm near Philadelphia, Mississippi, where they had disappeared on June 21.[23] Acting on a tip from an informer who was motivated by a $30,000 reward, FBI agents obtained a warrant to search the "Old Jolly Farm" with the assistance of road-grading equipment. After six hours, at 2:05 in the afternoon, the searchers "smelled decaying flesh" and began excavating with shovels. Schwerner's body was found 73 minutes later, followed by those of Goodman and Chaney.[24]

August 5, 1964 (Wednesday)

  • The Vietnam Era began for purposes of federal law pertaining to members of the United States Armed Forces, which defines the period of American involvement in the Vietnam War as "the period beginning on August 5, 1964, and ending on March 27, 1973".[25]
  • The United States bombed North Vietnam for the first time as it launched Operation Pierce Arrow from the aircraft carriers Шаблон:USS and Шаблон:USS. The raid, conducted on the North Vietnamese PT boat bases and coastal installations, destroyed 90 percent of the oil storage facilities in the port of Vinh.[26]
  • After taking off from the Constellation, U.S. Navy Lieutenant (jg) Richard C. Sather became the first American serviceman to be killed in North Vietnam (though many had died in South Vietnam), when his A-1 Skyraider was hit by anti-aircraft fire, and he crashed into the water off the shore of Thanh Hoa.[27]
  • U.S. Navy Lieutenant Everett Alvarez Jr. became the first American serviceman to be taken prisoner in North Vietnam, when his A-4 Skyhawk was hit by ground-fire and he parachuted to safety over Hon Gai. Members of the local militia pulled him on to their boat after he landed in the water, and he would be held as a prisoner of war for eight and a half years until February 12, 1973.[28][29] Alvarez's captivity would be second only to that of U.S. Army Captain Floyd "Jim" Thompson, who had been captured in South Vietnam four months earlier, on March 26.
  • The Simbas, the participants in the Simba rebellion, captured Stanleyville, the third largest city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and took several hundred Western hostages.[30] Belgian paratroopers, airlifted into Stanleyville by the U.S. Air Force, would retake the city on November 24.[31] During the siege, at least 120 hostages were killed.[32]
  • Born: Adam "MCA" Yauch, American hip hop musician and founder of the Beastie Boys (d. 2012); in Brooklyn

August 6, 1964 (Thursday)

August 7, 1964 (Friday)

  • By a unanimous (416 to 0) vote in the House of Representatives and an 88 to 2 vote in the Senate, the United States Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, endorsing President Lyndon B. Johnson's broad use of war powers to combat North Vietnamese and local Communist attacks in Vietnam. The approval would clear the way for a massive American commitment to the Vietnam War. The only two votes against the resolution came from Senator Wayne Morse of Oregon and Senator Ernest Gruening of Alaska. U.S. Representative Adam Clayton Powell Jr. of New York did not vote for or against the resolution, and chose to vote "present" during the roll call.[36] The resolution authorized the president to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States" and "to assist any member" of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, but fell short of a declaration of war. The resolution would be repealed by both houses of Congress on June 24, 1970, although American combat operations would continue into 1973.[37]
  • On the same day, the People's Republic of China warned that it would "without hesitation... resolutely support the Vietnamese people's just war against U.S. aggressors", though not committing to direct military intervention. American strategy during the war would be set when the Beijing government "informed Washington privately that it would not go beyond material aid provided that the United States did not invade North Vietnam with ground forces", which would be considered a threat to China's frontier.[38]
  • The funeral for James Chaney, the first for the three victims of the murder in Neshoba County, Mississippi, was held before African-American mourners at the First Union Baptist Church in Meridian, and one of the eulogies was given by a white preacher, Ed King, the chaplain at Tougaloo College. "I come before you to try to say that my brothers have killed my brothers," he told the gathering. "My white brothers have killed my black brothers." Pastor King, a native of Vicksburg, had fought for civil rights since 1960 and had been frequently jailed and beaten for his activities.[39][40]
  • Born: Carlo Colombara, Italian operatic bass; in Bologna[41]
  • Died:

August 8, 1964 (Saturday)

