Английская Википедия:Australian English phonology

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:IPA noticeШаблон:Listen Шаблон:Listen Australian English (AuE) is a non-rhotic variety of English spoken by most native-born Australians. Phonologically, it is one of the most regionally homogeneous language varieties in the world. Australian English is notable for vowel length contrasts which are absent from most English dialects.

The Australian English vowels Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are noticeably closer (pronounced with a higher tongue position) than their contemporary Received Pronunciation equivalents. However, a recent short-front vowel chain shift has resulted in younger generations having lower positions than this for the former three vowels.[1]

Vowels

Variation in Australian closing diphthongsШаблон:Sfnp
Phoneme Lexical set Phonetic realization
Cultivated General Broad
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Sc2 Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Sc2 Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Sc2 Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Sc2 Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Sc2 Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:Sc2 Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Файл:Australian English vowel chart.svg
Stressed monophthongs of the general variety on a vowel chart, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt.
Файл:Broad Australian English vowel chart.svg
Stressed monophthongs of the broad variety on a vowel chart, reconstructed from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Файл:Australian English diphthong chart - part 1.svg
Fronting diphthongs of the general variety shown on a vowel chart, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Файл:Broad Australian English diphthong chart - part 1.svg
Fronting diphthongs of the broad variety shown on a vowel chart, reconstructed from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Файл:Australian English diphthong chart - part 2.svg
Other diphthongs of the general variety shown on a vowel chart, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Файл:Broad Australian English diphthong chart - part 2.svg
Other diphthongs of the broad variety shown on a vowel chart, reconstructed from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt. Шаблон:IPA is shown here as a long monophthong Шаблон:IPA.

The vowels of Australian English can be divided according to length. The long vowels, which include monophthongs and diphthongs, mostly correspond to the tense vowels used in analyses of Received Pronunciation (RP) as well as its centring diphthongs. The short vowels, consisting only of monophthongs, correspond to the RP lax vowels. There exist pairs of long and short vowels with overlapping vowel quality giving Australian English phonemic length distinction.[2]

There are two families of phonemic transcriptions of Australian English: revised ones, which attempt to more accurately represent the phonetic sounds of Australian English; and the Mitchell-Delbridge system, which is minimally distinct from Jones' original transcription of RP. This page uses a revised transcription based on Durie and Hajek (1994) and Harrington, Cox and Evans (1997) but also shows the Mitchell-Delbridge equivalents as this system is commonly used for example in the Macquarie Dictionary and much literature, even recent.

Australian English vowels
Front Central Back
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Diphthongs Шаблон:IPA

Monophthongs

Diphthongs

Examples of vowels

Phoneme Example words Mitchell-
Delbridge
OED
Шаблон:IPAslink strut, bud, hud; cup Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink bath, palm, start, bard, hard; father Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA price, bite, hide Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink trap, lad, had Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink bad, tan Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA face, bait, hade Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA mouth, bowed, how’d Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink dress, bed, head Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink square, bared, haired Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink nurse, bird, heard Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink about, winter; alpha Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA goat, bode, hoed Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink kit, bid, hid Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink near, beard, hear; here Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA fleece, bead, heat Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
happy Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink thought, north, sure, board, hoard, poor; hawk, force Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPA choice, boy; voice Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink lot, cloth, body, hot Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink goose, boo, who'd Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:IPAslink foot, hood Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

It differs somewhat from the ad hoc Wikipedia transcription used in this article. In a few instances the OED example word differs from the others given in this table; these are appended at the end of the second column following a semicolon.

Consonants

Australian English consonants are similar to those of other non-rhotic varieties of English. A table containing the consonant phonemes is given below.

Australian English consonant phonemesШаблон:Sfnp
Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Plosive Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Affricate Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link
Fricative Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Approximant Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:IPA link
Non-rhoticity
Linking and intrusive Шаблон:IPAblink
Flapping
T-glottalisation
Pronunciation of Шаблон:IPA
Yod-dropping and coalescence

Other features

Relationship to other varieties

Australian English pronunciation is most similar to that of New Zealand English; many people from other parts of the world often cannot distinguish them but there are differences. New Zealand English has centralised Шаблон:IPA and the other short front vowels are higher. New Zealand English more strongly maintains the diphthongal quality of the NEAR and SQUARE vowels and they can be merged as something around Шаблон:IPA. New Zealand English does not have the bad-lad split, but like Victoria has merged Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:IPA in pre-lateral environments.Шаблон:Citation needed

Both New Zealand English and Australian English are also similar to South African English, so they have even been grouped together under the common label "southern hemisphere Englishes".[20] Like the other two varieties in that group, Australian English pronunciation bears some similarities to dialects from the South-East of Britain;[21]Шаблон:Sfnp[22][23] Thus, it is non-rhotic and has the trap-bath split although, as indicated above, this split was not completed in Australia as it was in England, so many words that have the Шаблон:Sc2 vowel in Southeastern England retain the Шаблон:Sc2 vowel in Australia.

Historically, the Australian English speaking manuals endorsed the [[Phonological history of the low back vowels#Lot-cloth split|lengthening of Шаблон:IPA]] before unvoiced fricatives however this has since been reversed. Australian English lacks some innovations in Cockney since the settling of Australia, such as the use of a glottal stop in many places where a Шаблон:IPA would be found, th-fronting, and h-dropping. Flapping, which Australian English shares with New Zealand English and North American English, is also found in Cockney, where it occurs as a common alternative to the glottal stop in the intervocalic position. The word butter Шаблон:IPA as pronounced by an Australian or a New Zealander can be homophonous with the Cockney pronunciation (which can be Шаблон:IPA instead).

AusTalk

AusTalk is a database of Australian speech from all regions of the country.[24][25] Initially, 1000 adult voices were planned to be recorded in the period between June 2011 and June 2016. By the end of it, voices of 861 speakers with ages ranging from 18 to 83 were recorded into the database, each lasting approximately an hour. The database is expected to be expanded in future, to include children's voices and more variations. As well as providing a resource for cultural studies, the database is expected to help improve speech-based technology, such as speech recognition systems and hearing aids.[26]

The AusTalk database was collected as part of the Big Australian Speech Corpus (Big ASC) project, a collaboration between Australian universities and the speech technology experts.[27][28][29]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Language phonologies Шаблон:English dialects by continent


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  5. 5,0 5,1 Cox, Felicity (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics 26: 147–179
  6. Blake, B. J. (1985), "'Short a' in Melbourne English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15: 6–20
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  17. Cole, J., Hualde, J.I., Laboratory Phonology 9, Walter de Gruyter 2007, p. 69.
  18. Lawrence, Wayne P. (2000) "Assimilation at a Distance," American Speech Vol. 75: Iss. 1: 82-87; doi:10.1215/00031283-75-1-82
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  20. Gordon, Elizabeth and Andrea Sudbury. 2002. The history of southern hemisphere Englishes. In: Richard J. Watts and Peter Trudgill. Alternative Histories of English. P.67
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