Английская Википедия:Autonome Nationalisten

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Файл:Autonome Nationalisten-Schwarzer Block.jpg
Autonome Nationalisten with an anti-capitalist banner, wearing clothing typical of left-wing black blocs

Autonome Nationalisten (English: Autonomous Nationalists, abbreviated AN) are German, British, Dutch,[1] and to a lesser degree Flemish,[2][3] nationalists, who have adopted some of the far-left and antifa's organizational concepts (autonomous activism), demonstration tactics (black bloc), symbolism, and elements of clothing, including Che Guevara T-shirts and keffiyehs.[4][5][6] Similar groups have also appeared in some central and eastern European countries, beginning with Poland (starting in 2009),[7][8] the Czech Republic,[9] Ukraine,[10] Romania[11] and Greece and others.

History

Файл:Neonazis-schwarzer block.jpg
Autonomous Nationalists adopted Black Bloc demonstration tactics from left-wing antifascist groups.

The phenomenon of the Autonome Nationalisten can be traced to "Freie Nationaliste" (Free Nationalists), "Freie Kräfte" (Free Forces) and "Freie Kameradschaften" (Free Comradeships) movements, which developed in the shadow of the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) (National Democratic Party of Germany) since the late-1980s. The police crackdown on the far-right after re-unification and the wave of banning in the early 1990s ("Deutsche Alternative", "Nationalistische Front", "Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei", among others) forced most of the local extreme far-right militant groups to split into "autonomous nationalist cells" of 5-20 members without a formal membership. Instead of conducting regular meetings, they started to use phones and later Internet for communication and organizing.[12] Local cells formed loose umbrella networks in the regions to coordinate actions.[13] In 2008, Germany's Autonomous Nationalists were estimated to number approximately 400 people, 1% of the country's neo-Nazis.[14][15] The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, which provides domestic intelligence for the government, estimated the number of active participants of the far right movement in 2008 around 40,000.[16] According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), in 2001 there were 75 extreme-right organizations in Germany with 50,000 members.[17]

The emergence of the Autonome Nationalisten was controversial within the German far right milieu, both because some older activists of the German extreme right objected to their "leftist" image and because the NPD feared they would complicate its efforts to take part in mainstream politics.[18] Also controversial was that Autonome Nationalisten had occasionally expressed sympathy for Islamic extremism, as well as Hezbollah and Hamas for their opposition to Zionism and American imperialism.[1] The same controversies arose among the far right in Poland.

The Autonomous Nationalists in Europe made themselves visible starting from 2003–2004 and are now considered more violent than other members of the European far right.[5][14] However, as of 2010, according to Miroslav Mareš, their impact in these countries has been limited so far.[18]

Message

Researchers view the syncretic political movement of the Autonomous Nationalists in Europe as a "strategic concept, organization and subculture – all three terms are possible for the designation of this phenomenon."[18] They emphasize that, Шаблон:Quote

The Autonomous Nationalists were ideologically inspired by Strasserism.[18] The message of AN shifted to anti-globalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-imperialist ideas. It promotes complete organizational decentralization and autonomy inside the movement.[19]

The adoption of codes and symbols of the far left "Autonome Antifa" by the "Autonome Nationalisten" coincided with the persistence of vibrant alternative subcultures of the radical left and rejection of traditional skinhead cultural-political templates of behavior of the extreme right.[20] The AN thus see themselves as 'autonomous' from established neo-Nazi programs and structures, developing their own ideological discourse, street message, action repertoire, music scenes and fashion codes.[21] These are often meant to display anti-capitalist and anti-systemic rebellion and opposition to globalization and 'American cultural imperialism'.[22] The AN also raised some social and economic issues, including poverty.[23] At present time, they are firmly entrenched in the neo‐Nazi movement.[24]