  • The first protest demonstration against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War came on the first weekend after U.S. air raids, with about 100 protesters marching near New York's Times Square.[43]
  • A group of 30 U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force jet fighters took to the air to confront a wave of MiG fighters from the People's Republic of China, after radar detected a wave of Chinese jets flying south from China's Hainan Island. The F-102 fighters departed from the USAF base at Da Nang while the F-4 and F-8 jets departed from the aircraft carriers Ticonderoga and Constellation, but the Chinese jets stopped short of penetrating South Vietnamese airspace and flew a "holding pattern" over North Vietnam.[44]
  • The Turkish Air Force began strikes on seven Greek Cypriot towns and villages in Cyprus, as well as other strategic positions on the northwest side of the island republic. The Cyprus government said that 24 Greek Cypriots had been killed, and 200 wounded in the day's attacks. Turkey's government admitted to the strikes, and said that they had happened after efforts to stop Greek Cypriot attacks against the Turkish Cypriot minority had proved to be unsuccessful. Three Turkish Cypriot villages (Ayios Theodhoros, Mansoura and Alvega) were besieged by Greek Cypriots, while the Turks blasted Polis, Xeros, Kokkina, Kato Pyrgos, Ghoudi, Pakhyammos and Pomos.[45] The United Nations Security Council demanded an immediate cease-fire the next day, and attacks halted on August 10. For nearly ten years, there would be no further invasions by either Turkey or Greece, until July 20, 1974, following the overthrow of the Cyprus government by a group favoring union with Greece. Following an invasion by Turkish troops, the island would be divided into Turkish and Greek zones.[46]
  • A Rolling Stones concert in the Netherlands resort of Scheveningen, near The Hague, ended in a near riot after the Stones had played only four songs.[47][48]
  • Born: Jan Josef Liefers, German film and television actor; in Dresden, East Germany
  • Died: Josie Hannon Fitzgerald, 98, maternal grandmother of the late John F. Kennedy. She was the first, and remains the only, living grandparent of an incumbent President of the United States. Mrs. Fitzgerald had never been told that her grandson had been assassinated and relatives had kept the news from her for fear that the shock would hasten her death.[49]

August 9, 1964 (Sunday)

August 10, 1964 (Monday)

  • Pope Paul VI published his first encyclical, Ecclesiam suam, identifying the Catholic Church with the Body of Christ.[55] Completed on August 6, the papal letter expressed an intent for the church to begin a "dialogue with the other religions of the world", and with anti-religious governments within the Communist nations.[56]
  • In the Soviet Union, the number of years of required secondary education was reduced from three years to two years, effectively returning Soviet students to the ten-year school program that had existed prior to 1958. The decree was issued jointly by the Council of Ministers and by the Communist Party's Central Committee prior to the beginning of the 1964–1965 school year.[57]
  • Associate Justice Hugo L. Black of the United States Supreme Court rejected requests by the Heart of Atlanta Motel and by the Pickrick Restaurant (owned by Lester Maddox in Atlanta) for a temporary stay of enforcement of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provisions prohibiting racial discrimination in public accommodations. Both the motel and the restaurant had urged that they would suffer irreparable injury (in the form of lost revenues) if they had to serve African-American customers while litigation on the constitutionality of the new law was pending before the Supreme Court, which would not begin its new term until October. In a three-page memorandum, Justice Black wrote that a restraint on enforcement would be unjustifiable, but urged his fellow justices to expedite the cases "in the hope that they could be made ready for final argument the first week we meet in October."[58]
  • President Johnson signed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which took effect as U.S. Public Law 88–408.[59]
  • Turkey and Cyprus agreed to the unconditional ceasefire demanded by the United Nations.[60]
  • Logan Martin Lake, a reservoir on the Coosa River, Alabama, was completed.

August 11, 1964 (Tuesday)

  • One-hundred and six U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force troops were dispatched to the Democratic Republic of Congo to intervene in the Congolese government's fight against the rebels who had taken control of Stanleyville. The group, sent from Fort Bragg, North Carolina included 40 paratroopers from the Army's 82nd Airborne Division, 56 men from the Air Force maintenance group, and ten Army support personnel, went along with four C-130 transports to be used by the Congo government to airlift its soldiers.[61]
  • The U.S. Senate approved the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended by the House of Representatives, and sent it to the White House for the approval of President Johnson. At the same time as it was approving domestic aid to fight poverty among Americans, the Senate voted 50-35 to cut foreign aid by $216.7 million. On Saturday, the House of Representatives had voted 226 to 185 to amend the Economic Opportunity bill that had passed the Senate on July 23.[62]
  • In Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), Alice Lenshina surrendered voluntarily to Zambian authorities "in exchange for a guarantee of her personal safety" but without any promises that she would avoid criminal prosecution. Thousands of Lenshina's followers would be imprisoned or killed during the two months that followed, and another 20,000 would flee to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[63] Although Lenshina would not be prosecuted, she would remain in detention until her death on December 7, 1978.[64]
  • The Beatles' first film, A Hard Day's Night, was released in the United States and Canada by United Artists in 700 movie theaters.[65]

August 12, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 13, 1964 (Thursday)

