Английская Википедия:Australian Army

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Australian English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military unit The Australian Army is the principal land warfare force of Australia, a part of the Australian Defence Force (ADF) along with the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force. The Army is commanded by the Chief of Army, who is subordinate to the Chief of the Defence Force who commands the ADF. The Chief of Army is also directly responsible to the Minister for Defence, with the Department of Defence administering the ADF and the Army.[1]

Formed in 1901, as the Commonwealth Military Forces,Шаблон:Efn through the amalgamation of the colonial forces of Australia following the Federation of Australia. Although Australian soldiers have been involved in a number of minor and major conflicts throughout Australia's history, only during the Second World War has Australian territory come under direct attack.

The Australian Army was initially composed almost completely of part–time soldiers, where the vast majority were in units of the Citizens Military Force (CMF or Militia) (1901–1980) during peacetime, with limits set on the regular Army. Since all reservists were barred from forcibly serving overseas, volunteer expeditionary forces (1st AIF, ANMEF, 2nd AIF) were formed to enable the Army to send large numbers of soldiers to serve overseas during periods of war.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This period lasted from federation until post–1947, when a standing peacetime regular army was formed and the Australian Army Reserve (1980–present) began to decline in importance.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

During its history, the Australian Army has fought in a number of major wars, including the Second Boer War, the First and Second World Wars, Korean War, Malayan Emergency, Indonesian Confrontation, Vietnam War,Шаблон:Sfn the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) and the Iraq War.Шаблон:Sfn Since 1947, the Australian Army has also been involved in many peacekeeping operations, usually under the auspices of the United Nations. Today, it participates in multilateral and unilateral military exercises and provides emergency disaster relief and humanitarian aid in response to domestic and international crises.

History

Шаблон:Main

Formation

Шаблон:Further Formed in March 1901, following federation, the Australian Army initially consisted of the six former colonial military forces. Due to the Army being continuation of the colonial armies, it became immediately embroiled in conflict as contingents had been committed to fight for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the Second Boer War. The Army gained command of these contingents and even supplied commonwealth units to reinforce their commitment at the request of the British government.[2][3]

The Defence Act 1903, established the operation and command structure of the Australian Army.[4] In 1911, the Universal Service Scheme was implemented, introducing conscription for the first time in Australia, with males aged 14–26 assigned into cadet and CMF units; though the scheme did not prescribe or allow overseas service outside the states and territories of Australia. This restriction would be primarily, and continually, bypassed through the process of raising separate volunteer forces until the mid-20th century; this solution was not without its drawbacks, as it caused logistical dilemmas.[5]

World War I

Шаблон:Main After the declaration of war on the Central Powers, the Australian Army raised the all volunteer First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which had an initial recruitment of 52,561 out of a promised 20,000 men. A smaller expeditionary force, the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force, was formed to secure German New Guinea. It began recruitment on 10 August 1914, landed at Rabaul on 11 September, and by November all German Pacific holdings had been captured.[6][7] During the AIF's final preparations to depart Australia, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers in late 1914.[8]

After initial recruitment and training, the AIF departed for Egypt for further training, where the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) was formed, and in anticipation of the planned invasion of the Ottoman Empire through the Gallipoli campaign. On 25 April, the AIF landed at ANZAC Cove, and following little initial success, fighting quickly devolved into trench warfare, which precipitated a stalemate. On 15 December 1915, after eight months of fighting, the evacuation of Gallipoli commenced and was completed with no casualties recorded.[9] After regrouping in Egypt, the AIF was further expanded with reinforcements and was split so that a majority of the Australian Light Horse would fight the Ottomans in Arabia and the Levant, whereas the rest of the AIF would go to the Western Front.Шаблон:Sfn

Western Front

Файл:AWM E02834 Australian 58th and 59th Battalions Morlancourt July 1918.JPG
Australian troops on the Western Front, July 1918

