Английская Википедия:Awjila
Шаблон:Infobox settlement Awjila (Berber: Awilan, Awjila, Awgila; Шаблон:Lang-ar; Latin: Augila) is an oasis town in the Al Wahat District in the Cyrenaica region of northeastern Libya. Since classical times it has been known as a place where high quality dates are farmed. From the Arab conquest in the 7th century, Islam has played an important role in the community. The oasis is located on the east-west caravan route between Egypt and Tripoli, Libya, and on the north-south route between Benghazi and the Sahel between Lake Chad and Darfur, and in the past was an important trading center. It is the place after which the Awjila language, an Eastern Berber language, is named. The people cultivate small gardens using water from deep wells. Recently, the oil industry has become an increasingly important source of employment.
Location
Awjila and the adjoining oasis of Jalu are isolated, the only towns on the desert highway between Ajdabiya, Шаблон:Convert to the northwest, and Kufra, Шаблон:Convert to the southeast.Шаблон:Sfn An 1872 account describes the cluster of three oases: the Aujilah oasis, Jalloo (Jalu) to the east and Leshkerreh (Jikharra) to the northeast. Each oasis had a small hill covered in date palm trees, surrounded by a plain of red sand impregnated with salts of soda.Шаблон:Sfn Between them these oases had a population of 9,000 to 10,000 people.Шаблон:Sfn The people of the oasis are mainly Berber, and some still speak a Berber-origin language.Шаблон:Sfn As of 2005 the Awjila language was highly endangered.Шаблон:Sfn
Climate
History
Classical times
The Awjila (Augila) oasis is mentioned by Herodotus (c. 484 – 425 BC). He describes the nomadic Nasamones who migrated between the coasts of Syrtis Major and the Augila oasis, where they may have exacted tribute from the local people.Шаблон:Sfn Herodotus says it was a journey of ten days from the oasis of Ammonium, modern Siwa, to the oasis of Augila.Шаблон:Fact This distance was confirmed by the German explorer Friedrich Hornemann (1772–1801), who covered the distance in nine days, although caravans normally take 13 days. In the summer the Nasamones left their flocks by the coast and travelled to the oasis to gather dates. There were other permanent inhabitants of the oasis.Шаблон:Sfn
Ptolemy (c. 90 – 168) implies that the Greek colonists had forced the Nasamones to leave the coast and take up residence in Augila.Шаблон:Sfn Procopius, writing around 562, says that even in his day sacrifices continued to be made to Ammon and to Alexander the Great of Macedon in two Libyan cities that were both called Augila. He was probably referring to what are now El Agheila on the Gulf of Sirte and the oasis of Awjilah.Шаблон:Fact According to Procopius the temples of the oasis were converted into Christian churches by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (c. 482 – 565).Шаблон:Sfn The 6th-century geographer Stephanus of Byzantium described Augila as a city.Шаблон:Sfn
Early Arab era
The Arabs launched a campaign against the Byzantine Empire soon after the Prophet Muhammad died in 632, quickly conquering Syria, Persia and Egypt. After occupying Alexandria in 643, they swept along the Mediterranean coast of Africa, taking Cyrenaica in 644, Tripolitania in 646 and Fezzan in 663.Шаблон:Sfn
The region around Awjila was conquered by Sidi ‘Abdullāh ibn Sa‘ad ibn Abī as-Sarḥ.Шаблон:Sfn He was the Prophet's companion and standard bearer, and an important saint. His tomb was established in Awjila around 650.Шаблон:Sfn A modern structure has since replaced the original tomb.Шаблон:Sfn The Sarahna family, who consider themselves the family of Sidi Abdullah, are the protectors of his tomb. When the Senussi center was established in Awjila in 1872, the Sarahna assumed the role of Islamic teachers.Шаблон:Sfn
After being introduced in the 7th century, Islam has always been a major influence on the life of the oasis. The Arab chronicler Al-Bakri says that there were already several mosques around the oasis by the 11th century.Шаблон:Sfn According to oral tradition, in the 12th century a learned man from the coast of Tripolitania said that there were forty shrines in Awjila, and forty saints hidden among the people of the oasis. By the late 1960s only sixteen shrines remained.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the saints in the surviving tombs lived during the early years of Islam, and the details of their life and even their family lineage have been forgotten.Шаблон:Sfn
Trading centre