  • Murderers Gwynne Owen Evans and Peter Anthony Allen became the last people to be executed in the United Kingdom. Evans was hanged at the Strangways prison in Manchester, and Allen went to the gallows at the Walton Gaol in Liverpool. A year later, the UK would abolish the death penalty.[72] Evans and Allen, aged 24 and 21, respectively, had been dairy workers when they stabbed a laundry truck driver, John Allen West, in the heart during a robbery.[73][74]
  • The New York Yankees baseball organization was purchased by the Columbia Broadcasting System, owner of the CBS television and radio networks.[75] CBS paid $11,200,000 for an 80% interest in the team beginning in November, with an option to buy the other 20% within the next five years; by September, 1966, CBS would be the full owner. After eight seasons of mediocrity during the "CBS years" from 1965 through 1972, the television network would sell the team to George Steinbrenner in 1973.[76]
  • Restaurateur Lester Maddox shut down the Pickrick restaurant in Atlanta rather than to evade a judicial order requiring him to serve African-American customers.[77] After reopening it as the Lester Maddox Cafeteria to capitalize on his nationwide fame and to evade the judicial order against the Pickrick, Maddox would close his restaurant permanently on February 5, 1965, following a judgment upholding the August order, and threatening him with a retroactive $200 a day fine (for the 180 days of defying the court). He would parlay his popularity into a political career, winning the election for Governor of Georgia in 1966.[78]
  • The U.S. Senate voted, 62 to 28, to bar all aid to Indonesia.[79]
  • Born: Jay Buhner, American baseball player; in Louisville, Kentucky
  • Died: William H. Davis, 84, American lawyer and government administrator who drafted the National Labor Relations Act, then managed the national economy during World War Two and the peacetime transition as Chairman of the War Labor Board and then the Director of Economic Stabilization.

August 14, 1964 (Friday)

  • The United Arab Republic (Egypt) entered the war in Yemen with a massive bombing campaign against the royalists led by the Imam Muhammad al-Badr, who had been overthrown in 1962 when the Yemen Arab Republic had been created by coup leaders. Egyptian planes departed from the El Rahaba Airport at the Yemeni capital of Sana'a in an attack on royalist strongholds to reach the Imam's base at Al-Qarah, and Egyptian troops converged on Al-Qarah by moving north from Sana'a and south from Sa'dah, forcing Imam al-Badr to flee for his life; in September 1964, he and the royalists would receive supplies from Saudi Arabia and would mount a counteroffensive.[80]
  • At a meeting of the NASA-McDonnell Management Panel, the problem of the Gemini extravehicular activity (EVA) chest pack size was discussed. If stowed on Gemini spacecraft No. 6, it would take up space that would otherwise be available for experiments on that mission, and the same would be true on subsequent missions. A study was requested from McDonnell, as well as suggestions for alternative plans. One such alternative proposed was the storing of some experiments in the adapter section - but this meant that EVA would be a prerequisite for those experiments.[81]
  • Muhammad Ali married cocktail waitress Sonji Roi, a month after their first meeting.[82]

August 15, 1964 (Saturday)

  • Aloysius Schwartz, a Roman Catholic priest from the United States, founded the Sisters of Mary of Banneux to provide education to impoverished children in Amnam-dong, a poor section of Pusan in South Korea. Over the 50 years that followed, it would establish programs in the Philippines, Honduras, Mexico, Guatemala, and Brazil.[83]
  • The first rebellion of the Tuareg minority against the government of Mali was declared suppressed by the Malian Army. A new rebellion would not occur until 1990.[84]
  • Construction of the Mount Fuji Radar System, Japan's first early-warning weather radar network, was completed. The project had been commissioned after Isewan Typhoon had killed 5,000 people in September, 1959.[85]
  • Born: Melinda Gates, American philanthropist, wife of Bill Gates and co-founder of the charitable organization, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; as Melinda Ann French in Dallas

August 16, 1964 (Sunday)

  • In a coup, South Vietnam's Prime Minister, Major General Nguyen Khanh, was named as the nation's new President, replacing figurehead chief of state Duong Van Minh as chief of state. Under a new constitution, drafted with the assistance of the U.S. Embassy, a 62-member revolutionary council had the right to veto Khanh's decisions.[86] He would resign after only nine days, and be replaced by a three-man military junta. On September 30, he would be named prime minister by the new government but would serve only 30 days.[87]
  • The American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) cut all ties with Michael Goleniewski, a former intelligence officer for Poland's spy agency, the Urząd Ochrony Państwa (UOP). Goleniewski, who had provided the CIA Polish and Soviet secrets since his defection in 1961, had told The New York Times that he was actually Prince Alexei Romanov, the former heir to the Russian throne. Prince Alexei had been killed along with his father, the former Tsar Nicholas II and the rest of the Romanov family in 1918. Goleniewski, who had been born four years after Alexei's death at the age of 13, claimed also that he was the sole Romanov survivor and heir to the Romanov fortune.[88]
  • Fourteen children from the Arras region of northern France, and three adults, were killed when the bus they were on plunged into a ravine near Bourg St. Maurice. The dead were part of an excursion of 55 children who were attending a summer camp in the French Alps, and the bus was on a narrow road near the Little St. Bernard mountain pass. An oncoming car forced the bus to the side of the road, which then crumbled under the bus's weight, causing the accident.[89]
  • The New York Times published "Visit to the World's Fair of 2014", by American author and scientist Isaac Asimov, his forecast of the world of fifty years in the future.[90] Fifty years later, a writer would note, "Depending on which parts are emphasized, Asimov's predictions range from off-the-wall (underwater cities and solar power plants in space) to eerily prescient (miniaturized computers, self-driving cars and automated kitchen appliances). He estimated the U.S. population at 350 million (it's just under 319 million), and the world population at 6.5 billion (it's 7.2 billion) -- not bad, considering in 1964 they were 192 million and 3.3 billion, respectively."[91]
  • Martin-Baltimore received the propellant tanks for Gemini launch vehicle 6 from Martin-Denver, which had begun fabricating them in April 1964. After being inspected, the tanks were placed in storage where they remained until December 18.[81]