The AIF arrived in France with the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th Divisions; which comprised I ANZAC Corps and II ANZAC Corps. The 3rd Division would not arrive until November 1916, as it underwent training in England. In July 1916, the AIF commenced operations on the Western Front with the Battle of the Somme, and became tied down in actions such as the Attack at Fromelles, Battle of Pozières and Mouquet Farm. In around six weeks, these operations caused 28,000 Australian casualties.[10] Due to these losses and pressure from the United Kingdom to maintain the AIF's manpower, Prime Minister Billy Hughes introduced the first conscription plebiscite. It was defeated by a narrow margin and created a bitter divide on the issue of conscription throughout the 20th century.[11][12]

Following the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line in March 1917, the first Australian assault on the Line occurred on 11 April 1917 with the First Battle of Bullecourt.[13][14][15] On 20 September, the Australian contingent joined the Third Battle of Ypres with the Battle of Menin Road, and continued on to fight in the Battle of Polygon Wood, which lasted until 3 October; in total, these two operations cost roughly 11,000 in Australian casualties. Until 15 November 1917, multiple attacks occurred at the Battle of Broodseinde Ridge and the Battle of Passchendaele, but failed to take their objectives following the muddying of the fields by rain.[16]

On 21 March 1918, the Germans attempted a breakout through the Michael Offensive, which was part of the much larger German spring offensive; causing the AIF to suffer 15,000 casualties. During this operation, Australian troops conducted a series of local defences and offensives to hold and retake Villers–Brettoneux from 4 April to 25 April. After the cessation of offensives by the German Army, the Australian Corps began participating in "peaceful penetration" operations, which were localised raids designed to harass and gain small tracts of territory; these proved so effective that several major operational objectives were captured.Шаблон:Sfn

On 4 July 1918, the Battle of Hamel, with the battleplan of Lieutenant General John Monash, saw the first successful use of tanks alongside Australians, and was completed three minutes over the planned 90 minutes. Following this success, the Battle of Amiens was launched on 8 August 1918, in conjunction with the Canadian Corps and the British III Corps, and concluded on 12 August 1918; General Erich Ludendorff described it as "the black day of the German Army". On 29 August 1918, following territorial advances and pursuits, the AIF initiated the Battle of Mont St Quentin. The Battle of Épehy, beginning on 18 September 1918, aimed to retake the British trenches lost after the Spring Offensive and potentially capture the Hindenburg's outpost line – which was achieved.Шаблон:Sfn[17]Шаблон:Sfn

Following news of a three-month furlough for certain soldiers, seven AIF battalions were disbanded; consequently, members of these battalions mutinied. Plans for the breakthrough of the main trench of the Hindenburg Line, with the Australian Corps as the vanguard, were soon completed. However, due to manpower issues, only the 3rd and 5th Divisions participated, with the American Expeditionary Forces' 27th and 30th Divisions given as reinforcements. On 29 September, following a three day long bombardment, the Battle of the Hindenburg Line commenced, wherein more of the line was captured. After furious fighting, the Australian Corps was withdrawn from the front on 5 October 1918, as the entire corps had been operating continuously since 8 August 1918. They would not return to the battlefield, as Germany signed the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ultimately ended the war.[7]Шаблон:Sfn[18]

Middle East

Australian light horse unit in Jerusalem during WWI
Australian light horse unit in Jerusalem during WWI

The Australian mounted units, composed of the ANZAC Mounted Division and eventually the Australian Mounted Division, participated in the Sinai and Palestine campaign. They were originally stationed there to protect the Suez Canal from the Turks, and following the threat of its capture passing, they started offensive operations and helped in the re-conquest of the Sinai Desert. This was followed by the Battles of Gaza, wherein on the 31 October 1917 the 4th and 12th Light Horse took Beersheba through the last charge of the Light Horse. They continued on to capture Jerusalem on 10 December 1917 and then eventually Damascus on 1 October 1918 whereby, a few days later on 10 October 1918, the Ottoman Empire surrendered.[7]Шаблон:Sfn

