Английская Википедия:Avignon

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:For Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox French commune Avignon (Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1][2][3] Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:Lang-oc Шаблон:Small or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Small, Шаблон:IPA; Шаблон:Lang-la) is the prefecture of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France. Located on the left bank of the river Rhône, the commune had a population of 93,671 as of the census results of 2017, with about 16,000 (estimate from Avignon's municipal services) living in the ancient town centre enclosed by its medieval walls. It is France's 35th-largest metropolitan area according to INSEE with 337,039 inhabitants (2020),[4] and France's 13th-largest urban unit with 459,533 inhabitants (2020).[5] Its urban area was the fastest-growing in France from 1999 until 2010 with an increase of 76% of its population and an area increase of 136%.[6] The Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, a cooperation structure of 16 communes, had 197,102 inhabitants in 2022.[7]

Between 1309 and 1377, during the Avignon Papacy, seven successive popes resided in Avignon and in 1348 Pope Clement VI bought the town from Joanna I of Naples. Papal control persisted until 1791 when during the French Revolution it became part of France. The city is now the capital of the Vaucluse department and one of the few French cities to have preserved its city walls. This is why Avignon is also known as 'La Cité des PapesШаблон:' (The City-State of Popes).

The historic centre, which includes the Шаблон:Lang, the cathedral and the Pont d'Avignon, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its architecture and importance during the 14th and 15th centuries.[8] The medieval monuments and the annual Festival d'Avignon (commonly called: "Avignon Festival") and its accompanying Festival Off Avignon—one of the world's largest festivals for performing arts,[9][10][11] have helped to make the town a major centre for tourism.

Toponymy

The earliest forms of the name were reported by the Greeks:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang Aueniṑn (Stephen of Byzantium, Strabo, IV, 1, 11) and Шаблон:Lang Aouenníōn (Ptolemy II, x).

The Roman name Avennĭo Cavărum (Mela, II, 575, Pliny III, 36), i.e. "Avignon of Cavares", accurately shows that Avignon was one of the three cities of the Celtic-Ligurian tribe of Cavares, along with Cavaillon and Orange.

The current name dates to a pre-Indo-EuropeanШаблон:Sfn or pre-LatinШаблон:Sfn theme ab-ên with the suffix -i-ōn(e).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This theme would be a hydronym—i.e. a name linked to the river (Rhône), but perhaps also an oronym of terrain (the Rocher des Doms).

The Auenion of the 1st century BC was Latinized to Avennĭo (or Avēnĭo), -ōnis in the 1st century and is written Avinhon in classic Occitan spelling[12] or Avignoun in Mistralian spelling.Шаблон:Sfn The inhabitants of the commune are called avinhonencs or avignounen in both standard Occitan and Provençal dialect.

History

Шаблон:Main

Geography

Avignon is on the left bank of the Rhône river, a few kilometres above its confluence with the Durance, about Шаблон:Cvt south-east of Paris, Шаблон:Cvt south of Lyon and Шаблон:Cvt north-north-west of Marseille. On the west it shares a border with the department of Gard and the communes of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and Les Angles and to the south it borders the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and the communes of Barbentane, Rognonas, Châteaurenard, and Noves.

The city is in the vicinity of Orange (north), Nîmes, Montpellier (south-west), Arles (to the south), Salon-de-Provence, and Marseille (south-east). Directly contiguous to the east and north are the communes of Caumont-sur-Durance, Morières-lès-Avignon, Le Pontet, and Sorgues.

Geology and terrain

Файл:P1280052 - Avignon.JPG
Aerial view of Avignon

The region around Avignon is very rich in limestone which is used for building material. For example, the current city walls, measuring 4,330 metres long, were built with the soft limestone abundant in the region called mollasse burdigalienne.[13]

Enclosed by the city walls, the Rocher des Doms is a limestone elevation of Urgonian type, 35 metres high[14] (and therefore safe from flooding of the Rhone which it overlooks) and is the original core of the city. Several limestone massifs are present around the commune (the Massif des Angles, Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, Alpilles...) and they are partly the result of the oceanisation of the Ligurian-Provençal basin following the migration of the Sardo-Corsican block.[13]