August 17, 1964 (Monday)

  • A year and a half after the Konfrontasi between Indonesia and Malaysia began on the island of Borneo, about 100 Indonesian Army troops landed on the Malaysian mainland, launching an amphibious invasion on the peninsula at Pontian. A historian notes that the troops (and a force of paratroopers) "expected to be welcomed by the people" but were immediately turned over to the national government by local militias.[92]
  • Construction was completed on the Capital Beltway, a Шаблон:Convert multi-lane interstate highway that surrounds the District of Columbia and passes through Maryland and Virginia as I-495. The first section of the route, originally called the "Washington Circumferential Highway", had been opened in Maryland in 1957 as one of the first projects in the American Interstate Highway System; the project cost an estimated $189,000,000 at the time.[93]
  • A severe electrical storm in the vicinity of complex 19 interrupted testing of Gemini launch vehicle (GLV) 2. Several observers reported a lightning strike at or near complex 19. All testing was halted for a thorough investigation of this so-called electromagnetic incident.[81]
Файл:Apollo "X" spacecraft August 1964.jpg
Proposed Apollo "X" spacecraft in launch and Earth-orbit configurations
  • MSC's Spacecraft Integration Branch proposed an Apollo "X" spacecraft to be used in Earth orbit for biomedical and scientific missions of extended duration. The spacecraft would consist of the lunar Apollo spacecraft and its systems, with minimum modifications consisting of redundancies and spares. The concept provided for a first-phase mission which would consider the Apollo "X" a two-person Earth-orbiting laboratory for a period of 14 to 45 days. The spacecraft would be boosted into a Шаблон:Convert orbit by a Saturn IB launch vehicle. Variations of configurations under consideration provided for Configuration A, a two-person crew, 14- to 45- day mission, no lab module; Configuration B, a three-person crew, 45-day mission, single lab module; Configuration C, a three-person crew, 45-day mission, dependent systems double lab module; and Configuration D, a three-person crew, 120-day mission, independent systems lab module.[14]
  • Died: Keiji Sada, 37, Japanese actor; in a car accident[94]

August 18, 1964 (Tuesday)

  • The International Olympic Committee banned South Africa from future participation in the Olympic Games after the nation's white-minority government declined to disassociate itself from its apartheid policy of barring non-whites from its Olympic team.[95] Frank Braun, President of the South African Olympic Committee, had informed the IOC that it did not intend to change its policies.[96][97]
  • The U.S. Senate voted, 44 to 41, to table a bill that would have required equal television and radio time to Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater in the presidential campaign if the two candidates did not participate in a debate. All 44 of the votes for postponing consideration of the legislation were from Democratic Party senators; 12 other Democrats joined all 29 Republican senators in opposing the move.[98]
  • At the Wartburg Castle in Eisenach in East Germany, Socialist Unity Party Chairman Walter Ulbricht met with Moritz Mitzenheim, the Evangelical Lutheran Bishop of Thuringia, and the two signed a "document on church-state understanding".[99] Although Bishop Mitzenheim was not authorized to speak on behalf of all of East Germany's Protestant churches, there were concessions made, with the East German evangelical Lutherans associating less with the West German church, and East Germany allowing pacifists an alternative form of military service that did not require them to bear arms.[100]
  • Lebanon's Parliament voted, 99 to 5, to elect Education Minister Charles Helou as the nation's new President.[101] Helou would take office on September 23.
  • In The Ashes, the five-match test cricket series between Australia and England, Australia retained its title despite having won only one of the matches, and despite the consensus that the English team was the better of the two. The other four meetings ended in draws, including the final match, which was ruined by the weather, giving Australia the 1-0 victory for the series.[102][103]
  • Died: Hildegard Trabant, 37, was shot by East German border guards while attempting to cross into West Berlin.[104] Unlike almost all other deaths at the Berlin Wall, Trabant's killing would go unnoticed in the West until the discovery of the incident 26 years later in East German files in 1990.