Interbellum

Шаблон:Further Repatriation efforts were implemented between the armistice and the end of 1919, which occurred after the disbandment of the Australian Imperial Force.Шаблон:Sfn In 1921, CMF units were renumbered to that of the AIF, to perpetuate the honours and numerical identities of the units involved in WW1.Шаблон:Sfn During this period there was a complacency towards matters of defence, due to the devastating effects of the previous war on the Australian psyche.Шаблон:Sfn Following the election of Prime Minister James Scullin in 1929, conscription was abolished and the economic effects of the Great Depression started to be felt in Australia. The economic ramifications of the depression led to decreased expenditure and manpower for the army. Since conscription was repealed, to reflect the new volunteer nature of the Citizens Forces, the CMF was renamed to the Militia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

World War II

Шаблон:Main

Following the declaration of war on Nazi Germany and her allies by the United Kingdom, and the subsequent confirmation by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 3 September 1939,[19] the Australian Army raised the Second Australian Imperial Force, a 20,000-strong volunteer expeditionary force, which initially consisted of the 6th Division; later increased to include the 7th and 9th Divisions, alongside the 8th Division which was sent to Singapore.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In October 1939, compulsory military training recommenced for unmarried men aged 21, who had to complete three months of training.[12]

The 2nd AIF commenced its first operations in North Africa with Operation Compass, that began with the Battle of Bardia.Шаблон:Sfn[20] This was followed by supplying Australian units to defend against the Axis in the Battle of Greece.[21] After the evacuation of Greece, Australian troops took part in the Battle of Crete which, though more successful, still failed and another withdrawal was ordered.[22] During the Greek Campaign, the Allies were pushed back to Egypt and the Siege of Tobruk began. Tobruk's primary defence personnel were Australians of the 9th Division; the so-called 'Rats of Tobruk'.[23] Additionally, the AIF participated in the Syria–Lebanon campaign.Шаблон:Sfn The 9th Division fought in the First and Second Battle of El Alamein before also being shipped home to fight the Japanese.[24]

Файл:Bardia AWM006083.jpg
Australian troops enter Bardia, January 1941

Pacific

Шаблон:Further On 8 December 1941, following the Bombing of Pearl Harbour and attacks on British Asian territories, Australia declared war on Japan. Consequently, the AIF was ordered home and the militia was mobilised, as the rapid conquest of Southeast Asia extremely concerned Australian policymakers; which only grew after the Fall of Singapore and the capture of the entire 8th Division as prisoners of war. These events hastened the relief of the Rats of Tobruk, while the other divisions were immediately recalled to reinforce New Guinea.[19] General conscription was reintroduced, though service was again limited to Australian possessions, which caused tension between the AIF and Militia. This was in addition to the CMF's perceived inferior fighting ability, with these grievances earning the nicknames of "koalas"Шаблон:Efn and "chocos"Шаблон:Efn for the Militia.[12][25][26][27][28]

The Imperial Japanese Navy's failure in the Battle of the Coral Sea, was the impetus for the Imperial Japanese Army to try to capture Port Moresby via the Owen Stanley Range.[29] On 21 July 1942, the Japanese began the Kokoda Campaign after landing at Gona; attempts to defeat them by Australian battalions were met with eventual success. Resultant offensives concluded with the Japanese being driven out of New Guinea entirely.[30] Meanwhile, in parallel with these defences, the repulsion of the Japanese in the Battle of Milne Bay was considered their first significant reversal for the war.[31] In November 1942, the campaign ended after the Japanese withdrawal, with Australian advances leading to the Battle of Buna–Gona.[30][32]

Файл:Australian 39th Battalion after the Kokoda Track campaign 1942 (AWM 013289).jpg
Soldiers of the Australian 39th Battalion in September 1942

