Английская Википедия:Azerbaijani language

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Azerbaijanis Azerbaijani (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respelling) or Azeri (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respelling), also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch. It is spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, and in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, where the South Azerbaijani variety is spoken. North Azerbaijani has official status in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan (a federal subject of Russia), but South Azerbaijani does not have official status in Iran, where the majority of Azerbaijani people live. Azerbaijani language is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities, primarily in Europe and North America.

Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and sources of loanwords. The standardized form of North Azerbaijani (spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) is based on the Shirvani dialect, while South Azerbaijani uses the Tabrizi dialect as its prestige variety. Since the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Northern Azerbaijani uses the Latin script. South Azerbaijani, on the other hand, has always used and continues to use the Perso-Arabic script.

Azerbaijani is closely related to Turkish, Turkmen, Gagauz, Qashqai, and Crimean Tatar. It is mutually intelligible with each of these languages, to varying degrees.

Etymology and background

Historically the language was referred by its native speakers as Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang,[1] meaning either "Turkish" or "Turkic". In the early years following the establishment of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, the language was still referred to as "Turkish" in official documents. However, during the 1930s, its name was changed to "Azerbaijani".[2][3] The language is still referred to as Turki or Torki in Iranian Azerbaijan.[4]

History and evolution

Шаблон:Main Azerbaijani evolved from the Eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic ("Western Turkic")[5] which spread to the Caucasus, in Eastern Europe,[6][7] and northern Iran, in Western Asia, during the medieval Turkic migrations.[8] Persian and Arabic influenced the language, but Arabic words were mainly transmitted through the intermediary of literary Persian.[9] Azerbaijani is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Persian and other Iranian languages have exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax, and vocabulary, less in morphology.[8]

The Turkic language of Azerbaijan gradually supplanted the Iranian languages in what is now northwestern Iran, and a variety of languages of the Caucasus and Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus, particularly Udi and Old Azeri. By the beginning of the 16th century, it had become the dominant language of the region. It was a spoken language in the court of the Safavids, Afsharids and Qajars.

The historical development of Azerbaijani can be divided into two major periods: early (Шаблон:Circa to 18th century) and modern (18th century to present). Early Azerbaijani differs from its descendant in that it contained a much larger number of Persian and Arabic loanwords, phrases and syntactic elements. Early writings in Azerbaijani also demonstrate linguistic interchangeability between Oghuz and Kypchak elements in many aspects (such as pronouns, case endings, participles, etc.). As Azerbaijani gradually moved from being merely a language of epic and lyric poetry to being also a language of journalism and scientific research, its literary version has become more or less unified and simplified with the loss of many archaic Turkic elements, stilted Iranisms and Ottomanisms, and other words, expressions, and rules that failed to gain popularity among the Azerbaijani masses.

The Russian annexation of Iran's territories in the Caucasus through the Russo-Iranian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 split the language community across two states. Afterwards, the Tsarist administration encouraged the spread of Azerbaijani in eastern Transcaucasia as a replacement for Persian spoken by the upper classes, and as a measure against Persian influence in the region.[10][11]

Between Шаблон:Circa and 1930, there were several competing approaches to the unification of the national language in what is now the Azerbaijan Republic, popularized by scholars such as Hasan bey Zardabi and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski. Despite major differences, they all aimed primarily at making it easy for semi-literate masses to read and understand literature. They all criticized the overuse of Persian, Arabic, and European elements in both colloquial and literary language and called for a simpler and more popular style.

The Soviet Union promoted the development of the language but set it back considerably with two successive script changes[12] – from the Persian to Latin and then to the Cyrillic script – while Iranian Azerbaijanis continued to use the Persian script as they always had. Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, it became the official language of Azerbaijan only in 1956.[13] After independence, the Republic of Azerbaijan decided to switch back to a modified Latin script.