The other significant elevation in the commune is the Montfavet Hill—a wooded hill in the east of the commune.[13]

The Rhone Valley is an old alluvial zone: loose deposits cover much of the ground. It consists of sandy alluvium more or less coloured with pebbles consisting mainly of siliceous rocks. The islands in the Rhone, such as the Île de la Barthelasse, were created by the accumulation of alluvial deposits and also by the work of man. The relief is quite low despite the creation of mounds allowing local protection from flooding.[13]

In the land around the city there are clay, silt, sand, and limestone present.[13]

Hydrography

Файл:Vue des ponts d'Avignon par JM Rosier.JPG
Bridges on the Grand Rhône.
Файл:Pont d'Avignon.jpg
The Pont d'Avignon on the Petit Rhône. In the background is Mont Ventoux.

The Rhone passes the western edge of the city, but is divided into two branches: the Petit Rhône, or "dead arm", for the part that passes next to Avignon and the Grand Rhône, or "live arm", for the western channel which passes Villeneuve-lès-Avignon in the Gard department. The two branches are separated by an island, the Île de la Barthelasse. The southernmost tip of the Île de la Barthelasse once formed of a separated island, the L'Île de Piot.[15]

The banks of the Rhone and the Île de la Barthelasse are often subject to flooding during autumn and March. The publication Floods in France since the 6th century until today – research and documentationШаблон:Sfn by Maurice Champion tells about a number of them (until 1862, the flood of 1856 was one of the largest, which destroyed part of the walls). They have never really stopped as shown by the floods in 1943–1944[16] and again on 23 January 1955[17] and remain important today—such as the floods of 2 December 2003.[18] As a result, a new risk mapping has been developed.

The Durance flows along the southern boundary of the commune into the Rhone and marks the departmental boundary with Bouches-du-Rhône.[19] It is a river that is considered "capricious" and once feared for its floods (it was once called the "3rd scourge of Provence"Шаблон:Efn as well as for its low water: the Durance has both Alpine and Mediterranean morphology which is unusual.

There are many natural and artificial water lakes in the commune such as the Lake of Saint-Chamand east of the city.

Artificial diversions

Файл:Moulin Parc chico mendes 6.jpg
A mill on the Vaucluse Canal in the Pont des 2 eaux district

There have been many diversions[20] throughout the course of history, such as feeding the moat surrounding Avignon or irrigating crops.

In the 10th century part of the waters from the Sorgue d'Entraigues were diverted and today pass under the walls to enter the city. (See Sorgue). This watercourse is called the Vaucluse Canal but Avignon people still call it the Sorgue or Sorguette. It is visible in the city in the Rue des teinturiers (street of dyers). It fed the moat around the first defensive walls then fed the moat on the newer eastern city walls (14th century). [21] In the 13th century (under an Act signed in 1229) part of the waters of the Durance were diverted to increase the water available for the moats starting from Bonpas. This river was later called the Durançole. Шаблон:Citation needed The Durançole fed the western moats of the city and was also used to irrigate crops at Montfavet. In the city, these streams are often hidden beneath the streets and houses and are currently used to collect sewerage. Шаблон:Citation needed

The Hospital Canal (joining the Durançole) and the Crillon Canal (1775) were dug to irrigate the territories of Montfavet, Pontet, and Vedène. Шаблон:Citation needed They were divided into numerous "fioles" or "filioles" (in Provençal filhòlas or fiolo). Similarly, to irrigate the gardens of the wealthy south of Avignon, the Puy Canal was dug (1808). All of these canals took their water from the Durance. These canals were initially used to flood the land, which was very stony, to fertilize them by deposition of silt. Шаблон:Citation needed

All of these canals have been used to operate many mills.

Seismicity

Файл:Clocher de l'église des Augustins (Place des Carmes) Avignon, by JM Rosier.JPG
The leaning bell tower of the Church of the Augustinians.

Under the new seismic zoning of France defined in Decree No. 2010-1255 of 22 October 2010 concerning the delimitation of the seismicity of the French territory and which entered into force on 1 May 2011, Avignon is located in an area of moderate seismicity. The previous zoning is shown below for reference.