In early 1943, the Salamaua–Lae campaign began, and ending with Lae captured in early September 1943, and Salamaua taken on 11 September 1943 by a joint Australia–US attack. The amphibious landing at Lae was notable as it was the first large–scale amphibious operation since Gallipoli.[33][34]Шаблон:Sfn Following Lae's capture, the Battle of Finschhafen achieved its objectives relatively swiftly, with subsequent Japanese counterattacks beaten off. On 17 November 1943, a major offensive was unleashed, that began with the Battle of Sattelberg, continued with the Battle of Wareo, and concluded with the Battle of Sio on 15 January 1944. The momentum of this advance was continued by the 8th Brigade, with their pursuit culminating with the Battle of Madang.Шаблон:Sfn[35]

In mid-1944, Australian forces took over the garrisoning of Torokina from the US with this changeover giving Australian command responsibility over the Bougainville campaign. Soon after arriving in November of the same year, the commander of II Corps, Lieutenant-General Stanley Savige, began an offensive to retake the island with the 3rd Division alongside the 11th and 23rd Brigades. The campaign lasted until the Japanese surrender, with controversy surrounding its little apparent significance to the war's conclusion, and the number of casualties incurred; this was one of Australia's most costliest campaigns in the Second World War.[36]

In October 1944, Australian participation in the Aitape–Wewak campaign began with the replacement of US forces at Aitape with the Australian 6th Division. US forces had previously captured the position, though Australian command had found their passiveness unsuitable. In early December, the cavalry commandos were sent inland to establish access to the Torricelli Range, where fierce fighting occurred. Following this success, On 10 February 1945, the campaign's major offensive was underway, which resulted in the capture of Maprik and Wewak; both falling in quick succession on 22 April 1945. Smaller operations to secure the area continued, and all significant actions ceased by July.Шаблон:Sfn[37]

Файл:Infantry Balikpapan (AWM 110383).jpg
Members of the 7th Division at Balikpapan

The Borneo campaign was a series of three distinct amphibious operations that were undertaken by the 7th and 9th Divisions. The campaign began with the Battle of Tarakan on 1 May 1945, followed six weeks later by the Battle of Labuan, and concluded with the Battle of Balikpapan: these operations remain the largest amphibious operation undertaken by Australian forces, with 33,000 Australian servicemen participating. On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered, ending the Second World War.[38][39][40]

Postwar period

Шаблон:Further After the surrender of Japan, Australia provided a contingent to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) which included the 34th Brigade. The units that composed the brigade would eventually become the nucleus of the regular army, with the battalions and brigade being renumbered to reflect this change. Following the start of the Korean War, the Australian Army committed troops to fight against the North Korean forces; the units came from the Australian contribution to BCOF. The 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (3RAR) arrived in Pusan on 28 September 1950. Australian troop numbers would increase and continue to be deployed up until the armistice, with 3RAR being eventually joined by the 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR).[41][42] For a brief period, between 1951 and 1959, the Menzies Government reinstituted conscription and compulsory military training with the National Service Scheme, which required all males of eighteen years of age to serve for specified period in either the Australian Regular Army or CMF.[27][43]

Southeast Asian conflicts

Malayan Emergency

Шаблон:Further

The Australian military entered the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) in October 1955, committing the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2RAR) to fight alongside Commonwealth forces. The 2RAR fought against the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), a communist led guerrilla army whose goal was to turn Malaya into a socialist republic, and whose leaders had previously been trained and funded by Britain to resist the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Australian military operations in Malaya consisted of patrolling actions and guarding infrastructure, though they rarely saw combat as the emergency was nearly over by the time of their deployment. All three original Royal Australian Regiment battalions would complete at least one tour before the end of operations. In August 1963, Australia ended deployments to Malaya, three years after the emergency's official end.[44]