Azerbaijani literature

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Shahriar.jpg
Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar, Iranian Azerbaijani poet, who wrote in Azerbaijani and Persian.

The development of Azerbaijani literature is closely associated with Anatolian Turkish, written in Perso-Arabic script. Examples of its detachment date to the 14th century or earlier.[14][15] Kadi Burhan al-Din, Hasanoghlu, and Imadaddin Nasimi helped to establish Azerbaiijani as a literary language in the 14th century through poetry and other works.[15] The ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu state, Jahanshah, wrote poems in Azerbaijani language with the nickname "Haqiqi".[16][17] Sultan Yaqub, the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu state, wrote poems in the Azerbaijani language.[18] The ruler and poet Ismail I wrote under the pen name Khatā'ī (which means "sinner" in Persian) during the fifteenth century.[19][20] During the 16th century, the poet, writer and thinker Fuzûlî wrote mainly in Azerbaijani but also translated his poems into Arabic and Persian.[19]

Starting in the 1830s, several newspapers were published in Iran during the reign of the Azerbaijani speaking Qajar dynasty but it is unknown whether any of these newspapers were written in Azerbaijani. In 1875, Akinchi (Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang) ("The Ploughman") became the first Azerbaijani newspaper to be published in the Russian Empire. It was started by Hasan bey Zardabi, a journalist and education advocate.[15] Following the rule of the Qajar dynasty, Iran was ruled by Reza Shah who banned the publication of texts in Azerbaijani.Шаблон:Citation needed Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is based on the Shirvani dialect mainly, while in Iranian Azerbaijan, it is based on the Tabrizi dialect.

Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar is an important figure in Azerbaijani poetry. His most important work is Heydar Babaya Salam and it is considered to be a pinnacle of Azerbaijani literature and gained popularity in the Turkic-speaking world. It was translated into more than 30 languages.[21]

In the mid-19th century, Azerbaijani literature was taught at schools in Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. Since 1845, it has also been taught in the Saint Petersburg State University in Russia. In 2018, Azerbaijani language and literature programs are offered in the United States at several universities, including Indiana University, UCLA, and University of Texas at Austin.[15] The vast majority, if not all Azerbaijani language courses teach North Azerbaijani written in the Latin script and not South Azerbaijani written in the Perso-Arabic script.

Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is primarily based on the Shirvani dialect, while in the Iranian Azerbaijan region (historic Azerbaijan) it is based on the Tabrizi one.

Lingua franca

Azerbaijani served as a lingua franca throughout most parts of Transcaucasia except the Black Sea coast, in southern Dagestan,[22][23][24] the Eastern Anatolia Region and all over Iran [25] from the 16th to the early 20th centuries,[26][27] alongside cultural, administrative, court literature, and most importantly official language (along with Azerbaijani) of all these regions, namely Persian.[28] From the early 16th century up to the course of the 19th century, these regions and territories were all ruled by the Safavids, Afsharids and Qajars until the cession of Transcaucasia proper and Dagestan by Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire per the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. Per the 1829 Caucasus School Statute, Azerbaijani was to be taught in all district schools of Ganja, Shusha, Nukha (present-day Shaki), Shamakhi, Quba, Baku, Derbent, Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Akhaltsikhe, and Lankaran. Beginning in 1834, it was introduced as a language of study in Kutaisi instead of Armenian. In 1853, Azerbaijani became a compulsory language for students of all backgrounds in all of Transcaucasia with the exception of the Tiflis Governorate.[29]

Dialects of Azerbaijani

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Reza Shah and Atatürk.jpg
Reza Shah and Kemal Atatürk during the Shah's official visit to Turkey in 1934. Reza Shah spoke in South Azerbaijani while Atatürk spoke in Turkish, and the two leaders managed to communicate with each other quite effectively.

