Английская Википедия:Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae
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In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, published in 1758, the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus described 554 species of bird and gave each a binomial name.
Linnaeus had first included birds in the 6th edition of his Systema Naturae, which was published in 1748. In it he listed 260 species arranged into 51 genera, in turn divided amongst six orders. The entries for each species were very brief; rather than including a description, he gave a citation to an earlier publication — often to his own Fauna suecica, which had been published in 1746.[1][2] Linnaeus generally followed the classification scheme introduced by the English parson and naturalist John Ray which grouped species based on the characteristics of each species’ bill and feet.[3]
The 10th edition appeared in 1758 and was the first in which Linnaeus consistently used his binomial system of nomenclature. He increased the number of birds to 554 species, collectively filling 116 pages (contrasting with a mere 17 in the 6th edition).[Note 1] For each species he included a brief description together with one or more citations to earlier publications.[1]Шаблон:Sfn He maintained 6 orders as in the 6th edition but renamed Scolopaces to Grallae. He rearranged some of the genera, dropping several and adding others to bring the total to 63.[5][Note 2][Note 3]
Living in Sweden, Linnaeus did not have access to a large collection of bird specimens. In order to expand the Systema Naturae for the 10th edition, he relied on earlier publications by other authors.[5] For many birds his description was based on George Edwards's A Natural History of Uncommon Birds which contained 210 hand-coloured plates, nearly all of which were of birds. The four volumes were published between 1743 and 1751.[10] For many North America species Linnaeus relied on Mark Catesby's The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands which included 220 plates of birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, mammals and plants. It was published in parts between 1729 and 1747.[11]
Linnaeus was not familiar with the species he described, which meant that his classification was often very defective. He sometimes placed very similar birds in different genera. For example, the 10th edition of Systema Naturae includes two subspecies of the common kingfisher, one of which he placed in the genus Gracula and the other in the genus Alcedo. Similarly, he included two subspecies of the red-whiskered bulbul, one of which he placed in Lanius and the other in Motacilla.Шаблон:Sfn In his list Linnaeus included two penguins. He placed the southern rockhopper penguin together with the red-billed tropicbird in the genus Phaethon while the African penguin he placed together with the wandering albatross in the genus Diomedea.[5]
The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has selected 1 January 1758 as the "starting point" for zoological nomenclature, and stated that the 10th edition of Systema Naturae was to be treated as if published on that date.[12] In 2016 the list of birds of the world maintained by Frank Gill and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union included 448 species for which Linnaeus's description in the 10th edition is cited as the authority. Of these species, 101 have been retained in their original genus and 347 have been moved to a different genus. In addition, there are six species on Linnaeus's 1758 list that are now considered as subspecies. Of Linnaeus's 63 genera, only Tantalus and Colymbus are not now used.[9]
In the 12th edition of his Systema Naturae published in 1766, Linnaeus described many additional birds that had not been included in the 10th edition. The 12th edition included 931 bird species divided into 6 orders and 78 genera.[5][13] The 12th edition is cited as the authority for 257 modern species of which only 25 have been retained in their original genus.[9] There are now believed to be around 10,000 extant species.[14][15]
Linnaeus described the class Aves as:
A beautiful and cheerful portion of created nature consisting of animals having a body covered with feathers and down; protracted and naked jaws (the beak), two wings formed for flight, and two feet. They are aereal, vocal, swift and light, and destitute of external ears, lips, teeth, scrotum, womb, bladder, epiglottis, corpus callosum and its arch, and diaphragm.[16]
Linnaean Characteristics[16]
- Heart: 2 auricles, 2 ventricles. Warm, dark red blood
- Lungs: respires alternately
- Jaw: incombent, naked, extended, without teeth
- Eggs: covered with a calcareous shell
- Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, and ears without auricles
- Covering: incumbent, imbricate feathers
- Supports: 2 feet, 2 wings; and a heart-shaped rump. Flies in the Air & Sings
In the list below, the binomial name is that used by Linnaeus.
