Английская Википедия:Azerbaijani-Mongolian cultural relations

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Multiple issues Участник:RMCD bot/subject notice

Файл:In the Court of Abu Saʿid, folio from a manuscript of Nigaristan, Iran, probably Shiraz, dated 1573-74.jpg
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan's palace. Literatures in Azerbaijani Turkish were improved in his period (1316–1335).Шаблон:Sfn

Azerbaijani–Mongolian cultural relations (Шаблон:Lang-azb, Шаблон:Lang-mn) started in 13th century with the Mongolian invasion of the areas currently populated by Azerbaijanis. Turkic and Mongolian migration to the area during the Ilkhanate era played major role in forming Azerbaijani people. During the time, Mongols migrated to the area converted to Islam and turkified. In this period Azerbaijani was called "Turkic of our state" by Ibn Muhanna's dictionary. Literatures were written in this language.

During the period of Ilkhanates Shamanist traditions became stronger and lived in folklore, culture, and mythology. In this era, process of conversion to Shia Islam in Iran and Azerbaijan has started. Later on, this became the base for the formation of Turcoman-shia states like Qara Qoyunlu and Safavids.

Orders of Ghazan and Öljaitü khans' and Genghis Khan's laws (Yassa) were used together with Islamic Sharia. During the period of Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu, Azerbaijani Turks considered those Yassas as their national law and remained loyal to it. Ilkhanates applied the Uighur variant of the twelve-animal calendar, which was used until the fall of Qajars. There are toponyms from the Mongol period in the territory of modern Azerbaijan. The "Karabakh" toponym, which is used to name the south of the historical territory of Arran, appeared in this period. In addition to the dialects of the Azerbaijani language, words borrowed from the Mongolian language are also observed in the areas of Eastern Anatolia belonging to the Azerbaijani dialect environment.

Historical and cultural environment

Шаблон:MainШаблон:See also

Файл:Gaykhatu Farman.jpg
Order of the Ilkhanate ruler Gaykhatu written in Persian and Turkic. Document contains the Buddhist name of the ruler and a Chinese stamp.

From 1256 to 1335 Ilkhanates, and from 1335 to 1337 Chobanids from sulduz tribe were in the region.[1] Mongolian and Turkic noblemen owned the role of political administration in Ilkhanates state. Part of the local Iranian nobility was destroyed. Their lands either seized by the state or Mongolian noblemen. Ilkhanates kept being nomads.[2]

The reason of the unity between Turkic and Mongolian elements in states emerged after the fall of Mongol Empire was nomadic heritage and thousand year long symbiosis in central Asia. At some point Turkic population and military strength were stronger than Mongols. Ilkhanates used Eastern Turkic despite Western Turkic (Oghuz) was spoken in the areas they controlled. Since Seljuks used Arabic and Persian in official documents, the first use of the Turkic language in official documents in Iran was due to the Mongols. After accepting Islam, most of the Mongols assimilated not to the Persians, but to the Turks, to whom they were culturally closer. Turcomans, who were more numerous than the Mongols and were Muslims, quickly lost the Mongols in their midst due to their shared nomadic lifestyle. In fact, the Islamization of Mongols was one of the aspects of Turkification.[3]

Hulagu Khan's vizier Nasir al-Din al-Tusi was completely familiar with the Turkic and Mongolian language and script as well as Mongolian and Easter Turkic customs, culture, and traditions. His son also became completely Turkic. The spoken language of vizier Rashid al-Din Hamadani and his sons, who was originally a Jew, was Turkic. He also knew the Mongolian language perfectly. Although his works reached the modern era in Arabic and Persian, he knew how to write in Turkic and Mongolian languages and adopted Turkic customs and traditions. The daughters of Rashid al-Din and his son Ghiyath al-Din were nicknamed "khatun" in Turkic, and one of Rashid al-Din's grandsons was named Artug.Шаблон:Sfn

Formation of Azerbaijanis

At the same time as the Turkification of Azerbaijan during the Mongol period, the process of Turkification of the Mongols living there took place, the second process had a positive effect on the first process.Шаблон:Sfn The Mongols who accepted Turkism and Islam were a group that spoke Turkic, but had Mongolian historical memory and continued their nomadic life in Iran, Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia. Turko-Mongolian nomads did not lose the military characteristics that are an important function of nomadic life.Шаблон:Sfn