Azerbaijani is one of the Oghuz languages within the Turkic language family. Ethnologue lists North Azerbaijani (spoken mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) and South Azerbaijani (spoken in Iran, Iraq, and Syria) as two groups within the Azerbaijani macrolanguage with "significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loanwords" between the two.[30] The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) considers Northern and Southern Azerbaijani to be distinct languages.[31] Linguists Mohammad Salehi and Aydin Neysani write that "there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility" between North and South Azerbaijani.[31]

Svante Cornell wrote in his 2001 book Small Nations and Great Powers that "it is certain that Russian and Iranian words (sic), respectively, have entered the vocabulary on either side of the Araxes river, but this has not occurred to an extent that it could pose difficulties for communication".[32] There are numerous dialects, with 21 North Azerbaijani dialects and 11 South Azerbaijani dialects identified by Ethnologue.[30][33]

Three varieties have been accorded ISO 639-3 language codes: North Azerbaijani, South Azerbaijani and Qashqai. The Glottolog 4.1 database classifies North Azerbaijani, with 20 dialects, and South Azerbaijani, with 13 dialects, under the Modern Azeric family, a branch of Central Oghuz.[34]

In the northern dialects of the Azerbaijani language, linguists find traces of the influence of the Khazar language.[35]

According to Encyclopedia Iranica:[19] Шаблон:Blockquote

North Azerbaijani

Файл:E60 Älät.jpg
Azerbaijani-language road sign.

North Azerbaijani,[30] or Northern Azerbaijani, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is closely related to modern-day Istanbul Turkish, the official language of Turkey. It is also spoken in southern Dagestan, along the Caspian coast in the southern Caucasus Mountains and in scattered regions throughout Central Asia. Шаблон:As of, there are some 9.23 million speakers of North Azerbaijani including 4 million monolingual speakers (many North Azerbaijani speakers also speak Russian, as is common throughout former USSR countries).[30]

The Shirvan dialect as spoken in Baku is the basis of standard Azerbaijani. Since 1992, it has been officially written with a Latin script in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but the older Cyrillic script was still widely used in the late 1990s.Шаблон:Sfn

Ethnologue lists 21 North Azerbaijani dialects: "Quba, Derbend, Baku, Shamakhi, Salyan, Lenkaran, Qazakh, Airym, Borcala, Terekeme, Qyzylbash, Nukha, Zaqatala (Mugaly), Qabala, Nakhchivan, Ordubad, Ganja, Shusha (Karabakh), Karapapak, Kutkashen, Kuba".[30]

South Azerbaijani

South Azerbaijani,[33] or Iranian Azerbaijani,Шаблон:Efn is widely spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan and, to a lesser extent, in neighboring regions of Turkey and Iraq, with smaller communities in Syria. In Iran, the Persian word for Azerbaijani is borrowed as Шаблон:Lang "Turkic".[33] In Iran, it is spoken mainly in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. It is also widely spoken in Tehran and across Tehran Province, as Azerbaijanis form by far the largest minority in the city and the wider province,[36] comprising about Шаблон:Fraction[37][38] of its total population. The CIA World Factbook reports that in 2010, the percentage of Iranian Azerbaijani speakers was at around 16 percent of the Iranian population, or approximately 13 million people worldwide,[39] and ethnic Azeris form by far the second largest ethnic group of Iran, thus making the language also the second most spoken language in the nation. Ethnologue reports 10.9 million Iranian Azerbaijani in Iran in 2016 and 13,823,350 worldwide.[33] Dialects of South Azerbaijani include: "Aynallu (Inallu, Inanlu), Karapapakh, Tabriz, Afshari (Afsar, Afshar), Shahsavani (Shahseven), Moqaddam, Baharlu (Kamesh), Nafar, Qaragozlu, Pishagchi, Bayat, Qajar".[33]

Comparison with other Turkic languages

Azerbaijani and Turkish

Файл:Oghuz Turkic Languages distribution map.png
Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen are Oghuz languages