"The cantons of Bonnieux, Apt, Cadenet, Cavaillon, and Pertuis are classified in zone Ib (low risk). All other cantons the Vaucluse department, including Avignon, are classified Ia (very low risk). This zoning is for exceptional seismicity resulting in the destruction of buildings."[22]

The presence of faults in the limestone substrate shows that significant tectonic shift has caused earthquakes in different geological ages. The last major earthquake of significant magnitude was on 11 June 1909.Шаблон:Efn It left a visible trace in the centre of the city since the bell tower of the Augustinians, which is surmounted by an ancient campanile of wrought iron, located in Rue Carreterie, remained slightly leaning as a result of this earthquake.

Шаблон:Main

Climate

Avignon has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), though the dry-summer effect is not as strong as coastal locations like Marseille due to its more sheltered inland location. With mild-cool winters and hot summers, with moderate rainfall year-round. July and August are the hottest months with average daily maximum temperatures of around 28 °C, and January and February the coldest with average daily maximum temperatures of around 9 °C. The wettest month is September, with a rain average of 102 millimetres, and the driest month is July, when the monthly average rainfall is 37 millimetres. The city is often subject to windy weather; the strongest wind is the mistral. A medieval Latin proverb said of the city: Avenie ventosa, sine vento venenosa, cum vento fastidiosa (Windy Avignon, pest-ridden when there is no wind, wind-pestered when there is).Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Weather box

According to Météo-France the number of days per year with rain above 2.5 litres per square metre is 45 and the amount of water, rain and snow combined is 660 litres per square metre. Average temperatures vary between 0 and 30 °C depending on the season. The record temperature record since the existence of the weather station at Orange is 40.7 °C on 26 July 1983 and the record lowest was −14.5 °C on 2 February 1956.[23]

The mistral

The prevailing wind is the mistral for which the windspeed can be beyond 110 km/h. It blows between 120 and 160 days per year with an average speed of 90 km/h in gusts.[24] The following table shows the different speeds of the mistral recorded by Orange and Carpentras Serres stations in the southern Rhone valley and its frequency in 2006. Normal corresponds to the average of the last 53 yearsШаблон:When from Orange weather reports and that of the last 42Шаблон:When at Carpentras.[25]

Legend: "=" same as normal; "+" higher than normal; "-" lower than normal

Speed of mistral winds in km/h
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Maximum recorded speed by month 106 127 119 97 94 144 90 90 90 87 91 118
Tendency: Days with speed
> Шаблон:Cvt 		-- +++ --- ++++ ++++ = = ++++ + --- = ++

Demographics

In 2017, the commune had 91,921 inhabitants. Шаблон:Historical populations

Administration

Avignon is the prefecture (capital) of Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region. It forms the core of the Grand Avignon metropolitan area (communauté d'agglomération), which comprises 15 communes on both sides of the river:[26]

List of mayors

List of successive mayors[27]

Шаблон:Hidden begin

From To Name
1790 1790 Jean-Baptiste d'Armand
1790 1791 Antoine Agricol Richard
1791 1792 Levieux-Laverne
1792 1793 Jean-Ettienne Duprat
1793 1793 Jean-André Cartoux
1793 1793 Jean-François ROCHETIN
1795 1795 Guillaume François Ignace Puy
1795 1796 Alexis Bruny
1796 1796 Père Minvielle
1796 1797 Faulcon
1797 1798 Père Minvielle
1798 1799 Cadet Garrigan
1799 1800 Père Niel
1800 1806 Guillaume François Ignace PUY
1806 1811 Agricol Joseph Xavier Bertrand
1811 1815 Guillaume François Ignace Puy
1815 1815 Hippolyte Roque de Saint-Pregnan
1815 1819 Charles de Camis-Lezan
1819 1820 Louis Duplessis de Pouzilhac
1820 1826 Charles Soullier
1826 1830 Louis Pertuis de Montfaucon
1830 1832 François Jillian
1832 1833 Balthazar Delorme
1834 1837 Hippolyte Roque de Saint-Pregnan
1837 1841 Dominique Geoffroy
1841 1843 Albert d'Olivier de Pezet
1843 1847 Eugène Poncet
1847 1848 Hyacinthe Chauffard
1848 1848 Alphonse Gent
1848 1848 Frédéric Granier
1848 1850 Gabriel Vinay
1850 1852 Martial BOSSE
1852 1853 Eugène Poncet
1853 1865 Paul Pamard
1865 1870 Paul Poncet
1870 1871 Paul Bourges
1871 1874 Paul Poncet
1874 1878 Roger du Demaine
1878 1881 Paul Poncet
1881 1881 Eugène Millo
1881 1884 Charles Deville
1884 1888 Paul Poncet
1888 1903 Gaston Pourquery de Boisserin
1903 1904 Alexandre Dibon
1904 1910 Henri Guigou
1910 1919 Louis Valayer
1919 1925 Ferdinand Bec
1925 1928 Louis Gros
1929 1940 Louis Nouveau