Accipitres
- Vultur gryphus – Andean condorШаблон:Sfn
- Vultur harpyja – harpy eagleШаблон:Sfn
- Vultur papa – king vultureШаблон:Sfn
- Vultur aura – turkey vulture[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Vultur barbatus – bearded vultureШаблон:Sfn
- Vultur percnopterus – Egyptian vultureШаблон:Sfn
- Falco melanaetus – eastern imperial eagle (now Aquila heliaca Savigny, 1809)Шаблон:Sfn[17]
- Falco chrysaetos – golden eagleШаблон:Sfn
- Falco fulvus – synonym of golden eagleШаблон:Sfn[18]
- Falco canadensis – golden eagle (North American subspecies)[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Falco rusticolus – gyrfalconШаблон:Sfn
- Falco barbarus – nomen dubiumШаблон:Sfn
- Falco caerulescens – collared falconetШаблон:Sfn
- Falco albicilla – white-tailed eagle[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Falco pygargus – Montagu's harrierШаблон:Sfn
- Falco milvus – red kiteШаблон:Sfn
- Falco forficatus – swallow-tailed kite[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Falco gentilis – northern goshawkШаблон:Sfn[19]
- Falco subbuteo – Eurasian hobbyШаблон:Sfn
- Falco buteo – common buzzardШаблон:Sfn
- Falco tinnunculus – common kestrelШаблон:Sfn
- Falco sufflator – synonym of the laughing falconШаблон:Sfn[20]
- Falco cachinnans – laughing falconШаблон:Sfn[20]
- Falco sparverius – American kestrel[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Falco columbarius – merlinШаблон:Sfn
- Falco lanarius – perhaps a juvenile gyrfalconШаблон:Sfn[21]
- Falco haliaetus – ospreyШаблон:Sfn
- Falco gyrfalco – synonym of the gyrfalconШаблон:Sfn[22]
- Falco apivorus – European honey buzzardШаблон:Sfn
- Falco aeruginosus – western marsh harrierШаблон:Sfn
- Falco palumbarius – synonym of the northern goshawk[23]Шаблон:Sfn
- Falco nisus – Eurasian sparrowhawkШаблон:Sfn
- Strix (owls)
- Strix bubo – Eurasian eagle-owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix scandiaca – snowy owl[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Strix asio – eastern screech owl[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Strix otus – long-eared owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix scops – Eurasian scops-owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix aluco – tawny owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix funerea – Boreal owl or Tengmalm's owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix nyctea - synonym of the snowy owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix stridula – synonym of the tawny owlШаблон:Sfn[24]
- Strix ulula – northern hawk-owlШаблон:Sfn
- Strix passerina – Eurasian pygmy owlШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius (shrikes)
- Lanius cristatus – brown shrikeШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius excubitor – great grey shrikeШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius collurio – red-backed shrikeШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius tyrannus – eastern kingbird[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Lanius carnifex – Guianan red cotingaШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius schach – long-tailed shrikeШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius senator – woodchat shrikeШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius caerulescens – white-bellied drongoШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius jocosus – red-whiskered bulbulШаблон:Sfn
- Lanius garrulus – Bohemian waxwingШаблон:Sfn
Picae
- Psittacus (parrots)
- Psittacus macao – scarlet macawШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus ararauna – blue-and-yellow macawШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus obscurus – nomen dubiumШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus nobilis – red-shouldered macawШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus severus – chestnut-fronted macawШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus borneus – red loryШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus solstitialis – sun parakeetШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus carolinensis – Carolina parakeet[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus alexandri – red-breasted parakeetШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus pertinax – brown-throated parakeetШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus canicularis – orange-fronted parakeetШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus aeruginosus – subspecies of brown-throated parakeetШаблон:Sfn[25]
- Psittacus rufirostris - nomen dubiumШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus ornatus – ornate lorikeetШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus agilis – black-billed amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus cristatus - nomen dubium
- Psittacus niger – lesser vasa parrotШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus sordidus – red-billed parrotШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus erythroleucus - nomen dubium
- Psittacus erithacus – grey parrotШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus garrulus – chattering loryШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus aurorae - nomen dubium
- Psittacus domicella – purple-naped loryШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus lory – black-capped loryШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus caerulocephalus - nomen dubium