August 19, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 20, 1964 (Thursday)

  • U.S. President Lyndon Johnson signed the Economic Opportunity Act into law. "Today, for the first time in all the history of the human race," Johnson said in a ceremony at the Rose Garden outside the White House, "a great nation is able to make and is willing to make a commitment to eradicate poverty among its people.[108] To sign the legislation, Johnson "used 72 pens, which he handed out to the notables who were gathered together... a moment of high drama in a period in which a number of new, important, controversial programs were infused into American life", with the "War on Poverty" being a major part of Johnson's Great Society program.[109]
  • INTELSAT, the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, was established by 11 founding nations.[110]
  • The U.S. Air Force began the first of 3,435 unmanned drone reconnaissance missions during the Vietnam War, using the Ryan AQM-34 Lightning Bug series. The first of the Lightning Bugs flew a mission in Communist Chinese airspace, while others flew over locations in Southeast Asia. The drones could gather photographic, electronic, and communication intelligence, as well as to serve as decoys or to drop leaflets.[111]
  • What would later become known as "The Harmonica Incident" took place between New York Yankees' manager Yogi Berra and utility infielder Phil Linz after Linz's playing of a harmonica on the team bus following a four-game sweep by the Chicago White Sox.[112]

August 21, 1964 (Friday)

  • U.S. Navy Lieutenant Charles Klusmann, who had been held captive by the communist Pathet Lao since June 6 after his RF-8A Crusader jet was shot down over Laos, managed to escape his captors after he and five Laotian and Thai prisoners of war were able to tunnel under the wall of the compound and sneak past sentries. He and one of the five POWs were able to reach safety at Bouam Long. Lt. Klusmann would be one of only two U.S. Navy aviators to escape prison during the Vietnam War.[113][114]
  • Born: Gary Elkerton, Australian surfer nicknamed "Kong"; three time world masters champion (2000, 2001 and 2003); in Ballina, New South Wales
  • Died: Palmiro Togliatti, 71, Italian politician and General Secretary of the Italian Communist party (PCI), died while vacationing in the Soviet Union at the Black Sea resort of Yalta. Togliatti, who had led the largest Communist Party in Western Europe since 1926, and been in poor health since being shot four times in a 1948 assassination attempt.[115] Togliatti was succeeded as PCI secretary by Luigi Longo.

August 22, 1964 (Saturday)

August 23, 1964 (Sunday)

August 24, 1964 (Monday)

August 25, 1964 (Tuesday)

August 26, 1964 (Wednesday)

August 27, 1964 (Thursday)

  • With the opening of the Tsukuda Bridge over Japan's Sumida River, the residents of the island of Tsukishima were able to drive to neighboring Tokyo for the first time, and the ferryboat that had serviced the residents for years made its last run.[132]
  • In South Vietnam, troops of the Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN) opened fire on a crowd of 3,000 unarmed Roman Catholic demonstrators who were protesting outside of the national military headquarters.[133]
  • Troops from the People's Republic of China crossed the border from Tibet into the neighboring Buddhist kingdom of Sikkim, invading through the Himalayan Mountains pass at Nathu La in the first of numerous incursions.[134]
  • The Democratic Republic of the Congo announced that its troops had recaptured the city of Albertville from rebels who had held it for two months. Stanleyville, however, still remained under rebel control.[135] Congolese troops under the command of Colonel Kikuji retook the city (now called Kalemie) from mercenaries led by Mike Hoare, and freed 135 Western hostages who had been captured during the Simba rebellion.[136]
  • President Johnson accepted the Democratic Party nomination on his 56th birthday.[137] Johnson, who had become President of the United States the previous November 22 after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, invoked the late President's name and told delegates, "Let us here rededicate ourselves to keeping burning the golden torch of promise which John Kennedy set aflame!"
  • Hurricane Cleo struck the Cape Kennedy area. Stage II of Gemini launch vehicle (GLV) 2 was deerected and stored; the erector was lowered to horizontal, and stage I was lashed in its vertical position. Stage II was reerected September 1. When forecasts indicated that Hurricane Dora would strike Cape Kennedy, both stages of GLV-2 were deerected on September 8 and secured in the Missile Assembly Building. Hurricane Ethel subsequently threatened the area, and both stages remained in the hanger until September 14, when they were returned to complex 19 and reerected.[81]
  • Walt Disney's hit film Mary Poppins, starring Julie Andrews in the title role and Dick Van Dyke, made its first appearance, with a première at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California.[138] The film would go on to become Disney's biggest moneymaker, and would win five Academy Awards, including an Academy Award for Best Actress for Andrews.
Файл:Edmund Kemper 1964 Mugshot.jpg
Edmund Kemper's 1964 mugshot

August 28, 1964 (Friday)

August 29, 1964 (Saturday)