The settlement policy of the Turko-Mongolian tribes

Файл:GhazanConversionToIslam.JPG
During Ghazan Khan's (in the center) time, Turkic and Mongolian tribes were moved to the Mughan plain.Шаблон:Sfn

The conquest of the region by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century and the influx of Turkic peoples in the following centuries, including the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, led to Turkification in the area where Azerbaijanis currently live. Most of the tribes that formed the Mongol armies, as well as those who were forced to migrate as a result of the Mongol invasions, were Turks.[4] Turkologist Zeki Velidi Togan estimates the number of Turkic-Mongolian tribes that came to Azerbaijan as 2 million people according to primary sources.[5] Nevertheless, it is thought that the physiology of Azerbaijanis is not related to the Mongolian race.[6]

Turks made up a large part of the army of the Ilkhanates, the fifth Mongol nation.[7] Hulagu and his son Abaqa Khan strategically relocated scattered Turkic and Mongolian people to designated areas in Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and Anatolia during their rule. This intentional resettlement and portraying local Muslim Oghuz nomads as khans and rulers paved the way for consolidation Azerbaijani Turkic identity.Шаблон:Sfn In the gradual Turkification of Iranian Azerbaijan, the policy of the Ilkhanates to give land shares (iqta', soyurgal) to the leading military leaders played a role. The presence of the khans themselves and their entourage, and then the Turkoman followers starting with the Jalayirids, as well as the nomads who came from Central Asia with Emir Timur, in these mountainous pasture areas was another factor.[8] As a result, the territory of Azerbaijan and Iraq-i-Ajam became a yaylak and kishlak for 2 million nomads.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Mongol period, Turkification was clearly observed in South and North Azerbaijan. Hamdallah Qazvini mentions the Turkic settlements here, and Ibn Battuta speaks about the importance of Tabriz Turks. A number of Turkic and Mongolian tribes were moved to the Mughan Plain during the Ghazan Khan's period. The rest of those tribes were met by Adam Olearius in 17th century. Nizari mentions in his work that the Arran region was overflowing with the army of the Turks (Ilkhanate warriors).Шаблон:Sfn After the Ilhanates, during the Jalayirids, Timurids, Qara Qoyunlus and Ak Qoyunlus, the Mongols became Turkic, and the Turkic population increased in Iraq, North and South Azerbaijan.Шаблон:Sfn

Although Zakariyya Ghazvini writes that the Turks who lived in the area before the Mongols were removed from the region, in the opinion of Sheikh Safiaddin Ardabili, it is believed that the Turkomans and Kurds in the country remained in their previous places. In any case, the Turks who lived here from the beginning (Seljuk Turks) gave the good territories to the Mongols and Eastern Turks and moved to other parts of the country.Шаблон:Sfn

Settlement regions of tribes

Файл:Мирза Мамедхасан бек Хаджи.jpg
Mirza Mahammadhasan bey Haji. Member of Baharlı group of Yıva tribe

As in the past (Seljuq period), during the Ilkhanate dynasty, Northern Azerbaijan was in the first place in the settlement of Turks and Mongols. In Iranian Azerbaijan, especially around Maragha, Khoy, and Urmia lake had also settlement process as well as Ajam-i-Iraq, the city of Sultaniyya, built between Qazvin-Zanjan, and its surroundings, and partially Ray region.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Mongol period, Qajars lived in Khalkhal, Turgais (from the Ilkhanate) in Maragha, Kipchaks and Oirats in Ardabil, Yıvas in Khoy, and Imirs (Amarlu) in the Ghezel Ozan (Gizil Uzan) between Ardabil and Gilan. Even after the invasion of Timurids, part of Ilkhanates continued to live in Maragha. Around Hamadan and in the city, the Qara Qoyunlu people, especially Baharlı branch, formed an important Turkic population.Шаблон:Sfn The main parts of Javanshirs, Ak Qoyunlus and Qara Qoyunlus came from Turkestan to Anatolia and Azerbaijan during the Ilkhanate dynasty.Шаблон:Sfn Among the Turkoman living in Mughan and Arran, the tribe with the most livestock was Chobanli, which was known to have lived during the Jalayirid period.Шаблон:Sfn

Oirats, a Turko-Mongol tribe, were settled in Sheki and Shamakhi region, which was the most powerful and numerous tribe in the Kura basin in its time.Шаблон:Sfn The reason Oirat, Garagali, Kharkhatan, Gegir, Orand and Laladulan tribes settled in Lankaran, Neftchala and Lerik regions may be due to the similarity of these regions to Mongolia.Шаблон:Sfn