- Psittacus leucocephalus – Cuban amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus aestivus – turquoise-fronted amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus paradisi - nomen dubiumШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus festivus – festive amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus brasiliensis – red-tailed amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus autumnalis – red-lored amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus accipitrinus – red-fan parrotШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus melanocephalus – black-headed parrotШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus collarius – yellow-billed amazonШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus pullarius – red-headed lovebirdШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus galgulus – blue-crowned hanging parrotШаблон:Sfn
- Psittacus passerinus – green-rumped parrotletШаблон:Sfn
- Ramphastos piperivorus – nomen dubiumШаблон:Sfn[27]
- Ramphastos tucanus – white-throated toucanШаблон:Sfn
- Ramphastos picatus – nomen dubiumШаблон:Sfn
- Ramphastos aracari – black-necked aracariШаблон:Sfn
- Buceros (hornbills)
- Buceros bicornis – great hornbillШаблон:Sfn
- Buceros rhinoceros – rhinoceros hornbillШаблон:Sfn
- Crotophaga (anis)
- Crotophaga ani – smooth-billed ani[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Corvus corax – common ravenШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus corone – carrion crowШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus frugilegus – rookШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus cornix – hooded crowШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus monedula – jackdawШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus benghalensis – Indian rollerШаблон:Sfn[28]
- Corvus glandarius – Eurasian jayШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus cristatus – blue jay[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Corvus caryocatactes – spotted nutcrackerШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus pica – European magpieШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus paradisi – Asian paradise-flycatcherШаблон:Sfn
- Corvus infaustus – Siberian jayШаблон:Sfn
- Coracias garrulus – European rollerШаблон:Sfn
- Coracias caffra - nomen dubium
- Coracias oriolus – golden orioleШаблон:Sfn
- Coracias galbula – Baltimore oriole[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Coracias aurea – masked bowerbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Coracias xanthornus – black-hooded orioleШаблон:Sfn
- Gracula (mynas)
- Gracula religiosa – common hill mynaШаблон:Sfn
- Gracula foetida – bare-necked fruitcrowШаблон:Sfn
- Gracula barita – nomen dubium, possibly Carib grackle[29]Шаблон:Sfn
- Gracula cristatella – crested mynaШаблон:Sfn[30]
- Gracula saularis – Oriental magpie robinШаблон:Sfn
- Gracula quiscula – common grackle[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Gracula atthis – common kingfisherШаблон:Sfn
- Paradisaea (birds-of-paradise)
- Paradisaea apoda – greater bird-of-paradiseШаблон:Sfn
- Paradisaea regia – king bird-of-paradiseШаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus (cuckoos)
- Cuculus canorus – common cuckooШаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus persa – Guinea turacoШаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus vetula – Jamaican lizard cuckooШаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus glandarius – great spotted cuckooШаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus scolopaceus – Asian koelШаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus niger - nomen dubium
- Cuculus americanus – yellow-billed cuckoo[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Cuculus auratus – northern flickerШаблон:Sfn
- Jynx (wrynecks)
- Jynx torquilla – Eurasian wryneckШаблон:Sfn
- Picus (woodpeckers)
- Picus martius – black woodpecker[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Picus principalis – ivory-billed woodpeckerШаблон:Sfn
- Picus pileatus – pileated woodpecker[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Picus hirundinaceus - nomen dubium
- Picus erythrocephalus – red-headed woodpecker[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Picus carolinus – red-bellied woodpecker[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Picus viridis – European green woodpeckerШаблон:Sfn
- Picus benghalensis – black-rumped flamebackШаблон:Sfn
- Picus semirostris – a "monstrosity"[31]Шаблон:Sfn
- Picus major – great spotted woodpeckerШаблон:Sfn
- Picus medius – middle spotted woodpeckerШаблон:Sfn
- Picus minor – lesser spotted woodpeckerШаблон:Sfn
- Picus tridactylus – Eurasian three-toed woodpecker[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Sitta (nuthatches)
- Sitta europaea – Eurasian nuthatchШаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo (kingfishers)
- Alcedo ispida – subspecies of common kingfisherШаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo erithaca – Oriental dwarf kingfisherШаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo alcyon – belted kingfisher[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo todus – Jamaican todyШаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo smyrnensis – white-throated kingfisherШаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo rudis – pied kingfisherШаблон:Sfn
- Alcedo dea – paradise jacamarШаблон:Sfn
- Merops (bee-eaters)
- Merops apiaster – European bee-eaterШаблон:Sfn
- Merops viridis – blue-throated bee-eaterШаблон:Sfn