Шаблон:Hidden end

Mayors from 1940
From To Name Party
1940 1942 Jean Gauger
1942 1944 Edmond Pailheret
1944 1945 Louis Gros
1945 1947 Georges Pons
1947 1948 Paul Rouvier
1948 1950 Henri Mazo
1950 1953 Noël Hermitte
1953 1958 Edouard Daladier
1958 1983 Henri Duffaut PS
1983 1989 Jean-Pierre Roux RPR
1989 1995 Guy Ravier PS
1995 2014 Marie-José Roig UMP
2014 2026 Cécile Helle PS then DVG

Twin towns – sister cities

Шаблон:See also Avignon is twinned with:[28] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Evolution of the borders of the commune

Avignon absorbed Montfavet between 1790 and 1794 then ceded Morières-lès-Avignon in 1870 and Le Pontet in 1925.[29] On 16 May 2007 the commune of Les Angles in Gard ceded 13 hectares to Avignon.[30]

Area and population

The city of Avignon has an area of 64.78 km2 and a population of 92,078 inhabitants in 2010 and is ranked as follows:[30]

Rank Land Area Population Density
France 524th 46th 632nd
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 105th 5th 23rd
Vaucluse 6th 1st 2nd

Economy

Avignon is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vaucluse which manages the Avignon–Caumont Airport and the Avignon-Le Pontet Docks.

Avignon has 7,000 businesses, 1,550 associations, 1,764 shops, and 1,305 service providers.[31] The urban area has one of the largest catchment areas in Europe with more than 300,000 square metres of retail space and 469 m2 per thousand population against 270 on average in France.[32] The commercial area of Avignon Nord is one of the largest in Europe.[33]

The tertiary sector is the most dynamic in the department by far on the basis of the significant production of early fruit and vegetables in Vaucluse, The MIN (Market of National Importance) has become the pivotal hub of commercial activity in the department, taking precedence over other local markets (including that of Carpentras).

A Sensitive urban zone was created for companies wanting to relocate with exemptions from tax and social issues.[34] It is located south of Avignon between the city walls and the Durance located in the districts of Croix Rouge, Monclar, Saint-Chamand, and La Rocade.[35]

Areas of economic activity

There are nine main areas of economic activity in Avignon.[36]

The Courtine area is the largest with nearly 300 businesses (of which roughly half are service establishments, one third are shops, and the rest related to industry) and more than 3,600 jobs.[36] The site covers an area of 300 hectares and is located south-west of the city at the TGV railway station.

Then comes the Fontcouverte area with a hundred establishments representing a thousand jobs. It is, however, more oriented towards shops than the Courtine area.[36]

The MIN area of Avignon is the Agroparc areaШаблон:Efn (or "Technopole Agroparc"). The Cristole area is contiguous and both have a little less than a hundred establishments.[36]

Finally, the areas of Castelette, Croix de Noves, Realpanier, and the airport each have fewer than 25 establishments spread between service activities and shops. The area of the Castelette alone represents more than 600 jobs—i.e. 100 more than Cristole.[36]

Tourism

Four million visitors come annually to visit the city and the region and also for its Festival d'Avignon.[31] In 2011 the most visited tourist attraction was the Palais des Papes with 572,972 paying visitors.[37] The annual Festival d'Avignon is the most important cultural event in the city. The official festival attracted 135,800 people in 2012.[37]

Файл:Viking Burgundy (ship, 2000) 001.jpg
A cruise boat at the quay at Avignon.