  • The government of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution favorable to the Soviet German minority, rescinding Joseph Stalin's order of August 28, 1941, directing the repression of ethnic Germans. "Although this resolution meant little in terms of every day life for Germans," an author notes, it did prompt a delegation of the German minority to (unsuccessfully) seek a restoration of the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic that had existed from 1918 to 1941.[153]
  • Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), Hindu religious and political organization, was founded in India at a conference of 150 religious leaders in Bombay. Among its objectives was to establish unity among the several denominations within the Hindu faith, with an aim of creating a pure Hindu ethnostate.[154]
  • Nguyen Xuan Oanh was appointed as Prime Minister of South Vietnam and charged with forming a caretaker government until domestic unrest and rioting could be brought under control. Oanh had been a professor at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, from 1955 to 1960, where he was nicknamed "Jack Owen" by the students.[155]
  • The Tony Award-winning Broadway play A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum, a musical with lyrics and music by Stephen Sondheim and inspired by the 3rd century BC playwright Plautus, closed its run after 964 performances.[156]
  • Born: Pasteur Ntoumi, Republic of the Congo clergyman, warlord and politician; in Brazzaville

August 30, 1964 (Sunday)

  • The Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee sent an angry reply to a July 30 proposal from the Soviet Communist Party for a meeting to resolve their differences, claiming that the letter had "slammed the door tight" against any prospect of a meeting.[157]
  • The private Population Reference Bureau announced that at the current birthrate in the United States, there would be 362 million people in the United States by the year 2000 and 437 million by the year 2010. "Thus, only 50 years hence," the report said, "the population increase for a single decade might be 75 million people. That is equal to the entire population of the United States in 1900.".[158] The actual U.S. population in 2000 would be 281 million and the 2010 population would be almost 309 million, an increase of 28 million people.
  • The first Clásico Joven match between two Mexico City football clubs, Club América and Cruz Azul, took place.

August 31, 1964 (Monday)

  • Syria created its 13th administrative province, the Quneitra Governorate, from portions of the Rif Dimashq and Daraa governorates, in order to unify the area around the Golan Heights. Israel would capture most of the Quneitra province less than three years later during the Six-Day War.[159]
  • U.S. President Johnson signed legislation creating a permanent, nationwide food stamp program for impoverished Americans. Under the original guidelines, qualifying families could purchase ten dollars of food stamps for six dollars of cash, a system whereby the federal government would pay for 40% of food purchases.[160]
  • Schools in Biloxi, Mississippi, were integrated for the first time as 16 black first grade students were enrolled, without incident, in the four elementary schools that had previously been all-white (Lopez, Gorenflo, Dukate, and Jefferson Davis Elementary).[161] The 12 girls and four boys had been registered pursuant to a U.S. District Court order, and were protected from protesters by 20 U.S. Marshals supplementing local law enforcement officials. An "emergency force" of 1,800 members of the Mississippi National Guard was on standby in the event that "federalization" needed to be ordered by President Johnson. The next day, state and federal officers protected Debra Lewis as the lone African-American to enroll in a white school in Leake County. On the other hand, 39 black first graders would peacefully be enrolled in the eight all-white schools in Jackson on September 14 as "history was made—most uneventfully".[162]
  • Died: Peter Lanyon, 46, English painter; in glider crash[163]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Events by month links