- Merops cinereus – nomen dubium
- Merops cafer – Cape sugarbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Upupa (hoopoes)
- Upupa epops – Eurasian hoopoeШаблон:Sfn
- Upupa paradisea – nomen dubium
- Upupa eremita – northern bald ibisШаблон:Sfn
- Upupa pyrrhocorax – red-billed choughШаблон:Sfn
- Certhia (treecreepers)
- Certhia familiaris – Eurasian treecreeperШаблон:Sfn
- Certhia pusilla - nomen dubium
- Certhia caerulea – purple honeycreeperШаблон:Sfn
- Certhia cruentata – scarlet-backed flowerpeckerШаблон:Sfn
- Certhia flaveola – bananaquitШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus (hummingbirds)
- Trochilus paradiseus - nomen dubium
- Trochilus afer - nomen dubium
- Trochilus pella – crimson topazШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus polytmus – red-billed streamertailШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus forficatus – nomen dubium
- Trochilus colubris – ruby-throated hummingbird[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus ourissa - nomen dubium
- Trochilus mosquitus – ruby-topaz hummingbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus holosericeus – green-throated caribШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus mellisugus – blue-tailed emeraldШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus tomineo – nomen dubium
- Trochilus surinamensis – nomen dubium
- Trochilus niger – sooty barbthroatШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus mellivorus – white-necked jacobinШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus ruber – reddish hermitШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus mango – Jamaican mangoШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus cristatus – Antillean crested hummingbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Trochilus minimus – vervain hummingbirdШаблон:Sfn
Anseres
- Anas cygnus – whooper swanШаблон:Sfn
- Anas cygnoides – swan gooseШаблон:Sfn
- Anas tadorna – common shelduckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas spectabilis – king eider[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas fusca – velvet scoterШаблон:Sfn
- Anas nigra – common scoterШаблон:Sfn
- Anas anser – greylag gooseШаблон:Sfn
- Anas erythropus – lesser white-fronted goose[6]
- Anas canadensis – Canada goose[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas caerulescens – snow gooseШаблон:Sfn
- Anas bernicla – brant gooseШаблон:Sfn
- Anas mollissima – common eiderШаблон:Sfn
- Anas moschata – Muscovy duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas bahamensis – white-cheeked pintailШаблон:Sfn
- Anas albeola – buffleheadШаблон:Sfn
- Anas clypeata – northern shovelerШаблон:Sfn
- Anas platyrhynchos – mallard & domestic duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas strepera – gadwallШаблон:Sfn
- Anas bucephala – synonym of common goldeneye[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas clangula – common goldeneyeШаблон:Sfn
- Anas rustica – synonym of bufflehead[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas perspicillata – surf scoter[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas glaucion – synonym common goldeneyeШаблон:Sfn
- Anas penelope – Eurasian wigeonШаблон:Sfn
- Anas acuta – northern pintailШаблон:Sfn
- Anas hyemalis – long-tailed duck[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas ferina – common pochardШаблон:Sfn
- Anas querquedula – garganeyШаблон:Sfn
- Anas crecca – common tealШаблон:Sfn
- Anas histrionica – harlequin duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas minuta – synonym of harlequin duck[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas circia – synonym of garganeyШаблон:Sfn
- Anas autumnalis – black-bellied whistling duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas boschas – synonym of mallard & domestic duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas adunca – synonym of mallard & domestic duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas galericulata – Mandarin duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas sponsa – wood duck[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Anas arborea – West Indian whistling duckШаблон:Sfn
- Anas fuligula – tufted duckШаблон:Sfn
- Mergus (mergansers)
- Mergus cucullatus – hooded merganser[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Mergus merganser – common merganserШаблон:Sfn
- Mergus serrator – red-breasted merganserШаблон:Sfn
- Mergus albellus – smewШаблон:Sfn
- Mergus minutus – synonym for the smewШаблон:Sfn
- Alca (auks)
- Alca torda – razorbillШаблон:Sfn
- Alca impennis – great aukШаблон:Sfn
- Alca arctica – Atlantic puffinШаблон:Sfn
- Alca lomvia – thick-billed murreШаблон:Sfn
- Alca grylle – black guillemotШаблон:Sfn
- Alca alle – little auk[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Procellaria (petrels)
- Procellaria pelagica – European storm petrelШаблон:Sfn
- Procellaria aequinoctialis – white-chinned petrelШаблон:Sfn
- Procellaria capensis – Cape petrelШаблон:Sfn
- Diomedea (albatrosses & penguins)
- Diomedea exulans – wandering albatrossШаблон:Sfn
- Diomedea demersa – African penguinШаблон:Sfn
- Pelecanus (pelicans & kin)
- Pelecanus onocrotalus – great white pelicanШаблон:Sfn
- Pelecanus aquilus – Ascension frigatebirdШаблон:Sfn
- Pelecanus carbo – great cormorantШаблон:Sfn
- Pelecanus bassanus – northern gannet[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Pelecanus piscator
- Phaethon (tropicbirds)