River tourism began in 1994 with three river boat-hotels. Шаблон:Citation needed In 2011 there is a fleet of 21 river boat-hotel vessels, including six sight-seeing boats which are anchored on the quay along the Oulle walkways. In addition, a free shuttle boat connects Avignon to the Île de la Barthelasse and, as of 1987, a harbor master has managed all river traffic.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.[38]

Agriculture

Файл:Fruits et légumes aux Halles.jpg
Fruit and vegetables at the markets of Avignon

The city is the headquarters of the International Association of the Mediterranean Tomato, the World Council of the Tomato Industry, and the Inter-Rhône organisation.

Industry

Only EDF (Grand Delta) with about 850 employees and Onet PropretéШаблон:Efn with just over 300 exceed 100 employees.[39]

Public sector (excluding government)

The Henri Duffaut hospital, the City of Avignon, and the CHS of Montfavet are the largest employers in the town with about 2,000 employees each. Then comes the General Council of Vaucluse with about 1,300 employees.[39]

Employment

In 2017 the unemployment rate was 26.0% while it was 20.7% in 2007.[40] There are 38,731 people in the Avignon workforce: 102 (0.3%) agricultural workers, 2,194 (5.7%) tradesmen, shopkeepers, and business managers, 5,598 (14.5%) managers and intellectuals, 8,486 (21.9%) middle managers, 11,734 (30.3%) employees, and 9,247 (23.9%) workers.[40]

Transport

Roads

Avignon is close to two motorways:

The main roads are:

The city has nine paid multi-storey car parks with a total of 7,100 spaces, multi-storey car parks under surveillance with a capacity for 2,050 cars with a free shuttle to the city centre, as well as five other free parking areas with a capacity of 900 cars.[41]

Railways

Avignon is served by two railway stations: the historic station built in 1860, the Gare d'Avignon-Centre, just outside the city walls, which can accommodate any type of train and, since 2001, the Gare d'Avignon TGV in the 'Courtine' district south of the city, on the LGV Méditerranée line. Since December 2013 the two stations have been connected by a link line—the Virgule. The Montfavet district, which was formerly a separate commune, also has a station.[42]

Airports

The Avignon - Caumont Airport on the south-eastern commune border has several international routes to England. The major airport in the region with domestic and international scheduled passenger service is the Marseille Provence Airport.

Water transport

Файл:Avignon - Navette Fluviale.JPG
A water taxi departing from its berth

The Rhône has for many centuries been an important means of transportation for the city. River traffic in Avignon has two commercial ports, docking stations for boat cruises, and various riverfront developments. A free shuttle boat has been established between the quay near the city walls and the opposite bank (the île de la Barthelasse).

Файл:StationVelopop.JPG
A vélopop cycle station next to the city walls

Public transport

Tecelys[43] via the Orizo network is the public transport operator for the commune of Avignon and its surrounding suburbs. Tecelys operates bus services (including BRT named Chron'hop[44]), as well as bike sharing and car pooling services. The first tram line opened in October 2019.[45][46]

Bicycles

Avignon has Шаблон:Cvt of bicycle paths.[31] In 2009 the TCRA (former public transport operator) introduced a bicycle sharing system called the Vélopop'.[47]

Cultural heritage

Avignon has a very large number of sites and buildings (177) that are registered as historical monuments.[48]

Файл:Avignon shops.jpg
Rue de la République, the city's central boulevard

In the part of the city within the walls the buildings are old but in most areas they have been restored or reconstructed (such as the post office and the Lycée Frédéric Mistral).[49] The buildings along the main street, Rue de la République, date from the Second Empire (1852–70) with Haussmann façades and amenities around Place de l'Horloge (the central square), the neoclassical city hall, and the theatre district.