Speakers of Turkish and Azerbaijani can, to an extent, communicate with each other as both languages have substantial variation and are to a degree mutually intelligible, though it is easier for a speaker of Azerbaijani to understand Turkish than the other way around.[40] Turkish soap operas are very popular with Azeris in both Iran and Azerbaijan. Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran (who spoke South Azerbaijani) met with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey (who spoke Turkish) in 1934; the two were filmed speaking their respective language to each other and communicated effectively.[41][42]

In a 2011 study, 30 Turkish participants were tested to determine how well they understood written and spoken Azerbaijani. It was found that even though Turkish and Azerbaijani are typologically similar languages, on the part of Turkish speakers the intelligibility is not as high as is estimated.[43] In a 2017 study, Iranian Azerbaijanis scored in average 56% of receptive intelligibility in spoken language of Turkish.[44]

Azerbaijani exhibits a similar stress pattern to Turkish but simpler in some respects. Azerbaijani is a strongly stressed and partially stress-timed language, unlike Turkish which is weakly stressed and syllable-timed.Шаблон:Cn

Below are some cognates with different spelling in Azerbaijani and Turkish:

Azerbaijani Turkish English
Шаблон:Wikt-lang/Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang shoes
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang foot
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang book[45]
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang blood
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang goose
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang eyebrow
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang snow
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Wikt-lang stone

Azerbaijani and Turkmen

The 1st person personal pronoun is mən in Azerbaijani just as men in Turkmen, whereas it is ben in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns bu, where sound b is replaced with sound m. For example: bunun>munun/mının, muna/mına, munu/munı, munda/mında, mundan/mından.[46] This is observed in the Turkmen literary language as well, where the demonstrative pronoun bu undergoes some changes just as in: munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan, munça.[47] b>m replacement is encountered in many dialects of the Turkmen language and may be observed in such words as: boyun>moyın in Yomut – Gunbatar dialect, büdüremek>müdüremek in Ersari and Stavropol Turkmens' dialects, bol>mol in Karakalpak Turkmens' dialects, buzav>mizov in Kirac dialects.[48]

Here are some words from the Swadesh list to compare Azerbaijani with Turkmen:[49]

Azerbaijani Turkmen English
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Lang I, me
Шаблон:Wikt-lang sen you
Шаблон:Wikt-lang haçan when
Шаблон:Wikt-lang başga other
Шаблон:Wikt-lang, Шаблон:Wikt-lang it, köpek dog
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Lang skin, leather
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Lang egg
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Lang heart
Шаблон:Wikt-lang Шаблон:Lang to hear

Oghuric

Шаблон:See also Azerbaijani dialects share paradigms of verbs in some tenses with the Chuvash language,[35] on which linguists also rely in the study and reconstruction of the Khazar language.[35]

Phonology

Phonotactics

Azerbaijani phonotactics is similar to that of other Oghuz Turkic languages, except:

  • Trimoraic syllables with long vowels are permissible.
  • There is an ongoing metathesis of neighboring consonants in a word.Шаблон:Sfn Speakers tend to reorder consonants in the order of decreasing sonority and back-to-front (for example, iləri becomes irəli, köprü becomes körpü, topraq becomes torpaq). Some of the metatheses are so common in the educated speech that they are reflected in orthography (all the above examples are like that). This phenomenon is more common in rural dialects but observed even in educated young urban speakers, but noticeably absent from some Southern dialects.
  • Intramorpheme q Шаблон:IPA becomes Шаблон:IPA.