- Phaethon aethereus – red-billed tropicbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Phaethon demersus – southern rockhopper penguin (now Eudyptes chrysocome, (Forster, JR, 1781))[32]Шаблон:Sfn
- Colymbus arcticus – black-throated loon[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Colymbus cristatus – great crested grebeШаблон:Sfn
- Colymbus auritus – horned grebe[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Colymbus podiceps – pied-billed grebeШаблон:Sfn
- Larus (gulls)
- Larus tridactylus – black-legged kittiwakeШаблон:Sfn
- Larus canus – common gullШаблон:Sfn
- Larus marinus – great black-backed gullШаблон:Sfn
- Larus fuscus – lesser black-backed gullШаблон:Sfn
- Larus atricilla – laughing gull[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Larus parasiticus – parasitic jaeger[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Sterna (terns)
- Sterna stolida – brown noddy[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Sterna hirundo – common ternШаблон:Sfn
- Sterna nigra – black ternШаблон:Sfn
- Rynchops (skimmers)
- Rynchops nigra – black skimmerШаблон:Sfn
- Rynchops fulva – synonym of black skimmerШаблон:Sfn
Grallae
- Phoenicopterus (flamingoes)
- Phoenicopterus ruber – American flamingo[6]Шаблон:Sfn
- Platalea (spoonbills)
- Platalea leucorodia – Eurasian spoonbillШаблон:Sfn
- Platalea ajaja – roseate spoonbillШаблон:Sfn
- Platalea pygmea – spoon-billed sandpiperШаблон:Sfn
- Mycteria (storks)
- Mycteria americana – wood storkШаблон:Sfn
- Tantalus
- Tantalus loculator – the "wood ibis", a synonym for the wood storkШаблон:Sfn[34]
- Ardea pavonina – black crowned craneШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea virgo – demoiselle craneШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea canadensis – sandhill craneШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea grus – common craneШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea americana – whooping craneШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea antigone – sarus craneШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea ciconia – white storkШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea nigra – black storkШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea nycticorax – black-crowned night heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea cinerea – grey heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea herodias – great blue heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea violacea – yellow-crowned night heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea caerulea – little blue heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea striata – striated heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea virescens – green heronШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea stellaris – Eurasian bitternШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea alba – great egretШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea ibis – cattle egretШаблон:Sfn
- Ardea aequinoctialis
- Scolopax rubra – scarlet ibisШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax alba – American white ibisШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax fusca – synonym of American white ibisШаблон:Sfn[35]
- Scolopax totanus – common redshankШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax arquata – Eurasian curlewШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax phaeopus – whimbrelШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax rusticola – Eurasian woodcockШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax fedoa – marbled godwitШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax glottis – common greenshank (now Tringa nebularia)Шаблон:Sfn[36]
- Scolopax limosa – black-tailed godwitШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax gallinago – common snipeШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax lapponica – bar-tailed godwitШаблон:Sfn
- Scolopax aegocephala – synonym of bar-tailed godwitШаблон:Sfn[37]
- Scolopax haemastica – Hudsonian godwitШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa (phalaropes and sandpipers)
- Tringa pugnax – ruffШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa vanellus – northern lapwingШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa gambetta – synonym of the common redshankШаблон:Sfn[38]
- Tringa interpres – ruddy turnstoneШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa lobata – red-necked phalaropeШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa fulicaria – red phalaropeШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa alpina – dunlinШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa ocrophus – green sandpiperШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa hypoleucos – common sandpiperШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa canutus – red knotШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa glareola – wood sandpiperШаблон:Sfn
- Tringa littorea – synonym of wood sandpiperШаблон:Sfn[39][40]
- Tringa squatarola – grey ploverШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius (plovers)
- Charadrius cristatus