Файл:Avignon statues.jpg
Statues gaze over the Place de l'Horloge in the town centre
Файл:Avignon facades.jpg
Paintings on the façades of buildings in the town centre

Listed below are the major sites of interest with those sites registered as historical monuments indicated:

The commune houses more than 500 historical objects, many of which religious.[70]

Gallery

Culture

Avignon Festival

Шаблон:Main A theatre festival is held annually in Avignon. Founded in 1947, the Festival d'Avignon (Avignon Festival) comprises traditional theatrical events as well as other art forms such as dance, music, and cinema, making use of the town's historical monuments. Every summer approximately 100,000 people attend the festival.[71] There are really two festivals that take place: the more formal "Festival In", which presents plays inside the Palace of the Popes and the more bohemian "Festival Off", which is known for its presentation of largely undiscovered plays and street performances.

Avignon festival was founded by Jean Vilar. This cultural initiative brought, year after year, a major economic boost to the city and to the region of Provence. Indeed, the tourists visiting Avignon during the month of July usually take benefit of their presence to go to the smaller villages around, to discover the local food, local wines, touristic activities, learn some French.

International Congress Centre

The centre was created in 1976 within the premises of the Palace of the Popes and hosts many events throughout the entire year. The Congress Centre, designed for conventions, seminars, and meetings for 10 to 550 persons, now occupies two wings of the Popes' Palace.[72]

"Sur le Pont d'Avignon"

Шаблон:Wide image

Avignon is commemorated by the French song 'Sur le Pont d'Avignon' ('On the bridge of Avignon'), which describes folk dancing. The song dates from the mid-19th century when Adolphe Adam included it in the Opéra comique Le Sourd ou l'Auberge Pleine, which was first performed in Paris in 1853. The opera was an adaptation of the 1790 comedy by Desforges.[73]

The bridge of the song is the Pont Saint-Bénézet over the Rhône, of which only four arches (out of the initial 22) now remain. A bridge across the Rhone was built between 1171 and 1185, with a length of some Шаблон:Convert, but was destroyed during the siege of Avignon by Louis VIII of France in 1226. It was rebuilt but suffered frequent collapses during floods and had to be continually repaired. Several arches were already missing (and spanned by wooden sections) before the remainder was abandoned in 1669.Шаблон:Sfn

Sport

Sporting Olympique Avignon is the local rugby league football team. During the 20th century it produced a number of French international representative players.

AC Arles-Avignon was a professional association football team. They competed in Ligue 2, after the 2010–2011 season competing in Ligue 1 and being relegated back down the following season and ultimately folding in 2016. They played at the Parc des Sports, which has a capacity of just over 17,000.

Education

The schools within the commune of Avignon are administered by the Académie d'Aix-Marseille. There are 26 state nursery schools (Écoles maternelles) for children up to 6, and 32 state primary schools (Écoles élémentaires) up to 11. There are also 4 private schools.[74]

University of Avignon

Шаблон:See also

Файл:UniversiteAvignon-Entree.jpg
Entrance to the main university building. This 18th century portico was once the entrance to the Hôpital Sainte-Marthe.

University before the Revolution

The medieval University of Avignon, formed from the existing schools of the city, was formally constituted in 1303 by Boniface VIII in a Papal Bull. Boniface VIII and King Charles II of Naples were the first great protectors and benefactors to the university. The Law department was the most important department covering both civil and ecclesiastical law. The law department existed nearly exclusively for some time after the university's formation and remained its most important department throughout its existence.[75]

In 1413 Pope John XXIII founded the university's department of theology, which for quite some time had only a few students. It was not until the 16th and 17th centuries that the school developed a department of medicine. The bishop of Avignon was chancellor of the university from 1303 to 1475. After 1475 the bishop became an archbishop but remained chancellor of the university. The papal vice-legate, generally a bishop, represented the civil power (in this case the pope) and was chiefly a judicial officer who ranked higher than the Primicerius (Rector).[75]

The Primicerius was elected by the Doctors of Law. In 1503 the Doctors of Law had 4 Theologians and in 1784 two Doctors of Medicine added to their ranks. Since the Pope was the spiritual head and, after 1348, the temporal ruler of Avignon, he was able to have a great deal of influence in all university affairs. In 1413 John XXIII granted the university extensive special privileges, such as university jurisdiction and tax exempt status. Political, geographical, and educational circumstances in the latter part of the university's existence caused it to seek favour from Paris rather than Rome for protection. During the chaos of the French Revolution the university started to gradually disappear and, in 1792, the university was abandoned and closed.[75]