Indonesian confrontation

Шаблон:Further In 1962, the Borneo Confrontation began, due to Indonesia's opposition to the formation of Malaysia. It was an undeclared war that entailed a series of border conflicts between Indonesian-backed forces and British–Malaysian allies. Initial Australian support in the conflict began, and continued throughout, with the training and supply of Malaysian troops; Australian soldiers only saw combat during defensive operations. In January 1965, permission was granted for the deployment of 3RAR, with extensive operations conducted in Sarawak from March until their withdrawal in July 1965. The subsequent deployment of 4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (4RAR), in April 1966, was less intensive, with the battalion withdrawn in August. This is not to mention the efforts of several other corps and units in the conflict.[45][46]

Vietnam War

Шаблон:Further The Australian Army commenced its involvement in the Vietnam War by sending military advisors in 1962, which was then increased by sending in combat troops, specifically 1RAR, on 27 May 1965. Just before the official start of hostilities, the Australian Army was augmented with the reintroduction of conscription, which was based on a 'birthday ballot' selection process for all registered 20-year-old males. These men were required to register, unless they gave a legitimate reason for their exemption, else they faced penalties. This scheme would prove to be one of the most controversial implementations of conscription in Australia, with large protests against its adoption.[47][48][27][43]

In March 1966, the Australian Army increased its commitment again with the replacement of 1RAR with the 1st Australian Task Force, a force in which all nine battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment would serve. One of the heaviest actions of the war occurred in August 1966, with the Battle of Long Tan, wherein D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (6RAR) successfully fended off an enemy force, estimated at 2,000 men, for four hours. In 1968, Australian forces defended against the Tet Offensive, a Viet Cong military operation, and repulsed them with few casualties. The contribution of personnel to the war was gradually wound down, starting in late-1970 and ending in 1972; the official declaration of the end of Australia's involvement in the war was made on 11 January 1973.[47][48]

Peacekeeping

Following the Vietnam War, there was a significant hiatus of operational activity by the Australian Army. In late 1979, in the largest deployment of the decade, the Army committed 151 troops to the Commonwealth Monitoring Force, which monitored the transition of Rhodesia to universal suffrage. A decade later in 1989, Australia deployed 300 army engineer personnel as the Australian contribution to the United Nations Transition Assistance Group in Namibia. The mission helped transition the country to independence from South African control.Шаблон:Sfn

In January 1993, the Australian Army deployed 26 personnel on an ongoing rotational basis to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), as part of a non-United Nations peacekeeping organisation that observes and enforces the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt.[49]

Australia's largest peacekeeping deployment began in 1999 with the International Force for East Timor, while other ongoing operations include peacekeeping in the Sinai (as part of MFO), and the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (as part of Operation Paladin since 1956).Шаблон:Sfn Operation Sumatra Assist began following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, providing humanitarian relief in the Province of Aceh, and ended on 24 March 2005.[50]

Recent history (2000–present)

Following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Australia promised troops to any military operations that the US commenced in response to the attacks. Subsequently, the Australian Army committed combat troops to Afghanistan in Operation Slipper. This combat role continued until the end of 2013 when it was replaced by a training contingent operating under Operation Highroad until 2021.[51][52]

After the Gulf War, the UN imposed heavy restrictions on Iraq to stop them producing any weapon of mass destruction. In the early 21st century, the US accused Iraq of possessing these weapons and promoted unsubstantiated allegations, and requested that the UN invade the country in response, a motion which Australia supported. The UN denied this motion, however, it did not stop a coalition, that Australia joined, invading the country; thus starting the Iraq War on 19 March 2003.[53] Between April 2015 and June 2020, the Army deployed a 300-strong element to Iraq, designated as Task Group Taji, as part of Operation Okra. In support of a capacity building mission, Task Group Taji's main role was to provide training to Iraqi forces, during which Australian troops have served alongside counterparts from New Zealand.[54][55]