It is belived that the reason for placing Kunjut, Junud, Baydarli, and Tangit tribes in Sheki and Qakh areas, which were the borders of Ilkhanate and Golden Horde, was that these tribes had to protect the border against the Golden Horde with their good fighting skills.Шаблон:Sfn

Bayats came to Azerbaijan in 13th century with the Mongol invaders.[9][10] Padar tribe was settled in Azerbaijan during the Ilkhanate period. According to one of the claims about the origin of their name, the name "padar" is a phonetic distortion of the name of Chagatai Khan's son Baidar.[11]

It is believed that Qajars, came to Iran in the 13th century, and then to the South Caucasus,Шаблон:Sfn was one of the Turkic tribes in Hulagu Khan's army.[12] There is a legend that the name of the Qajar comes from the Mongol leader Qajar Noyan.[13] According to Mirza Hasan Zonuzi Khoyi, the origin of the Qajar is Turkestan Mongols.[14] However, other sources think that the Qajars did not come from the Mongols, but from the Khazars.[15][16]

Toponyms

Шаблон:Main article Шаблон:Quote box Since the 13th century, place names of Mongolian origin began to appear in Azerbaijan.Шаблон:Sfn Other areas bearing the traces of Mongol era tribes are Xançobanlı, Cəlayir, Kurqan, Küngüt (Aşağı və Baş Küngüt), Cunud, Tanqıt, Elciqan, Uriyad, Onqutlu, Tatar, Tatarlı, Xarxatan, Aratkənd, Çirkin, Damğalı, Dolanlar, Alar.[17]

The city of Salyan was called "Dalan-Navur" in Mongolian.Шаблон:Sfn

Some of the toponyms seen in historical works, starting with Hulagu Khan and especially Abaqa Khan, are in Turkic, and some are in Mongolian. Lake Sevan in Armenia, which Azerbaijanis call Goycha (Шаблон:Lang-az), was called "Kokcha sea" during the rule of Abaga Khan.Шаблон:Sfn Some Mongolian place names had Turkic and Persian words used together at first, but later on Persian words were gradually forgotten.Шаблон:Sfn

From 15th century (Mongol period), the southern part of Arran began to be called "Garabagh" (Шаблон:Lang-az). The word "qara" is of Turkic origin, and "bağ" is of Persian origin.[18][19]

Place Tribe Origin Belongs to
Khalkhal Qajars Turkic
Maragha Turgays
Ardabil Kipchaks and Oirats Turkic and Mongolian
Khoyda Yıvas Turkic
Gizil Ozan Imirli
Hamadan Qara Qoyunlu (Baharlu) Turkic
Anatolia and Azerbaijan Javanshirs, Aq qoyunlus and Qara Qoyunlus Turkic
Sheki and Shamakhi Oirat Mongolian Jalayirs
Qakh Baydarly, Tangyt Mongolian
Aşağı və Baş Küngüt, Künkütçay Kingli Mongolian
Cunud Sunnit Mongolian
Lankaran, Neftçala and Lerik Oirat, Qaraqaşlı, Xarxatan, Orand
Köhnə Gəgir və Gəgiran Kikir
Sumgaıt, Corat və Ələt Suqaut, Corat və Ələt Mongolian
Aşağı Bucaq Bucaq Mongolian Nogai
Çeşməli (Tovuz) Çirkinlilər Mongolian
Darğalı (Qəmərli) Damğalı Mongolian
Dolanlar, Lələdulan, Əvçədulan Dolanlar Mongolian
Günnüt Günnüt Mongolian
Üngütlü Ongut Mongolian
Oncallı (Qax) Onja (Əncə) Turkic Kipchaq

Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Sfn

Language

According to Zeki Velidi Togan, the main norms of the Azerbaijani language during the Mongolian dynasty – Ilkhanate period were formed as a result of the mutual influence of the Turkic languages – Oghuz-Turkmen, Kipchak and East Turkestan. The author notes that in the first half of the 14th century, when Ibn Muhanna was compiling the dictionary of Turkic and Mongolian languages spoken during the Ilkhanate period, he mentioned "Turkic language of our country" (Turki arzina) in addition to "Turkmen" and "Turkistan language". The examples attributed to "the Turkic language of our country" in the dictionary can be considered the first examples of the Azerbaijani language.Шаблон:Sfn According to experts such as P. M. Melioranski, Bekir Chobanzade, and Ahmad Jafaroghlu, the Azerbaijani language is meant here.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Fuat Köprülü, new Turko-Oghuz tribes, who came from the East to West (Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia) as a result of Mongol invasions, added new elements to language of Oghuz people (Turkmans/Turkmen) who settled here earlier during the Seljuk period.Шаблон:Sfn