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Standard Azerbaijani
  Labial Dental Alveolar Palato-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal   Шаблон:IPA link       Шаблон:IPA link          (Шаблон:IPA link)    
Stop/Affricate Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link     Шаблон:IPA link  Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link (Шаблон:IPA link) Шаблон:IPA link  
Fricative Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link     Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link  
Approximant           Шаблон:IPA link     Шаблон:IPA link      
Flap           Шаблон:IPA link            
  1. The sound Шаблон:IPA is used only in loanwords; the historical unpalatalized Шаблон:IPA became voiced to Шаблон:IPA.
  2. Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are realised as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Cəbrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;.[50]
  3. Sounds Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA may also be recognized as separate phonemic sounds in the Tabrizi and southern dialects.Шаблон:Sfnp
  4. In most dialects of Azerbaijani, Шаблон:IPA is realized as Шаблон:IPAblink when it is found in the syllabic coda or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA – "bread"; Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA – "eighty").
  5. Шаблон:IPA exists in the Kirkuk dialect as an allophone of Шаблон:IPA in Arabic loanwords.
  6. In colloquial speech, Шаблон:IPA (but not intramorpheme Шаблон:IPA transformed from Шаблон:IPA) is usually pronounced as Шаблон:IPA

Dialectal consonants

Examples:

Vowels

The vowels of the Azerbaijani are, in alphabetical order,[51] Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA.[52]Шаблон:Sfn[53]

Файл:Azeri vowel chart.svg
South Azerbaijani vowel chart, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
Vowels of Standard Azerbaijani
Front Back
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link

Шаблон:Expand section The typical phonetic quality of South Azerbaijani vowels is as follows:

Diphthongs

The modern Azerbaijani Latin alphabet contains the digraphs Шаблон:Lang-az and Шаблон:Lang-az to represent diphthongs present in the language, and the pronunciation of diphthongs is today accepted as the norm in the orthophony of Azerbaijani.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this, the number and even the existence of diphthongs in Azerbaijani has been disputed, with some linguists, such as Шаблон:Interlanguage link, arguing that they are non-phonemic. Damirchizade's view was challenged by others, such as Шаблон:Interlanguage link, who argued that Damirchizade was taking orthography as the basis of his judgement, rather than its phonetic value. According to Akhundov, Azerbaijani contains two diphthongs, Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink,Шаблон:Refn represented by Шаблон:Lang-az and Шаблон:Lang-az in the alphabet, both of which are phonemic due to their contrast with Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink, represented by Шаблон:Lang-az and Шаблон:Lang-az.Шаблон:Sfn In some cases, a non-syllabic Шаблон:IPAslink can also be pronounced after the aforementioned diphthongs, to form Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink, the rules of which are as follows:Шаблон:Sfn

Modern linguists who have examined Azerbaijani's vowel system almost unanimously have recognised that diphthongs are phonetically produced in speech.Шаблон:Sfn

Writing systems

Шаблон:Main Before 1929, Azerbaijani was written only in the Perso-Arabic alphabet, an impure abjad that does not represent all vowels (without diacritical marks). In Iran, the process of standardization of orthography started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq (Шаблон:Lang — Existence) from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat, in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public.[54] This standard of writing is today canonized by a Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled Шаблон:Lang.[55]

In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azerbaijani (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic script was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow.[56] For instance, until an Aliyev decree on the matter in 2001,[57] newspapers would routinely write headlines in the Latin script, leaving the stories in Cyrillic.[58] The transition has also resulted in some misrendering of İ as Ì.[59][60] In Dagestan, Azerbaijani is still written in Cyrillic script.

The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is based on the Turkish Latin alphabet, which in turn was based on former Azerbaijani Latin alphabet because of their linguistic connections and mutual intelligibility. The letters Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang are available only in Azerbaijani for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish.