- Charadrius hiaticula – ringed ploverШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius alexandrinus – Kentish ploverШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius vociferus – killdeerШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius aegyptius – Egyptian ploverШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius morinellus – Eurasian dotterelШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius apricarius – European golden ploverШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius pluvialis – synonym European golden plover[41]Шаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius oedicnemus – Eurasian stone-curlewШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius himantopus – black-winged stiltШаблон:Sfn
- Charadrius spinosus – spur-winged lapwingШаблон:Sfn
- Recurvirostra (avocets)
- Recurvirostra avosetta – pied avocetШаблон:Sfn
- Haematopus (oystercatchers)
- Haematopus ostralegus – Eurasian oystercatcherШаблон:Sfn
- Fulica (coots & kin)
- Fulica atra – Eurasian cootШаблон:Sfn
- Fulica chloropus – common moorhenШаблон:Sfn
- Fulica porphyrio – western swamphenШаблон:Sfn
- Fulica spinosa – northern jacanaШаблон:Sfn
- Rallus (rails)
- Rallus crex – corn crakeШаблон:Sfn
- Rallus aquaticus – water railШаблон:Sfn
- Rallus lariformis
- Rallus benghalensis – greater painted snipeШаблон:Sfn
- Rallus carolinus – soraШаблон:Sfn
- Psophia (trumpeters)
- Psophia crepitans – grey-winged trumpeterШаблон:Sfn
- Otis (bustards)
- Otis tarda – great bustardШаблон:Sfn
- Otis arabs – Arabian bustardШаблон:Sfn
- Otis tetrax – little bustardШаблон:Sfn
- Otis afra – southern black korhaanШаблон:Sfn
- Struthio (ratites)
- Struthio camelus – ostrichШаблон:Sfn
- Struthio casuarius – southern cassowaryШаблон:Sfn
- Struthio americanus – greater rheaШаблон:Sfn
- Struthio cucullatus – dodoШаблон:Sfn
Gallinae
- Pavo (peafowl)
- Pavo cristatus – Indian peafowlШаблон:Sfn
- Pavo bicalcaratus – grey peacock-pheasantШаблон:Sfn
- Meleagris (turkeys)
- Meleagris gallopavo – wild turkeyШаблон:Sfn
- Meleagris cristata
- Meleagris satyra – satyr tragopanШаблон:Sfn
- Crax (curassows)
- Crax nigra
- Crax rubra – great curassowШаблон:Sfn
- Phasianus gallus – red junglefowl & domesticated chickenШаблон:Sfn
- Phasianus meleagris – helmeted guineafowlШаблон:Sfn
- Phasianus colchicus – common pheasantШаблон:Sfn
- Phasianus pictus – golden pheasantШаблон:Sfn
- Phasianus nycthemerus – silver pheasantШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao (grouse & kin)
- Tetrao urogallus – western capercaillieШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao tetrix – black grouseШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao canadensis – spruce grouseШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao lagopus – willow ptarmiganШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao phasianellus – sharp-tailed grouseШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao cupido – greater prairie chickenШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao bonasia – hazel grouseШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao rufus – red-legged partridgeШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao perdix – grey partridgeШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao virginianus – northern bobwhiteШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao marilandicus – synonym of northern bobwhiteШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao orientalis – black-bellied sandgrouseШаблон:Sfn
- Tetrao coturnix – common quailШаблон:Sfn
Passeres
- Columba oenas – stock doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba domestica – alternative name for the rock dove (Columba livia Gmelin JF, 1789)Шаблон:Sfn[42][43][44]
- Columba gutturosa – pouter, a breed of rock doveШаблон:Sfn[42]
- Columba cucullata – Jacobin pigeon, a breed of rock doveШаблон:Sfn[42]
- Columba turbita – turbit, a breed of rock doveШаблон:Sfn[42]
- Columba tremula – broad-tailed shaker, a breed of rock doveШаблон:Sfn[42]
- Columba tabellaria – homing pigeon, a breed of rock dove[42]Шаблон:Sfn
- Columba montana – ruddy quail-doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba asiatica – white-winged doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba guinea – speckled pigeonШаблон:Sfn
- Columba hispanica - Roman pigeon, a breed of rock dove[42]Шаблон:Sfn
- Columba palumbus – common wood pigeonШаблон:Sfn
- Columba cyanocephala – blue-headed quail-doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba leucocephala – white-crowned pigeonШаблон:Sfn
- Columba leucoptera - synonym white-winged doveШаблон:Sfn[45]
- Columba nicobarica – Nicobar pigeonШаблон:Sfn
- Columba macroura – mourning doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba sinica - China dove, unknown and possibly extinct species[46][47]
- Columba indica – emerald doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba hispida - silky feathered pigeon, a breed of rock dove[42]Шаблон:Sfn
- Columba turtur – European turtle doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba risoria – Barbary doveШаблон:Sfn
- Columba passerina – common ground doveШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda arvensis – Eurasian skylarkШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda pratensis – meadow pipitШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda arborea – woodlarkШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda campestris – tawny pipitШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda trivialis – tree pipitШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda cristata – crested larkШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda spinoletta – water pipitШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda alpestris – shore larkШаблон:Sfn
- Alauda magna – eastern meadowlarkШаблон:Sfn
- Sturnus (starlings)