Gallery

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Rechtsextremismus in Berlin, Senatsverwaltung für Inneres und Sport. Шаблон:In lang
  • Decker, Oliver, Marliese Weißmann, Johannes Kiess, und Elmar Brähler. Die Mitte in der Krise. Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2010. Шаблон:In lang
  • Braun, Stephan, Alexander Geisler, und Martin Gerster. Strategien der extremen Rechten: Hintergründe - Analysen - Antworten. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2009. Шаблон:In lang
  • Hafeneger, Benno, und Sven Schönfelder. Politische Strategien gegen die extreme Rechte in Parlamenten: Folgen für kommunale Politik und lokale Demokratie : Eine qualitative Studie. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2007. Шаблон:In lang
  • Peters, Jürgen. "Autonome Nationalisten" die Modernisierung neofaschistischer Jugendkultur. Münster: Unrast, 2009. Шаблон:In lang
  • Roth, Roland. Demokratie braucht Qualität!: Beispiele guter Praxis und Handlungsempfehlungen für erfolgreiches Engagement gegen Rechtsextremismus. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2010. Шаблон:In lang
  • Schedler, Jan. Autonome Nationalisten. In: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Nr. 44/2010, S. 20–26, (2010). Шаблон:In lang
  • Schedler, Jan und Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.). Autonome Nationalisten Neonazismus in Bewegung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011. Шаблон:ISBN Шаблон:In lang
  • Schedler, Jan. The Devil in Disguise: Action Repertoire, Visual Performance and Collective Identity of the Autonomous Nationalists, Nations and Nationalism, V. 20, No. 2: 239-258, (2014).
  • Schlembach, Raphael. The ‘Autonomous Nationalists’: New developments and contradictions in the German neo-Nazi movement, Interface: A journal for and about social movements, Volume 5 (2): 295 - 318, (November 2013).

External links

Шаблон:Neo-Nazism Шаблон:German far right Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Autonome neo-nazi’s op de linkse toer?, Gebladerte Archief (Dutch)
  2. ↑ Autonomous Nationalist United Kingdom Шаблон:Webarchive
  3. ↑ 全国各地求人情報ブログ Шаблон:Webarchive (Belgian Dutch)
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Mareš, Miroslav. National and Right-wing Radicalism in the New Democracies: Czech Republic. Paper for the workshop of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation on “Right-wing extremism and its impact on young democracies in the CEE countries”, September, 2012.
  10. ↑ See: Автономні націоналісти України (Autonomous Nationalists of Ukraine) Шаблон:In lang
  11. ↑ Romania: Extremists offer Roma women payoffs for sterilization Шаблон:Webarchive, Budapest Telegraph, May 17, 2014.
  12. ↑ Jan Schedler. ‚Modernisierte Antimoderne‘: Entwicklung des organisierten Neonazismus 1990-2010. Шаблон:Webarchive In: J. Schedler, A. Häusler (Hrsg.). Autonome Nationalisten Neonazismus in Bewegung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011, p. 17-35.
  13. ↑ Robert Grimm (Manchester Metropolitan University). The geographic distribution of the extreme right in Germany, September 25, 2012.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Rachel Nolan. Neo-Nazi Fashion: Thor Steinar and the Changing Look of the German Far Right, Spiegel Online International, November 20, 2008.
  17. ↑ Extremism Across Europe, Southern Poverty Law Center. Accessed on 17 May 2014.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 18,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Sommer, Bernd. Anti-capitalism in the name of ethno-nationalism: ideological shifts on the German extreme right, Patterns of Prejudice, V. 42, No. 3 (2008): 305-316.
  20. ↑ Von Rainer Brahms. Mehr als eine Randerscheinung: Moderner Style, alte Inhalte Шаблон:Webarchive, Lotta, No. 31, Summer 2008.
  21. ↑ Schedler, Jan. The Devil in Disguise: Action Repertoire, Visual Performance and Collective Identity of the Autonomous Nationalists, Nations and Nationalism, V. 20, No. 2: 239-258, (2014).
  22. ↑ Schlembach, Raphael. The ‘Autonomous Nationalists’: new developments and contradictions in the German neo-Nazi movement, Interface: A journal for and about social movements, Volume 5 (2): 295 - 318, (November 2013).
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Schedler, Jan und Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.). Autonome Nationalisten Neonazismus in Bewegung. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2011.
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