Английская Википедия:Bánh mì

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox food

In Vietnamese cuisine, Шаблон:Lang or banh mi (Шаблон:IPAc-en,[1][2][3][4] Шаблон:IPAc-en;[5][4] Шаблон:IPA-vi, 'bread') is a short baguette with thin, crisp crust and a soft, airy texture. It is often split lengthwise and filled with meat and savory ingredients like a submarine sandwich and served as a meal, called Шаблон:Lang. Plain Шаблон:Lang is also eaten as a staple food.

A typical Vietnamese roll or sandwich is a fusion of meats and vegetables from native Vietnamese cuisine such as Шаблон:Lang (Vietnamese sausage), coriander leaf (cilantro), cucumber, pickled carrots, and pickled daikon combined with condiments from French cuisine such as Шаблон:Lang, along with red chili and mayonnaise.[6] However, a wide variety of popular fillings are used, from Шаблон:Lang (a Chinese dumpling) to even ice cream. In Vietnam, bread rolls and sandwiches are typically eaten for breakfast or as a snack.

The baguette was introduced to Vietnam by the French in the mid-19th century, during the Nguyễn dynasty, and became a staple food by the early 20th century. In the 1950s, a distinctly Vietnamese style of sandwich developed in Saigon, becoming a popular street food, also known as Шаблон:Lang ('Saigon sandwich' or 'Saigon-style Шаблон:Lang').[7][8] Following the Vietnam War, overseas Vietnamese popularized the Шаблон:Lang sandwich in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United States. In these countries, they are commonly sold in Asian bakeries.

Terminology

Файл:Banh mi and cuon.jpg
Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang

In Vietnamese, the word Шаблон:Lang is derived from Шаблон:Lang (which can refer to many kinds of food, primarily baked goods, including bread) and Шаблон:Lang ("wheat"). It may also be spelled Шаблон:Lang in northern Vietnam. Taken alone, Шаблон:Lang means any kind of bread, but it could refer to the Vietnamese baguette or the sandwich made from it. To distinguish the unfilled bread from the sandwich with fillings, the term Шаблон:Lang ("plain bread") can be used. To distinguish Vietnamese-style bread from other kinds of bread, the term Шаблон:Lang ("Saigon-style bread") or Шаблон:Lang ("Vietnam-style bread") can be used.

A folk etymology claims that the word Шаблон:Lang is a corruption of the French Шаблон:Lang, meaning soft, white bread.[9] However, Шаблон:Lang (or its Nôm form, Шаблон:Vi-nom) has referred to rice cakes and other pastries since as early as the 13th century, long before French contact.[10]

History

Файл:Bánh mì nhân chà bông, giò lụa, ớt.jpg
Bánh mì chà bông, giò lụa, chili pepper

The word Шаблон:Lang, meaning "bread", is attested in Vietnamese as early as the 1830s, in Jean-Louis Taberd's dictionary Шаблон:Lang.[11] The French introduced Vietnam to the baguette, along with other baked goods such as pâté chaud, in the 1860s, at the start of their imperialism in Vietnam.[12][13] Northern Vietnamese initially called the baguette Шаблон:Lang, literally "Western bánh", while Southern Vietnamese called it Шаблон:Lang, "wheat bánh".[14][15] Nguyễn Đình Chiểu mentions the baguette in his 1861 poem "Шаблон:Lang". Due to the price of imported wheat at the time, French baguettes and sandwiches were considered a luxury. During World War I, an influx of French soldiers and supplies arrived. At the same time, disruptions of wheat imports led bakers to begin mixing in inexpensive rice flour (which also made the bread fluffier). As a result, it became possible for ordinary Vietnamese to enjoy French staples such as bread.[16][17][15] Many shops baked twice a day, because bread tends to go stale quickly in the hot, humid climate of Vietnam. Baguettes were mainly eaten for breakfast with some butter and sugar.[13]

Файл:Bánh mì Việt Anh, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh.jpg
A Шаблон:Lang stand in Ho Chi Minh City