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  22. Шаблон:Cite news
  23. Шаблон:Cite news
  24. Шаблон:Cite book
  25. Title 10, United States Code, section 12731
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  32. Шаблон:Cite dictionary
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  34. Шаблон:Cite book, which also claims that this event occurred on August 7.
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  40. Шаблон:Cite book
  41. Шаблон:Cite web
  42. Шаблон:Cite news
  43. "N.Y. Police Rout 100 Protesting U.S. Asian Role", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1964, p2
  44. "U.S. Jets and Red Planes in Viet Contact", Chicago Tribune, August 10, 1964, p1
  45. "TURK JETS POUND CYPRUS!— 7 Towns Raked in Machine Gun, Rocket Attacks", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1964, p1
  46. William M. Hale, Turkish Foreign Policy Since 1774 (Routledge, 2013) p108
  47. "Riot stops 'Stones'", The Observer (London), August 9, 1964, p1
  48. "Tourism on the Coast of Scheveningen: A Grid of Anthropological Reading", by Thomas Beaufils, in Anthropology as a Driver for Tourism Research, Wil Munsters and Marjan Melkert, eds. (Garant Publishers, 2015) p107
  49. "Grandmother of Kennedys Dies in Boston", Chicago Tribune, August 9, 1964, p4-7
  50. "Bombed Cuban Vessel in Montreal, Exiles Say", Chicago Tribune, August 10, 1964, p1
  51. Timothy W. Crawford, Pivotal Deterrence: Third-Party Statecraft and the Pursuit of Peace. Cornell UP, 2003.
  52. Gawdat Gabra, Coptic Civilization: Two Thousand Years of Christianity in Egypt (American University in Cairo Press, 2014) p268
  53. Anis Qidvāʼī, In Freedom's Shade (Penguin Books India, 2011) p373
  54. "Baptists and the Turn Toward Baptist Women in Ministry", by Pamela R. Durson, in Turning Points in Baptist History: A Festschrift in Honor of Harry Leon McBeth, ed. by Michael E. Williams Sr. and Walter B. Shurden (Mercer University Press, 2008) p281
  55. "Atheism World's Big Problem, Pope Says", Chicago Tribune, August 10, 1964, p1
  56. Francis A. Sullivan, Salvation Outside the Church?: Tracing the History of the Catholic Response (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2002) p182
  57. Melanie Ilic and Jeremy Smith, Soviet State and Society Under Nikita Khrushchev (Routledge, 2009) p78
  58. "Won't Block Rights Law— Black Refuses to Halt Enforcement", Chicago Tribune, August 10, 1964, p1
  59. Kristin L. Ahlberg, ed., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969-1976 (Government Printing Office, 2013) p283
  60. Michael Brecher and Jonathan Wilkenfeld, A Study of Crisis (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p368
  61. "Send Warplanes to Congo— Paratroops Go Along to Guard Craft", Chicago Tribune, August 13, 1964, p1
  62. "Senate Cuts Aid; Passes Bill to Fight Poverty", Chicago Tribune, August 12, 1964, p1
  63. "Lenshina, Alice Mulenga Lubusha", by David Gordon, in Dictionary of African Biography (Oxford University Press, 2012) p488
  64. David M. Gordon, Invisible Agents: Spirits in a Central African History (Ohio University Press, 2012) p150
  65. Simon Philo, British Invasion: The Crosscurrents of Musical Influence (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p59
  66. Шаблон:Cite news
  67. BBC - On This Day. Accessed 9 June 2013
  68. Шаблон:Cite book
  69. Шаблон:Cite book
  70. Шаблон:Cite news
  71. Шаблон:Cite book
  72. Alan Moss, Scotland Yard's History of Crime in 100 Objects (The History Press, 2015)
  73. "Silent vigil as two men are hanged", The Guardian (London), August 14, 1964, p18
  74. "Hanged in England For Robbery-Slaying", Detroit Free Press, August 14, 1964, p3
  75. "Yanks Sold to Columbia Video Chain", Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1964, p1
  76. Henry D. Fetter, Taking on the Yankees: Winning and Losing in the Business of Baseball, 1903-2003 (W. W. Norton & Company, 2003) p305-306, 334
  77. "Shuts Atlanta Café to Bar Two Negroes", Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1964, p1
  78. "Willis and Kennedy v. Pickrick Restaurant", in Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement, by Christopher M. Richardson and Ralph E. Luker (Rowman & Littlefield, 2014) p498
  79. "All Foreign Aid to Indonesia Is Barred", Chicago Tribune, August 14, 1964, p1
  80. Шаблон:Cite book
  81. 81,0 81,1 81,2 81,3 81,4 81,5 Шаблон:Source attribution Шаблон:Cite book
  82. Шаблон:Cite book
  83. Шаблон:Cite web
  84. Dynamic Analysis of Dispute Management (DADM) Project, University of Central Arkansas
  85. "Rebuilding Japan— a Transitional Process for Mitsubishi, Mitsubishi Public Affairs Committee
  86. Шаблон:Cite news
  87. Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  88. Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  89. Шаблон:Cite news
  90. Шаблон:Cite magazine
  91. Шаблон:Cite news
  92. Шаблон:Cite book
  93. Шаблон:Cite book
  94. Шаблон:Cite news
  95. BBC - On This Day. Accessed 9 June 2013
  96. "S. Africa Barred", Sydney Morning Herald, August 19, 1964, p21
  97. "Olympics Bar South Africa", Minneapolis Star, August 18, 1964, p2D