Old Latin
(1929–1938 version;
no longer in use;
replaced by 1991 version) 		Official Latin
(Azerbaijan
since 1991) 		Cyrillic
(1958 version,
still official
in Dagestan) 		Perso-Arabic
(Iran;
Azerbaijan
until 1929) 		IPA
A a А а آ / ـا Шаблон:IPA
B в B b Б б ب Шаблон:IPA
Ç ç C c Ҹ ҹ ج Шаблон:IPA
C c Ç ç Ч ч چ Шаблон:IPA
D d Д д د Шаблон:IPA
E e Е е ئ Шаблон:IPA
Ə ə Ә ә ا / َ / ە Шаблон:IPA
F f Ф ф ف Шаблон:IPA
G g Ҝ ҝ گ Шаблон:IPA
Ƣ ƣ Ğ ğ Ғ ғ غ Шаблон:IPA
H h Һ һ ح / ه Шаблон:IPA
X x Х х خ Шаблон:IPA
Ь ь I ı Ы ы ؽ Шаблон:IPA
I i İ i И и ی Шаблон:IPA
Ƶ ƶ J j Ж ж ژ Шаблон:IPA
K k К к ک Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA
Q q Г г ق Шаблон:IPA
L l Л л ل Шаблон:IPA
M m М м م Шаблон:IPA
N n Н н ن Шаблон:IPA
Ꞑ ꞑШаблон:Efn – – ݣ / نگ Шаблон:IPA
O o О о وْ Шаблон:IPA
Ɵ ɵ Ö ö Ө ө ؤ Шаблон:IPA
P p П п پ Шаблон:IPA
R r Р р ر Шаблон:IPA
S s С с ث / س / ص Шаблон:IPA
Ş ş Ш ш ش Шаблон:IPA
T t Т т ت / ط Шаблон:IPA
U u У у ۇ Шаблон:IPA
Y y Ü ü Ү ү ۆ Шаблон:IPA
V v В в و Шаблон:IPA
J j Y y Ј ј ی Шаблон:IPA
Z z З з ذ / ز / ض / ظ Шаблон:IPA
– ʼ ع Шаблон:IPA

Northern Azerbaijani, unlike Turkish, respells foreign names to conform with Latin Azerbaijani spelling, e.g. Bush is spelled Шаблон:Lang and Schröder becomes Шаблон:Lang. Hyphenation across lines directly corresponds to spoken syllables, except for geminated consonants which are hyphenated as two separate consonants as morphonology considers them two separate consonants back to back but enunciated in the onset of the latter syllable as a single long consonant, as in other Turkic languages.Шаблон:Citation needed

Vocabulary

Interjections

Some samples include:

Secular:

Invoking deity:

Formal and informal

Шаблон:Unreferenced section Azerbaijani has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is a strong tu-vous distinction in Turkic languages like Azerbaijani and Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal "you" is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal "you" is used when talking to someone who is older than the speaker or to show respect (to a professor, for example).

As in many Turkic languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis.

Since 1992 North Azerbaijani has used a phonetic writing system, so pronunciation is easy: most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled. However, the combination Шаблон:Lang-az in words is pronounced Шаблон:IPA-az, as the first voiced velar stop is devoiced when it is geminated, such as in çaqqal, Шаблон:IPA-az.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Category English North Azerbaijani (in Latin script)
Basic expressions yes Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (informal), Шаблон:Lang (formal)
no Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (informal), Шаблон:Lang (formal)
hello Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
goodbye Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA (formal)
good morning Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
good afternoon Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
good evening Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
Colours black Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
blue Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
brown Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang
grey Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
green Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
orange Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
pink Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:IPA

purple Шаблон:Lang

Шаблон:IPA

red Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
white Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
yellow Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Numbers

Number Word
0 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
1 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
2 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
3 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
4 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
5 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
6 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
7 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
8 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
9 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
10 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

The numbers 11–19 are constructed as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, literally meaning "ten-one, ten-two" and so on up to Шаблон:Lang ("ten-nine").

Number Word
20 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPAШаблон:Efn
30 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
40 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA
50 Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA

Greater numbers are constructed by combining in tens and thousands larger to smaller in the same way, without using a conjunction in between.