In 2020, the Brereton Report was released, and was an investigation into allegations of war crimes committed by Australian special forces in Afghanistan. The report identified personnel that were involved in the murder of 39 civilians and prisoners, with 19 referred to the Australian Federal Police for criminal investigation. A 'warrior culture' in the SAS was specifically criticised with investigators 'frustrated by outright deceit (...) and, not infrequently, misguided resistance to (...) investigations by their superiors'.[56]

Organisation

Шаблон:Further

Файл:Australia Army organization from 2023.png
Шаблон:Center

1st (Australian) Division

Beginning 1 July 2023, the division was renamed the 1st Australian Division. The 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades were placed under the direct control of the division's headquarters. This reform aimed to improve the connections between the divisional headquarters and the brigades it commands during deployments.[57]

Forces Command

Файл:1st Commando Regiment soldier jumping out of an Australian Army blackhawk helicopter in 2013.jpg
A 1st Commando Regiment soldier jumping from a 16th Aviation Brigade, 171st Aviation Squadron Black Hawk helicopter

Forces Command controls for administrative purposes all non-combat assets of the Australian Army. Its focus is on unifying all training establishments to create a base for scaling and mobilisation:[57]

Additionally, Forces Command includes the following training and support establishments:

2nd (Australian) Division

Administers the reserve forces from its headquarters located in Sydney.

Aviation

Army Aviation Command is responsible for the Australian Army's helicopters and training, aviation safety and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Army Aviation Command comprises:[61]

Файл:Australian SOTG patrol Oct 2009.jpg
Australian special forces in Afghanistan, 2009

Special Forces

Special Operations Command is a command formation of equal status to the other commands in the ADF and includes all of Army's special forces units.[62][63] Special Operations Command comprises:[62][64]

Colours, standards and guidons

Шаблон:Main

Файл:AustArmyColours.jpg
All colours of the Army were on parade for the centenary of the Army, 10 March 2001.

Infantry, and some other combat units of the Australian Army carry flags called the King's Colour and the Regimental Colour, known as "the Colours".Шаблон:Sfn Armoured units carry Standards and Guidons – flags smaller than Colours and traditionally carried by Cavalry, Lancer, Light Horse and Mounted Infantry units. The 1st Armoured Regiment is the only unit in the Australian Army to carry a Standard, in the tradition of heavy armoured units. Artillery units' guns are considered to be their Colours, and on parade are provided with the same respect.Шаблон:Sfn Non-combat units (combat service support corps) do not have Colours, as Colours are battle flags and so are only available to combat units. As a substitute, many have Standards or Banners.[65] Units awarded battle honours have them emblazoned on their Colours, Standards and Guidons. They are a link to the unit's past and a memorial to the fallen. Artillery do not have Battle Honours – their single Honour is "Ubique" which means "Everywhere" – although they can receive Honour Titles.Шаблон:Sfn

The Army is the guardian of the National Flag and as such, unlike the Royal Australian Air Force, does not have a flag or Colours. The Army, instead, has a banner, known as the Army Banner. To commemorate the centenary of the Army, the Governor General Sir William Deane, presented the Army with a new Banner at a parade in front of the Australian War Memorial on 10 March 2001. The banner was presented to the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A), Warrant Officer Peter Rosemond.[66][67]

The Army Banner bears the Australian Coat of Arms on the obverse, with the dates "1901–2001" in gold in the upper hoist. The reverse bears the "rising sun" badge of the Australian Army, flanked by seven campaign honours on small gold-edged scrolls: South Africa, World War I, World War II, Korea, Malaya-Borneo, South Vietnam, and Peacekeeping. The banner is trimmed with gold fringe, has gold and crimson cords and tassels, and is mounted on a pike with the usual British royal crest finial.[68]

Personnel

Strength

As of June 2022 the Army had 28,387 permanent (regular) membersШаблон:Sfn and 20,742 reservists (part-time);Шаблон:Sfn all of whom are volunteers. As of June 2022, women made up 15.11% of the Army, with a target set for 18% 2025.Шаблон:Sfn Gender based restrictions for frontline combat or training roles were lifted in January 2013.[69] Also as of June 2022, Indigenous Australians made up 3.7% of the Army.Шаблон:Sfn