  98. "TV Debates Are Killed in Senate Row", Chicago Tribune, August 19, 1964, p1
  99. "Protestantism in East Germany, 1949-1989: A Summing Up", by Sabrina P. Ramet, in Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia: The Communist and Postcommunist Eras (Duke University Press, 1992) p66
  100. David Childs, The GDR: Moscow's German Ally (Routledge, 2014) p71
  101. "Lebanon Gets New President", AP report in Akron (O.) Beacon Journal, August 18, 1964, p15
  102. ESPN Cricinfo: Australia tour of England, 1964. Accessed 23 March 2013
  103. "Test Drawn as Heavy Rain Washes Out Play", Sydney Morning Herald, August 19, 1964, p21
  104. Berlin Wall Memorial Шаблон:Webarchive. Accessed 23 March 2013
  105. "TV Moonlet Put in Orbit— Plan to Use It to Televise Olympics", Chicago Tribune, August 20, 1964, p1
  106. "Spaceflight", by John Griffiths, in An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology, Ian McNeil, ed. (Routledge, 2002) p657
  107. "Olympic Star Ordered to 'Stand Still'", Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1964, p3
  108. "$947 Million Poverty Bill Signed Into Law", Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1964, p2
  109. "The Social and Political Context of the War on Poverty: An Overview", by Lawrence M. Friedman, in A Decade of Federal Antipoverty Programs: Achievements, Failures, and Lessons, Robert H. Haveman, ed. (Elsevier, 2016) p21
  110. "Historical overview of satellite communications", by P. T. Thompson and J. D. Thompson, in Satellite Communication Systems, ed. by B.G. Evans (Institute of Engineering and Technology, 1999) p23
  111. Laurence R. Newcome, Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (American Institute of Aeroanutics and Astronautics, 2004) p83
  112. Шаблон:Cite news
  113. Richard A. Mobley and Edward J. Marolda, Knowing the Enemy: Naval Intelligence in Southeast Asia (Government Printing Office, 2015) p14
  114. "Flyer Flees Red Prison to Thailand", Chicago Tribune, September 2, 1964, p1
  115. "Togliatti, 71, Boss of Reds in Italy, Dies", Chicago Tribune, August 21, 1964, p19
  116. Шаблон:Cite book
  117. Шаблон:Cite book
  118. Шаблон:Cite news
  119. Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  120. Шаблон:Cite book
  121. Peter Dogget and Patrick Humphries,The Beatles: The Music And The Myth: The Music and the Myth (Omnibus Press, 2010)
  122. "Igor Stravinsky", by Eric Walter White and Jeremy Noble, in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Vera Lampert, ed. (W. W. Norton & Company, 1986) p175
  123. Reuven Snir, Religion, Mysticism and Modern Arabic Literature (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 2006) p42
  124. Шаблон:Cite news
  125. Шаблон:Cite news
  126. Шаблон:Cite news
  127. "Khanh Quits As President of Viet Nam", Chicago Tribune, August 25, 1964, p1
  128. Gerald Prenderghast, Britain and the Wars in Vietnam: The Supply of Troops, Arms and Intelligence, 1945-1975 (McFarland, 2015) p62
  129. John McCracken, A History of Malawi, 1859-1966 (Boydell & Brewer, 2012) pp431-432
  130. "IT'S JOHNSON, HUMPHREY— President Nominated by Two Governors", Chicago Tribune, August 27, 1964, p1
  131. "Southern Africa since 1945", in Africa Since 1935, ed. by Ali A. Mazrui, (University of California Press, 1993) p264
  132. Шаблон:Cite book
  133. Шаблон:Cite news
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  139. Шаблон:Cite web
  140. Шаблон:Cite web
  141. Шаблон:Cite book
  142. Шаблон:Cite web
  143. Шаблон:Cite news
  144. "Nimbus", in Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, by David Longshore (Infobase Publishing, 2010) p227
  145. Christian Lardier and Stefan Barensky, The Soyuz Launch Vehicle: The Two Lives of an Engineering Triumph (Springer, 2013) p157
  146. Stefano Luconi, From Paesani to White Ethnics: The Italian Experience in Philadelphia (SUNY Press, 2001) p130
  147. "NEW RIOT IN PHILADELPHIA— 1st Gunfire; Loot Stores, Pelt Police", Chicago Tribune, August 30, 1964, p1
  148. Joseph Yu-shek Cheng, China's Japan Policy: Adjusting to New Challenges (World Scientific, 2014) pp43-44
  149. "Beatles Invade N.Y.; Park Av. in a Tizzy", Chicago Tribune, August 29, 1964, p1
  150. Шаблон:Cite news
  151. Шаблон:Cite news
  152. June Skinner Sawyers, Bob Dylan: New York (Roaring Forties Press, 2011) p85
  153. Irina Mukhina, The Germans of the Soviet Union (Routledge, 2007) p154
  154. Heather Selma Gregg, The Path to Salvation: Religious Violence from the Crusades to Jihad (Potomac Books, 2014) p64
  155. "Nguyen Oanh Named Acting Saigon Ruler", Chicago Tribune, August 27, 1964, p1
  156. Barry Monush, Everybody's Talkin': The Top Films of 1965-1969 (Hal Leonard Corporation, 2009) p121
  157. Alfred D. Low, The Sino-Soviet Dispute: An Analysis of the Polemics (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1976) p151
  158. "U.S. Parlaying Itself by 2010 to 437 Million", Chicago Tribune, August 31, 1964, p6
  159. Шаблон:Cite book
  160. Шаблон:Cite news
  161. Шаблон:Cite news
  162. Шаблон:Cite book
  163. Шаблон:Cite dictionary