In all forms of the Azerbaijani language there are words borrowed from Mongolian language: yekə (big), qadağan (prohibited), qayçı (scissors), nöqtə (dot), hündür (tall), keşik (guard). These loanwords represent a common Ilkhanate heritage (1256–1335). Unlike Azerbaijani Turkish, Anatolian Turkish does not have such loanwords taken from the Mongolian.[20] In addition, words borrowed from the Mongolian language can be found in the dialects of the Azerbaijani language belonging to the Shirvan region. It is extralinguistic in nature and closely related to historical events.[21]

Literature

Шаблон:Main article

Folklore & mythology

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Nasreddin (18th-century work).jpg
Molla Nasraddin riding a donkey reversed
Файл:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi at observatory.jpg
Nasraddin Tusi in Maragha observatory

Mongol invasion and the Ilkhanate rule over both Iranian Azerbaijan and modern Azerbaijan in the subsequent periods led to strengthening of the Shamanistic customs spread there. The customs of Shamanism have undergone changes under the influence of Islam. Some of them have been preserved. The rules of ancient traditions have continued to live in cultural environment of Azerbaijan – in children's folklore and games, ceremonies and beliefs of people. For example, the aş eaten by Azerbaijanis on Thursdays in honor of the spirits of the dead is an ancient form of Shamanism.Шаблон:Sfn

It is believed that Шаблон:Interlanguage link is a Shamanic god and that Sayanism originated in Azerbaijan. The connection between saya and the words Yaya, Dz'aya and Dzayagg mean god in Mongolian shows that saya comes from Shamanism. The belief about saya came to the Altai, and from there to Anatolia and Azerbaijan under the influence of the old shaman Turko-Mongolian cultural environment.Шаблон:Sfn

In Maragha, the first capital of the Ilkhanate state, there is a stone-hewn tomb dating back to the Mongol period. The building is deeply connected with Mongolian burial customs. The name of the village where the tomb is located is Varoy in local Azerbaijani literature. This name is linguistically similar to the village of Varay (Viyar) located in Sultaniyya, which was the Elkhani capital in last years of the state. The name of both villages is close to the word Vara given in Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud Kashgari. According to dictionary the word is connected with the myth of the separation of earth and sky. The roots of this expression may go back to religious beliefs about death. The words Varoy and Varay may be words that have been preserved in the Turkic language throughout history and have survived to the present day.[22]

Azerbaijani researchers Шаблон:Interlanguage link and Шаблон:Interlanguage link claimed that the folklore hero Molla Nasraddin was the minister of the Ilkhanate period, Nasreddin Tusi. The reasons for this are that they lived in the same period, Tusi included anecdotes in one of his works, ridiculed astrologers as a scientist, Molla Nasraddin went to Emir Timur as a representative of the country, the parallel between Nasraddin Tusi being sent to Hulagu Khan by the ruler of Alamut, and both of them having the same name – Hasan. However, Mammadhuseyn Tahmasib stated that this information is not a substantial evidence, but just an allegation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Tapdig Goy oglu, the hero of an Azerbaijani fairy tale and son of Шаблон:Interlanguage link, was expelled from heaven to earth. He is part of a legendary group of heroes, akin to God's children in Turkic and Mongolian legends, sent to cleanse the earth of demonic forces.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In another Azerbaijani tale, princes throw apples to girls to choose their betrothed, a custom that existed among the Mongols living in Azerbaijan in the 17th century.[23]

Written literature

Файл:Ahmad Jalayir, "Eylemez" ghazal.jpg
"Eylamaz" ghazal written in Azerbaijani by the ruler of Jalayirid Sultanate – Ahmad Jalayir (1382 – 1410)

The beginning of written classic Azerbaijani Turkic literature coincides with the period after the Mongol invasion.[24][25] The development of a special style of Azerbaijani poetry between 13th and 14th centuries was partly related to the Eastern Turkic traditions brought to the region from Khorasan during the Mongol period.[24] One of the reasons why Azerbaijanis created their own literature and played a role in its independent evolution was the fact that there were more Turkic and Mongolian elements in Azerbaijan than in Anatolia.Шаблон:Sfn