- Sturnus vulgaris – European starlingШаблон:Sfn
- Sturnus luteolus – synonym for the black-hooded orioleШаблон:Sfn[48]
- Sturnus contra – Asian pied starlingШаблон:Sfn
- Sturnus cinclus – white-throated dipperШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus (thrushes & kin)
- Turdus viscivorus – mistle thrushШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus pilaris – fieldfareШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus iliacus – redwingШаблон:Sfn[Note 6]
- Turdus musicus – a suppressed name for the song thrush (now Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831)Шаблон:Sfn[Note 6]
- Turdus canorus – Chinese hwameiШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus rufus – brown thrasherШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus polyglottos – northern mockingbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus orpheus – subspecies of northern mockingbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus plumbeus – red-legged thrushШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus crinitus – great crested flycatcherШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus roseus – rosy starlingШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus merula – common blackbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus torquatus – ring ouzelШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus solitarius – blue rock thrushШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus arundinaceus – great reed warblerШаблон:Sfn
- Turdus virens – yellow-breasted chatШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia (cardinals, bullfinches & kin)
- Loxia curvirostra – common crossbillШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia coccothraustes – hawfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia enucleator – pine grosbeakШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia pyrrhula – Eurasian bullfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia cardinalis – northern cardinalШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia dominicana – red-cowled cardinalШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia cristata
- Loxia mexicana
- Loxia eryocephala – red-headed finch (a misspelling of erythrocephala)Шаблон:Sfn
- Loxia flavicans
- Loxia oryzivora – Java sparrowШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia panicivora
- Loxia punctulata – scaly-breasted muniaШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia hordeacea – black-winged red bishopШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia sanguinirostris
- Loxia astrild – common waxbillШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia cyanea – suppressed name for the ultramarine grosbeakШаблон:Sfn[51][52]
- Loxia lineola – lined seedeaterШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia mexicana
- Loxia chloris – European greenfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia butyracea
- Loxia collaria
- Loxia benghalensis – black-breasted weaverШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia malabarica – Indian silverbillШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia fusca
- Loxia melanocephala – black-headed weaverШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia cana
- Loxia nigra – Cuban bullfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia caerulea – blue grosbeakШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia violacea – Greater Antillean bullfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia minuta – ruddy-breasted seedeaterШаблон:Sfn
- Loxia bicolor
- Emberiza (buntings)
- Emberiza nivalis – snow buntingШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza calandra – corn buntingШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza hortulana – ortolan buntingШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza citrinella – yellowhammerШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza orix – southern red bishopШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza quelea – red-billed queleaШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza militaris – red-breasted blackbirdШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza atrata
- Emberiza familiaris
- Emberiza flaveola
- Emberiza psittacea
- Emberiza paradisaea – long-tailed paradise whydahШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza ciris – painted buntingШаблон:Sfn
- Emberiza alario – black-headed canaryШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla (finches & kin)
- Fringilla oryzivora – bobolinkШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla coelebs – common chaffinchШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla montifringilla – bramblingШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla lulensis
- Fringilla lapponica – Lapland longspurШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla sylvatica
- Fringilla melancholica
- Fringilla erythrophthalma – eastern towheeШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla carduelis – European goldfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla melba – green-winged pytiliaШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla amandava – red muniaШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla gyrola – bay-headed tanagerШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla rubra – summer tanagerШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla tristis – American goldfinchШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla zena – western spindalisШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla brasiliana