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Interwiki Шаблон:Interwiki Шаблон:Wikivoyage Шаблон:Incubator

Шаблон:Azerbaijani language Шаблон:Navboxes Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ "The Turkic Languages", Osman Fikri Sertkaya (2005) in Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600, London Шаблон:ISBN
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
  9. ↑ John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Csató et al. (2005) Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic, Routledge, p. 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranic, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries CE..."
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Language Commission Suggested to Be Established in National Assembly. Day.az. 25 January 2011.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Encyclopædia Iranica OnlineШаблон:Quote
  17. ↑ V. Minorsky. Jihān-Shāh Qara-Qoyunlu and His Poetry (Turkmenica, 9). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. — Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies, 1954. — V.16, p . 272, 283: «It is somewhat astonishing that a sturdy Turkman like Jihan-shah should have been so restricted in his ways of expression. Altogether the language of the poems belongs to the group of the southern Turkman dialects which go by the name of Azarbayjan Turkish.»; «As yet nothing seems to have been published on the Br. Mus. manuscript Or. 9493, which contains the bilingual collection of poems of Haqiqi, i.e. of the Qara-qoyunlu sultan Jihan-shah (A.D. 1438—1467).»
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Encyclopædia Iranica OnlineШаблон:Quote
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Encyclopædia Iranica Online
  20. ↑ Mark R.V. Southern. Mark R V Southern (2005) Contagious couplings: transmission of expressives in Yiddish echo phrases, Praeger, Westport, Conn. Шаблон:ISBN
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Pieter Muysken, "Introduction: Conceptual and methodological issues in areal linguistics", in Pieter Muysken (2008) From Linguistic Areas to Areal Linguistics, p. 30-31 Шаблон:ISBN [1]
  23. ↑ Viacheslav A. Chirikba, "The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund" in Muysken, p. 74
  24. ↑ Lenore A. Grenoble (2003) Language Policy in the Soviet Union, p. 131 Шаблон:ISBN [2]
  25. ↑ Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. – Elsevier, 2009. – С. 110–113. – Шаблон:ISBN. An Azerbaijanian koine´ functioned for centuries as a lingua franca, serving trade and intergroup communication all over Persia, in the Caucasus region and in southeastern Dagestan. Its transregional validity continued at least until the 18th century.
  26. ↑ [3] Nikolai Trubetzkoy (2000) Nasledie Chingiskhana, p. 478 Agraf, Moscow Шаблон:ISBN (Russian)
  27. ↑ J. N. Postgate (2007) Languages of Iraq, p. 164, British School of Archaeology in Iraq Шаблон:ISBN
  28. ↑ Homa Katouzian (2003) Iranian history and politics, Routledge, pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
  29. ↑ "Date of the Official Instruction of Oriental Languages in Russia" by N.I.Veselovsky. 1880. in W.W. Grigorieff ed. (1880) Proceedings of the Third Session of the International Congress of Orientalists, Saint Petersburg (Russian)
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 30,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Ethnologue 22 AZJ не указан текст
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  32. ↑ A study of Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, author Svante E.Cornell, 2001, page 22 (Шаблон:ISBN)
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 33,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 35,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Azerbaijani (Azeri), UNESCO
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book, p. 33
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book, p. 57
  43. ↑ Sağın-Şimşek Ç, König W. Receptive multilingualism and language understanding: Intelligibility of Azerbaijani to Turkish speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism. 2012;16(3):315–331. doi:10.1177/1367006911426449
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  45. ↑ borrowing from a Semitic K-T-B
  46. ↑ Shiraliyev M. Fundamentals of Azerbaijan dialectology. Baku, 2008. p.76
  47. ↑ Kara M. Turkmen Grammar. Ankara, 2005. p.231
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Persian Studies in North America by Mohammad Ali Jazayeri
  51. ↑ Householder and Lotfi. Basic Course in Azerbaijani. 1965.
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  54. ↑ Azeri Arabic Turk standard of writing; authored by Javad Heyat; 2001 http://www.azeri.org/Azeri/az_arabic/azturk_standard.pdf
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Azerbaijani_language&oldid=13342173