At the beginning of the 14th century, the historian Vassaf wrote verses in Azerbaijani Turkic and mixed them with Eastern Turkic spelling. While the words in the Turkic in the works of Nasiraddin Tusi correspond to Eastern Turkic, the words in the works of Hamdullah Qazvini are in the Azerbaijani dialect. There are prayers, sermons and religious verses written in a Turkic language, which is a mixture of Eastern Turkish and Azerbaijani Turkic, dating back to the first half of the 14th century. In the second half of the 14th century, in Azerbaijan, on the one hand, the works of Khwarazm and Transoxian Turkic poets, including Khujandi, were read, and on the other hand, works were written in Azerbaijani Turkish based on these themes. Among them, Imadaddin Nasimi, Gazi Burhanaddin and Шаблон:Interlanguage link from Salur Turks can be mentioned.Шаблон:Sfn

Works in Azerbaijani Turkish developed during the period of Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (1316-1335). The fact that the Azerbaijani language takes a leading place together with Uyghur is evident from the information in the historical works and from the fact that Ajam poets used words from these two languages in their works.Шаблон:Sfn

The literary trend that developed during the Mongol period included the Jalayirid ruler Sultan Ahmad. The fact that Sultan Ahmad wrote poems in Turkic is confirmed in the work of Abul Mahasin Yusif Bey Tanribirdi "Al-Nujum al-Zuhirra". The ghazal he wrote shows that Azerbaijani Turkish was used as a literary language in the Jalairid palaces.Шаблон:Sfn Sultan Ahmad's ghazal ensured the continuity of Turks and the Turkic language, which prevailed in Jalayirid-Turkic identity fusion.[26]

Music

Шаблон:Main article Sultan Ahmad highly appreciated the musicologist Abdulgadir Maraghayi. Maraghayi had two small couplets in Azerbaijani language. These are called tuyugh and koshuk. It is said that the song was composed for Emir Timur and was sung in front of him. These verses written by Maragayi in Azerbaijani demonstrate the role of the Turkic language in musical gatherings.Шаблон:Sfn

Social life

Religion

Шаблон:See alsoШаблон:Quote box Shamanic rites were performed in the palace of Hulagu Khan and his son Abaga Khan during the Ilkhanate period. The performed rites influenced Turkic Sufis in Anatolia and Azerbaijan.Шаблон:Sfn

Azerbaijan served as a showcase for Buddhist methods and material culture.Шаблон:Sfn The Ilkhanates used their wealth to create gold and silver forms of Buddha in Azerbaijan and Khorasan.Шаблон:Sfn Hulagu Khan built a prominent Buddhist temple in Khoy. The territory of Khoy was called "Turkic country"[n 1]Шаблон:Sfn because of the khitay (Chinese) population who came from Uyguristan. This suggests the presence of an immigrant Buddhist population that settled in the area by choice or/and on purpose. They were associated with early Buddhist temple construction in the region and provided masters and students for the project.Шаблон:Sfn

Ahmdd Tekuder Khan, the son of Abaga Khan, was extremely interested in Turkic sheikhs. While wintering in Arran, he engaged in sama (musical zikr) in house of a Turkic sheikh named Ishan Mengli. The entry of Jalal ad-Din Rumi into the path of spiritual dance and attraction occurred through a dervish from Tabriz, after witnessing the influence of Turkic Sufi masters. Turkic Sufis of Azerbaijan also managed to win the hearts of the Seljuks in Konya. In addition, as Ibn Batuta noted, it is assumed that Azerbaijani, Anatolian and Khorasan Turkic veterans who built camps around Crimea and lived on war products participated in the campaigns of Nogai Khan, the army general of the Golden Horde.Шаблон:Sfn

The Rifiyyah (Ahmadiyya) sect, spread in Iraq, Azerbaijan, Anatolia and even in Golden Horde, benefited from Mongolian shamanism. Mongols used their Sufi role to gain influence in the Islamic environment.[27] The Mongol army fought against supersticious sects (e.g. Javvaliqi) and protected Turkic Sufis such as Bektashi and Baraghi. Superstitious sects wanted to slander the rites of Turkic dervishes by calling them "the work of the devil". Azerbaijan is also among the territories where Javaliqis are dispersed in a distraught and miserable manner.Шаблон:Sfn