Rank and insignia

Шаблон:Main The ranks of the Australian Army are based on the ranks of the British Army, and carry mostly the same actual insignia. For officers the ranks are identical except for the shoulder title "Australia". The Non-Commissioned Officer insignia are the same up until Warrant Officer, where they are stylised for Australia (for example, using the Australian, rather than the British coat of arms).Шаблон:Sfn The ranks of the Australian Army are as follows:

NATO Code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D)
Шаблон:Flagdeco Australia Officer rank insignia Файл:Australian Army OF-10.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-9.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-8.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-7.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-6.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-5.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-4.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-3.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-2.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-1b.svg Файл:Australian Army OF-1a.svg Файл:Australian Army OF (D) (OCDT).svg Файл:Australian Army OF (D) (SCDT).svg
Rank title: Field Marshal General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier Colonel Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant Officer Cadet Staff Cadet
Abbreviation: FM Gen Lt Gen Maj Gen Brig Col Lt Col Maj Capt Lt 2Lt OCDT SCDT
NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1
Шаблон:Flagdeco Australia Other Ranks Insignia Файл:Australian Army OR-9b.svg Файл:Australian Army OR-9a.svg Файл:Australian Army OR-8.svg Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Lance corporal No insigniaШаблон:Hr
Rank Title: Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army Warrant Officer class 1 Warrant Officer class 2 Staff Sergeant Шаблон:Nowrap Sergeant Corporal Lance Corporal Private

Шаблон:Nowrap

Recruit
Abbreviation: RSM-A WO1 WO2 SSgt Sgt Cpl LCpl Pte Rec

Uniforms and Dress

Шаблон:Further

The Australian Army uniforms are detailed in the Australian Army Dress Manual[70] and are grouped into nine general categories, each ranging from ceremonial dress, to general duties dress, to battle dress (in addition there are a number of special categories specific to uniforms that are only worn when posted to specific locations, like ADFA or RMC-D), these are further divided into individual 'Dress Orders' denoted by alphabetical suffixes that detail the specific items of clothing, embellishment and accoutrements, i.e. Dress Order No. 1A - 'Ceremonial Parade Service Dress', Dress Order No. 2G - 'General Duty Office Dress', Dress Order No 4C ‘Combat Dress (AMCU)’ . The slouch hat or beret are the regular service and general duties hat, while the field hat, or combat helmet is for use in the field, while training, on exercise, or on operations.[71] In Dec 2013 the Chief of Army reversed a previous ban on berets as general duties headwear for all personnel except Special Forces personnel (SASR, CDO Regiments).[72] Australian Multi-cam Camouflage Uniform is the camouflage pattern for Australian Army camouflage uniforms, and was introduced in 2014, replacing the Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform (DPCU), and Disruptive Pattern Desert Uniform (DPDU) for all Australian Army orders of dress.

Equipment

Файл:Australian SOTG wait for extraction 2011.jpg
SR-25 rifle, Heckler & Koch USP sidearm
Файл:Australian Army Abrams tanks during Exercise Koolendong at Bradshaw Training Area, Aug 21, 2014.jpg
Australian M1 Abrams, the main battle tank used by the Army

Шаблон:Further

Firearms and artillery

Small arms Enhanced F88 Austeyr (EF88) (service rifle), F89 Minimi (support weapon), Browning Hi-Power (sidearm), MAG-58 (general purpose machine gun), HK417, SR-98 (sniper rifle), Maximi and AW50F.[73]
Special forces M4 carbine, Heckler & Koch USP, SR-25, F89 Minimi, MP5, SR-98, Maximi, HK416, HK417, Blaser R93 Tactical, Barrett M82 and Mk14 EBR.
Artillery 48 M777A2 Шаблон:Nowrap Howitzer,[74] 176 M252A1 81mm Mortar,[75] and M224A1 60mm Mortar.[76]