In the 10th century Awjila was a stage on the trading route between the Ibadi Berber capital of ZuwaylaШаблон:Efn in the Fezzan and the newly established Fatimid capital of Cairo in Egypt.Шаблон:Sfn The east-west caravan route from Cairo to Tripoli, the Fezzan and Tunis went via Jaghbub, Jalu and Awjila.Шаблон:Sfn In the early Mamluk era (13th century), trade from Egypt was along a route that led via Awjila to the Fezzan, and then on to Kanem, Bornu and to cities such as Timbuktu on the Niger bend. Awjila became the main market for slaves from these regions.Шаблон:Sfn Most of these slaves supplied domestic needs.Шаблон:Sfn Gold was purchased from Bambouk and Bouré in what is now Senegal but then was part of the Mali Empire of the Mandinka people. In exchange, Egypt exported textiles.Шаблон:Sfn
During the Ottoman period in Egypt, Awjila lay on the route taken by pilgrims traveling from Timbuktu via Ghat, Ghadames and the Fezzan, avoiding the main Ottoman centers.Шаблон:Sfn In 1639 Awjila came under the rule of the Turkish ruler of Tripolitania, who stationed a permanent garrison at Benghazi.Шаблон:Sfn In the 18th century, the merchants of Awjila held a monopoly over the trade between Cairo and the Fezzan.Шаблон:Sfn Describing the trade between Egypt and Hausaland, Hornemann lists: Шаблон:Quote
Around 1810 a Majabra trader from Jalu named Schehaymah became lost while travelling to Wadai via Murzuk in the Fezzan. He was found by some Bidayat, who took him via Ounianga to Wara, the old capital of Wadai. The Sultan of Wadai, Abd al-Karim Sabun (1804–1815) agreed with Schehaymah's proposal to open a caravan route to Benghazi along a direct route through Kufra, and Awjila / Jalu. This new route would bypass both Fezzan and Darfur, states that until then had controlled the eastern Saharan trade. The first caravans travelled the route between 1809 and 1820.Шаблон:Sfn
The trade was disrupted for a while in the 1820s due to political instability in Wadai, but starting in the 1830s every two or three years a caravan would travel the route. Usually there were two or three hundred camels carrying ivory and skins, along with a batch of slaves.Шаблон:Sfn Trade increased from the 1860s. The main stations between Benghazi and the southern terminal at Abéché were the assembly point at Awjila / Jalu where the caravans were made up, and the center at Kufra where food and water could be obtained.Шаблон:Sfn Later the north-south route again grew in importance due to disruption of traffic on the Nile by the Mahdist revolution in the Sudan.Шаблон:Sfn
Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi stayed in Jalu and Awjila before opening his first lodge in al-Baida in 1843. Over the next ten years the lodges of the Senussi became established throughout the Bedouins of Cyrenaica.Шаблон:Sfn Later they spread the Senussi influence further south, helping quell violence and resolve trade disputes.Шаблон:Sfn Each post on the north-south route, including Awjila, was protected by a Senussi sheikh.Шаблон:Sfn As late as 1907, a significant amount of the trade passing through Benghazi was in goods carried over this route, and goods would also have been routed from interior points such as Awjila and Jalu east to Egypt and west to Tripoli.Шаблон:Sfn
Recent years
Today the main activities of the people in Awjila are agriculture and working for the oil sector companies, as this area is the cradle of Libyan wealth. The main crops are dates from the many varieties of palm trees, tomatoes, and cereals.Шаблон:Citation needed The Awjila oasis is known for the high quality of its dates.Шаблон:Sfn Starting in the 1960s, the oil industry drove growth in the once-sleepy village.Шаблон:Sfn In 1968 the population of the village was about 2,000 people, but by 1982 it had risen to over 4,000, supported by twelve mosques.Шаблон:Sfn A 2007 travel guide gives the population as 6,790.Шаблон:Sfn
The Great Mosque of Atiq is the oldest masjed (mosque) in the Sahara with its unique style of architecture with rooms that are naturally air conditioned. In the scorching heat of the summer days the rooms are cool and at night they are warm.Шаблон:Sfn The oasis was a destination for viewing the Solar eclipse of March 29, 2006.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Шаблон:Commons category Notes Шаблон:Notelist Citations Шаблон:Reflist Sources Шаблон:Refbegin
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:Catholic Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Al Wahat Шаблон:Authority control