During the Ilkhanates period, the conversion to Shiism, which would continue for a long time, began in Iran and Azerbaijan. During this period, the base of Turkoman-Shiite states such as Qara Qoyunlu and Safavids was formed. The theological works written by Shia scholars, including Nasraddin Tusi, Allama al-Hilli, Ibn Tawus, etc., which came out of Shia madrasas, are one of the factors that promote the spread of Shiism in the region. By the time the last Ilkhanate ruler, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, died, the Shiite population had begun to reach 20 percent of the empire's population.[28]

Law

Шаблон:Main articleAlthough the Ilkhanates accepted Islam, they did not stop the execution of the laws (Yassa) of Genghis Khan due to the decisions of the period of Öljaitü and Özbeg Khan. Ghazan Khan also took into account the decision to follow Islamic Sharia and Genghis Khan's Yassa together. Azerbaijani and Eastern Anatolian Turks considered the laws of Yassa as their national law during the period of Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu and remained loyal to it.Шаблон:Sfn

Rashid al-Din Hamadani's sons Giyasaddin and Jalaluddin were praised and loved by the Turks for their virtues and morals, and for their knowledge of Ilkhanate laws and regulations.Шаблон:Sfn

Later, Anatolian Turks considered themselves citizens of Ilkhanate and obeyed its laws. The Azerbaijani poet of the Timurid period, Gazi Burhanaddin, wrote that the force that could force him to do something, just as his lover could do, was the yassa and the khan's friendship, the identity card he knew was the khan's stamp, the state system he knew was khagan, ulu khan, sultan, bey, tutgavul (a security system to protect caravans and roads).Шаблон:Sfn

In Iraq-i-Ajam and Azerbaijan, Mongols and Eastern Turks were not engaged in agriculture, so they employed farmers in their territories. In addition, the princes of Juji and Chagatai receive taxes from their hereditary (inçü) lands in Azerbaijan, and this did not change even though the war with the Ilkhanates continued.Шаблон:Sfn

Calendar

During the Ilkhanate dynasty, all Turkoman Oghuz clans of Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia used Turkic year and month names.Шаблон:Sfn The use of the 12 animal calendar was due to the influence of Eastern Turkic, and the Mongols adopted the Uighur version of the calendar. Although Mongolian translations were used, Turkish names have retained their importance. In Rashid al-Din Hamadani's historical work, year names are used 26 times in Turkic and 34 times in Mongolian. The names of the months were only in Turkic. In Iran, the Turko-Mongolian animal calendar was used together with the Hijri calendar from the end of the Mongol rule until the fall of Qajars.[29]

Nobility

I. P. Petrushevsky's research shows that Buddhists and Nestorians were often allied at Ilkhanate palace, while the Muslim elite, supported by factions of the Turkic military aristocracy and Iranian bureaucrats, opposed them. Sometimes the Jews sided with Buddhists.Шаблон:Sfn

In the 13th-15th centuries, the lands of the old feudal lords in present-day Azerbaijan and Armenia gradually passed into the hands of the hereditary heads of the nomadic tribes.Шаблон:Sfn The Orlat dynasty, which ruled the Sheki rulership that arose at the end of the 14th century, was an Azerbaijanized Turkic-speaking Mongol dynasty. Two members of this dynasty are known – Шаблон:Interlanguage link (ca. 1393 – 1399) and Шаблон:Interlanguage link (1399 – 1423/1424).[30][31]Шаблон:Sfn Darğalar village is located in the Barda region of Azerbaijan. It is believed that the village was founded by Mongol tax officials, descendants of the Dargas, and took its name from them.Шаблон:Sfn

Nökər is a title historically used for members of the noble class in Mongol states.[32] It is one of the warrior classes that existed in Turko-Mongol societies in Middle Ages. Translated from the Mongolian language, it means "companion", "warrior", "servant", "helper" and "slave". Amongst Turks, this expression is used in the sense of a groom or groom's son's companion.[33][34] The title of servant also existed in Azerbaijan.[32] This title can be found in the Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu states as well.[34] Evliya Çelebi notes that the khanates of Baku, Ganja and Iravan had a certain number of servants.[32] In the military unit of the Шаблон:Interlanguage link during the Russian Tsarist period, soldiers and nokars came after gentlemen, viceroys and lawyers. The servants of the Kangarli cavalry had a special mark on their collars.[35] The word "nökər" is a name given to a male servant in the modern Azerbaijani language.[32]