Vehicles

Main battle tanks 59 M1A1 Abrams, to be replaced by 75 M1A2 SEPv3 Abrams.
Armoured recovery vehicles 13 M88A2 Hercules Armoured Recovery Vehicles.[77][78]
Reconnaissance vehicles 257 ASLAVs, to be replaced beginning in 2019 with 211 Boxers.
Armoured Personnel Carriers 431 M113s upgraded to M113AS3/4 standard, to be replaced with the Hanwha Redback.[79]
Infantry Mobility Vehicles Bushmaster (Protected Mobility Vehicle - Medium), 31 HMT Extenda Mk1 Nary vehicles and 89 HMT Extenda Mk2.
Light Utility Vehicles G-Wagon 4x4 and 6x6 and Hawkei (Protected Mobility Vehicle - Light).
Trucks Rheinmetall MAN HX series.[80]

Support

Radar AN/TPQ-36 Firefinder radar, AMSTAR Ground Surveillance RADAR, AN/TPQ-48 Lightweight Counter Mortar Radar, GIRAFFE FOC, Portable Search and Target Acquisition Radar – Extended Range.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles RQ-7B Shadow 200, Wasp AE, and PD-100 Black Hornet.[81][82]

Aircraft

Transport helicopters 14 Boeing CH-47F Chinook heavy transport helicopters.[83] 3 Sikorsky UH-60M Black Hawk helicopters for medium lift/utility;[84] a further 9 to be delivered by the end of 2024, with a total of 40 to be acquired.[85]
Attack helicopters 22 Eurocopter Tiger Armed Reconnaissance Helicopters (ARH), to be replaced with 29 Boeing AH-64E v6 Apache Guardians from 2025.[86]
Training helicopters 15 Eurocopter EC-135T2+ training helicopters, jointly shared with Navy.[87][88]

Bases

Шаблон:Main The Army's operational headquarters, Forces Command, is located at Victoria Barracks in Sydney.[89] The Australian Army's three regular brigades are based at Robertson Barracks near Darwin,[90] Lavarack Barracks in Townsville, and Gallipoli Barracks in Brisbane.[91] The Deployable Joint Force Headquarters is also located at Gallipoli Barracks.[92]

Other important Army bases include the Army Aviation Centre near Oakey, Queensland, Holsworthy Barracks near Sydney, Lone Pine Barracks in Singleton, New South Wales and Woodside Barracks near Adelaide, South Australia.[93] The SASR is based at Campbell Barracks Swanbourne, a suburb of Perth, Western Australia.Шаблон:Sfn

Puckapunyal, north of Melbourne, houses the Australian Army's Combined Arms Training Centre,[94] Land Warfare Development Centre, and three of the five principal Combat Arms schools. Further barracks include Steele Barracks in Sydney, Keswick Barracks in Adelaide, and Irwin Barracks at Karrakatta in Perth. Dozens of Australian Army Reserve depots are located across Australia.[95]

Australian Army Journal

Since June 1948, the Australian Army has published its own journal titled the Australian Army Journal. The journal's first editor was Colonel Eustace Keogh, and initially, it was intended to assume the role that the Army Training Memoranda had filled during the Second World War, although its focus, purpose, and format has shifted over time.Шаблон:Sfn Covering a broad range of topics including essays, book reviews and editorials, with submissions from serving members as well as professional authors, the journal's stated goal is to provide "...the primary forum for Army's professional discourse... [and]... debate within the Australian Army... [and improve the]... intellectual rigor of that debate by adhering to a strict and demanding standard of quality".[96] In 1976, the journal was placed on hiatus as the Defence Force Journal began publication;Шаблон:Sfn however, publishing of the Australian Army Journal began again in 1999 and since then the journal has been published largely on a quarterly basis, with only minimal interruptions.[97]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Australian Army Шаблон:Australian Defence Force

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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