- Fringilla butyracea
- Fringilla canaria – canaryШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla spinus – Eurasian siskinШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla flammea – common redpollШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla flavirostris – twiteШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla cannabina – linnetШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla linaria
- Fringilla angolensis – blue-breasted cordon-bleuШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla violacea – violaceous euphoniaШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla schoeniclus – reed buntingШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla domestica – house sparrowШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla montana – Eurasian tree sparrowШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla chinensis
- Fringilla hyemalis – dark-eyed juncoШаблон:Sfn
- Fringilla zena – repeat of binomial name for western spindalis aboveШаблон:Sfn[Note 7]
- Motacilla (wagtails)
- Motacilla luscinia – thrush nightingaleШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla calidris – [nomen dubium][22]Шаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla modularis – dunnockШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla schoenobaenus – sedge warblerШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla campestris – orangequitШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla curruca – lesser whitethroatШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla hippolais
- Motacilla salicaria
- Motacilla sylvia
- Motacilla philomela
- Motacilla ficedula
- Motacilla alba – white wagtailШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla flava – yellow wagtailШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla tiphia – common ioraШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla ruticilla – American redstartШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla hispanica – black-eared wheatearШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla oenanthe – northern wheatearШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla rubetra – whinchatШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla atricapilla – blackcapШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla emeria – subspecies of red-whiskered bulbulШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla phoenicurus – common redstartШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla erithacus
- Motacilla titys – female of the common redstart[55]Шаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla svecica – bluethroatШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla sialis – eastern bluebirdШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla velia – opal-rumped tanagerШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla spiza – green honeycreeperШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla rubecula – European robinШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla troglodytes – Eurasian wrenШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla regulus – goldcrestШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla trochilus – willow warblerШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla acredula – subspecies of willow warblerШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla pendulinus – European penduline titШаблон:Sfn
- Motacilla minuta
- Parus cristatus – crested titШаблон:Sfn
- Parus major – great titШаблон:Sfn
- Parus americanus – northern parulaШаблон:Sfn
- Parus caeruleus – blue titШаблон:Sfn
- Parus ater – coal titШаблон:Sfn
- Parus palustris – marsh titШаблон:Sfn
- Parus caudatus – long-tailed titШаблон:Sfn
- Parus biarmicus – bearded reedlingШаблон:Sfn
- Parus pipra – white-crowned manakinШаблон:Sfn
- Parus erythrocephalus – golden-headed manakinШаблон:Sfn
- Parus aureola – crimson-hooded manakinШаблон:Sfn
- Parus cela – yellow-rumped caciqueШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo rustica – barn swallowШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo esculenta – glossy swiftletШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo urbica – common house martinШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo riparia – sand martinШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo apus – common swiftШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo subis – purple martinШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo pelagica – chimney swiftШаблон:Sfn
- Hirundo melba – alpine swiftШаблон:Sfn
- Caprimulgus (nightjars)
- Caprimulgus europaeus – European nightjarШаблон:Sfn
- Caprimulgus americanus – Jamaican pauraqueШаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Sources
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 6,00 6,01 6,02 6,03 6,04 6,05 6,06 6,07 6,08 6,09 6,10 6,11 6,12 6,13 6,14 6,15 6,16 6,17 6,18 6,19 6,20 6,21 6,22 6,23 6,24 6,25 6,26 6,27 6,28 6,29 6,30 6,31 6,32 6,33 6,34 6,35 6,36 6,37 6,38 6,39 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal Cited in: Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 42,0 42,1 42,2 42,3 42,4 42,5 42,6 42,7 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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- 10th edition of Systema Naturae
- Animals described in 1758
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
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