The dynasties that replaced the Ilkhanates (Jalairs, Chobanids, Timurids, Aq Qoyunlus, Safavids, Afshars, Qajars) implemented the system of administration of Iran by Turko-Mongolian nomadic political and military elite. Nader Shah, the first ruler of the Afshar dynasty, held a congress in Mughan according to the Turko-Mongol tradition and thus became the ruler. He ordered his poets to write poems about him repeating the conquests of Genghis Khan. The Azerbaijani-speaking[36][37] Qajars claim that the beginning of their dynasty came from Qajar Noyon, the son of a Mongol commander, and hung paintings of Genghis Khan in Qajar-style clothes in their palaces.Шаблон:Cn

Culinary

Шаблон:Main article

Файл:Piti 24.11.2013-01.jpg
Piti dish

The "Yinshan zhengyao", a court recipe book of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1330s), was inspired by Inner and Western Asia. Azerbaijani cuisine includes elements similar to the foods found in this cookbook. An example of such dishes is piti. The piti dish of Azerbaijan is similar to the harissa dish of Iraq, and thus to a number of recipes in the Mongolian book. Quince is also added to Azerbaijan's bozbash dish, as is often done in "Yinshan zhengyao". Jams and sherbets of Azerbaijani cuisine are reminiscent of Turkic and Eastern cuisines and "Yinshan zhenqiao" recipes.[38] The roots of the kebab dish prepared in Azerbaijani, Iranian and Russian cuisine go back to the time when the territory of these countries lived as a part of the old Mongolian civilization.[39]

Cultural heritage in modern era

Файл:13th century Khudaferin bridge.jpg
Damaged 13th century, 11-span Khudaferin bridge
Файл:Kəngərli rayonu Qarabağlılar kompleksi.jpg
Garabaghlar mausoleum before restoration

The Garabaghlar tomb complex, located in the Kangarli district of Nakhchivan, belonging to the Ilkhanate era, includes a tomb, a double minaret, and the remains of a religious building located between these two monuments. It is written in the inscription: "The construction of this building was ordered by Jahan Qudi Khatun". Qudi Khatun is believed to be Qutui Khatu, the wife of Ilkhanate ruler Abaqa.[40]

Traces of archaic traditions created by artists working in the workshops of Ilkhanate vizier Rashid al-Din at the beginning of the 14th century can also be seen in the miniatures of the 15th century Baku artist Шаблон:Interlanguage link. Bakuvi's "Horse and its Master" is an Islamic version of a warrior image that was very popular in China during the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties.[41][42]