Modern university

A university annex of the Faculté des Sciences d'Aix-Marseille was opened in Avignon in 1963. Over the next 20 years various changes were made to the provision of tertiary education in the town until finally in 1984 the Université d'Avignon et des Pays de Vaucluse was created. This was nearly 200 years after the demise of the original Avignon university.[76] The main campus lies to the east of the city centre within the city walls. The university occupies the 18th century buildings of the Hôpital Sainte-Marthe. The main building has an elegant façade with a central portico. The right hand side was designed by Jean-Baptiste Franque and built between 1743 and 1745. Franque was assisted by his son François in the design of the portico. The hospital moved out in the 1980s and, after major works, the building opened for students in 1997.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 2009–2010 there were 7,125 students registered at the university.[77]

Notable people

Файл:Bust of Claude-Joseph Vernet, 1783 CE. From Paris, France. By Louis-Simon Boizot. The Victoria and Albert Museum, London.jpg
Bust of Claude-Joseph Vernet, 1783
Файл:Olivier Messiaen (1986).jpg
Olivier Messiaen, 1986
Файл:Mireille Mathieu à Lille - 14 novembre 2014 (cropped).JPG
Mireille Mathieu, 2014
Файл:Chevalier de Folard.jpg
Chevalier de Folard
Файл:Réception pour les Français de Shanghai 20100430 - 21.jpg
Bernard Kouchner, 2010
Файл:René Girard.jpg
René Girard, 2007
Файл:Rio 2016. sx 223 (28237849084).jpg
Camille Ayglon, Rio 2016

The Arts

Music

Science & Business

Public service & the Church

Writing

Sport

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Geographic location

Шаблон:World Heritage Sites in France Шаблон:Prefectures of departments of France Шаблон:European Capital of Culture Шаблон:Vaucluse communes Шаблон:Historic Provinces of France


Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
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Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite LPD
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite EPD
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  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 Relief and Geology of the Avignon sector, Agence Rosier website (archived) Шаблон:In lang
  14. ↑ Avignon Encyclopedia Universalis website Шаблон:In lang
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Floods in Avignon, Institut national de l'audiovisuel video document, consulted on 19 July 2014 Шаблон:In lang
  17. ↑ Floods in Paris and Avignon, 23 January 1955, Institut national de l'audiovisuel video document JT 20h, ORTF, consulted on 19 July 2014 Шаблон:In lang
  18. ↑ Floods on 2 December 2003, Institut national de l'audiovisuel video document Шаблон:In lang
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Sandre
  20. ↑ The Street of Dyers – Avignon, avignon-et-provence.com website, consulted on 19 July 2014
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Regulatory Seismic Zoning of France, classed by cantons (as at the end of 1989) in the PACA rehion, p. 48. Шаблон:In lang
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Jean Vialar, Regional and local winds, 1948; reprinted by Météo-France in 2003. Шаблон:In lang
  25. ↑ Source: Inter Rhône technical services at Avignon Metereological data from 2006 Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
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  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  29. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ehess не указан текст
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Avignon, Town Hall Annual, consulted on 10 September 2010 Шаблон:In lang
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ A wall of commercial areas, journal le Ravi, November 2008 Шаблон:In lang
  33. ↑ It is the zone, article in the Provençal magazine le Ravi, September 2011
  34. ↑ The exemptions in the Sensitive urban zone of Avignon Шаблон:Webarchive Шаблон:In lang
  35. ↑ Maps and plans of the Sensitive urban zone of Avignon Шаблон:Webarchive, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vaucluse, consulted on 19 October 2011 Шаблон:In lang
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 36,3 36,4 Principal areas of activity in the department Шаблон:Webarchive, Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Vaucluse, consulted on 19 October 2011 Шаблон:In lang
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ 39,0 39,1 South INSEE the highest 10, October 1998, INSEE, consulted on 18 October 2011 Шаблон:In lang
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Dossier complet: Commune d'Avignon (84007), INSEE, retrieved 14 September 2020
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  51. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy Шаблон:Palissy Шаблон:In langШаблон:Camera
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  56. ↑ Шаблон:Base Mérimée
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  70. ↑ Шаблон:Search Palissy
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