Gallery

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "CHOBANIDS". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2021–06–22.
  2. ↑ История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века. — Л.: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1958. — 390 с. p 190
  3. ↑ István Vásáry. The role and function of Mongolian and Turkic in Ilkhanid Iran // Turcologia.
  4. ↑ Suny, Ronald Grigor , Silaev, Evgeny Dmitrievich , Howe, G. Melvyn and Allworth, Edward. "Azerbaijan". Encyclopedia Britannica, 1 Jun. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/place/Azerbaijan Шаблон:Webarchive. Accessed 10 June 2023.
  5. ↑ Azerbaycan // MEB Islam Ansiklopedisi. — 1979. — Т. 2, вып. 5. — С. 103–105.
  6. ↑ И. И. Пантюхов. Антропологические типы Кавказа//ВЕЛЕСОВА СЛОБОДА
  7. ↑ Yarshater, E (18 August 2011). "The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  8. ↑ C. E. Bosworth. Azerbaijan — Islamic history to 1941. Iranica.
  9. ↑ Заселение Азербайджана тюрками. Сборник "Этническая ономастика". Академия наук СССР. Институт этнографии имени Н.Миклухо-Маклая. Издательство "Наука", М., 1984 г. Шаблон:Webarchive
  10. ↑ R. Khanam. Encyclopaedic ethnography of Middle-East and Central Asia: J-O, том 2. Стр. 126–127
  11. ↑ Məhəmmədhəsən bəy Vəlili-Baharlı ― ""Azərbaycan" (Fiziki-coğrafi, etnoqrafik və iqtisadi oçerk)" Bakı. 1993. Padarlar.
  12. ↑ Я.В.Рагозина. Из истории возвышения династии Каджаров // Вестник Санкт-Петербургского Университета. — Санкт-Петербург, 2008. — Т. 9, вып. 2, № 2. — С. 287–294.
  13. ↑ J. J. Reid, "The Qajar Uymaq in the Safavid Period, 1500–1722", p. 123–124
  14. ↑ N. Kondo, "How to Found a New Dynasty: The Early Qajars' Quest for Legitimacy", p. 278–279
  15. ↑ Д.Е.Еремеев. К семантике тюркской этнонимии. Сборник "Этнонимы". Москва: Мысль (1970).
  16. ↑ L. M. Helfgott, "The Rise of the Qajar Dynasty", p. 130–131
  17. ↑ Hüseynov, Gurban. Gelecek Dergisi. (2022). Demographic Structure of Azerbaijan During The Ilkhanid Period. 6. 34–44.
  18. ↑ Академик В.В.Бартольд. Сочинения / Ответственный редактор тома А.М.Беленицкий. — М.: Наука, 1965. — Т. III. — С. 335. — 712 с.
  19. ↑ Босуорт К. Э. THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF ISLAM. — 1997. — Т. IV. — С. 573.
  20. ↑ Elisabetta Ragagnin. 28 Dec 2021, Azeri from: The Turkic Languages Routledge. Accessed on: 04 Nov 2023 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781003243809-17 Шаблон:Webarchive
  21. ↑ Ilaha Mahammad gizi Gurbanova. Azərbaycan dili dialekt və şivələrinin etnolinqvistik təhlili. Baku, "Bilik", 2014, p. 240. (in Azerbaijani)
  22. ↑ Moradi, A. A rock-cut tomb of the Mongol period in the Ilkhanid capital of Maraghe Шаблон:Webarchive. asian archaeol 6, 15–35 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41826-022-00049-x
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Баку, губернский город Шаблон:Webarchive // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890–1907.
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ Köprülü, F. (2004). İSLÂM SÛFÎ TARÎKATLERİNE TÜRK-MOĞOL ŞAMANLIĞININ TE'SİRİ . Marife Dini Araştırmalar Dergisi , 4 (1) , 267–275 . Retrieved from http://marife.org/tr/pub/issue/37809/436582 Шаблон:Webarchive
  28. ↑ Haykıran, K. R. "İlhanlı Hâkimiyeti ve İmâmiye Şiîlerî". Milel ve Nihal 17 (2020): 87–109
  29. ↑ István Vásáry. The role and function of Mongolian and Turkic in Ilkhanid Iran // Turcologia.
  30. ↑ Шеки (историч. область в Азербайджане) — статья из Большой советской энциклопедии. Шаблон:Blockquote
  31. ↑ Советская историческая энциклопедия, статья: Под ред. Е. М. Жукова. Шеки // Советская историческая энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. — 1973–1982 Шаблон:Blockquote
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 32,3 Ahmet Caferoğlu. Türk Tarihinde Nöker ve Nöker-zadeler Müessesesi, IV. Türk Tarih Kongresi Ankara 10–14 Kasım 1948, Kongreye Sunulan Tebliğler, TDK Yay., Ankara 1952: 251.
  33. ↑ Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), "*nökör-", in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Günal Zerrin: İslam Ansiklipedisi – Nöker İstanbul 2007
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Law, Henry D. G. (1984) "Modern Persian Prose (1920s-1940s)" Ricks, Thomas M. Critical perspectives on modern Persian literature Washington, D. C.: Three Continents Press s. 132 Шаблон:Isbn, 9780914478959 "cited in Babak, Vladimir; Vaisman, Demian; Wasserman, Aryeh. "Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan":
  37. ↑ Б. П. Балаян, "К вопросу об общности этногенеза шахсевен и кашкайцев"
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book page 250–251.
  39. ↑ Serdar Oktay and Saide Sadıkoğlu, Gastronomic Cultural Impacts of Russian, Azerbaijani and Iranian Cuisines, International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2018.03.003 Шаблон:Webarchive
  40. ↑ Yurttaş, H. & Gökler, B. M. (2022). NAHÇIVAN KARABAĞLAR TÜRBESİ VE ANADOLU'YA YANSIMASI . Sanat ve İkonografi Dergisi , 0 (2) , 28–34 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sidd/issue/69990/1120722 Шаблон:Webarchive
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi İslam MinyatürleriШаблон:Blockquote


Ошибка цитирования Для существующих тегов <ref> группы «n» не найдено соответствующего тега <references group="n"/>

Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Azerbaijani-Mongolian_cultural_relations&oldid=13342123