Until the 1950s, sandwiches hewed closely to French tastes, typically a jambon-beurre moistened with a mayonnaise or liver Шаблон:Lang spread.[16][17][13][18] The 1954 Partition of Vietnam sent over a million migrants from North Vietnam to South Vietnam, transforming Saigon's local cuisine.[14] Among the migrants were Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, who opened a small bakery named Шаблон:Lang in District 3. In 1958, Шаблон:Lang became one of the first shops to sell Шаблон:Lang.[16][19][20] Around this time, another migrant from the North began selling Шаблон:Lang sandwiches from a basket on a mobylette,[21] and a stand in Gia Định Province (present-day Phú Nhuận District) began selling Шаблон:Lang sandwiches.[22] Some shops stuffed sandwiches with inexpensive Cheddar cheese, which came from French food aid that migrants from the North had rejected.[13] Vietnamese communities in France also began selling Шаблон:Lang.[15]

After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, Шаблон:Lang sandwiches became a luxury item once again.[14] During the so-called "subsidy period", state-owned phở eateries often served bread or cold rice as a side dish, leading to the present-day practice of dipping Шаблон:Lang in phở.[23] In the 1980s, Đổi Mới market reforms led to a renaissance in Шаблон:Lang, mostly as street food.[14]

Meanwhile, Vietnamese Americans brought bánh mì sandwiches to cities across the United States. In Northern California, Шаблон:Lang and his sons are credited with popularizing Шаблон:Lang among Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese Americans alike through their food truck services provider and their fast-food chain, Lee's Sandwiches, beginning in the 1980s.[15] Sometimes Шаблон:Lang was likened to local sandwiches. In New Orleans, a "Vietnamese po' boy" recipe won the 2009 award for the best po' boy at the annual Oak Street Po-Boy Festival.[24] A restaurant in Philadelphia also sells a similar sandwich, marketed as a "Vietnamese hoagie".[25]

Файл:Boon Hotel + Spa - Sarah Stierch - April 2019 - 4.jpg
Bánh mì in California

Since the 1970s, Vietnamese refugees from the Vietnam War arrived in London and were hosted at community centers [26] in areas of London such as De Beauvoir Town eventually founding a string of successful Vietnamese-style canteens in Shoreditch where bánh mì alongside phở, was popularised from the 1990s.

Шаблон:Lang sandwiches were featured in the 2002 PBS documentary Sandwiches That You Will Like. The word Шаблон:Lang was added to the Oxford English Dictionary on 24 March 2011.[27][28] As of 2017, Шаблон:Lang is included in about 2% of U.S. restaurant sandwich menus, a nearly fivefold increase from 2013.[29] On 24 March 2020, Google celebrated bánh mì with a Google Doodle.[30]

Ingredients

Bread

Файл:Dong Phuong Bread.JPG
Loaves of Шаблон:Lang at Dong Phuong Oriental Bakery in New Orleans

A Vietnamese baguette has a thin crust and white, airy crumb. It may consist of both wheat flour and rice flour.[16]

Besides being made into a sandwich, it is eaten alongside meat dishes, such as bò kho (a beef stew), curry, and Шаблон:Lang. It can also be dipped in condensed milk (see Sữa Ông Thọ).

Fillings

Файл:Banh mi assemblage.JPG
Assembling a bánh mì

A Шаблон:Lang sandwich typically consists of one or more meats, accompanying vegetables, and condiments.

Accompanying vegetables typically include fresh cucumber slices, cilantro (leaves of the coriander plant) and pickled carrots and white radishes in shredded form (Шаблон:Lang). Common condiments include spicy chili sauce, sliced chilis, Maggi seasoning sauce, and mayonnaise.[12][15]

Varieties

Файл:Bánh mì nướng muối ớt.jpg
Grilled bánh mì with chili salt
Файл:Bánh mì bò kho ở cà phê Nguyệt Ca.jpg
Bánh mì to eat with bò kho

Many fillings are used. A typical Шаблон:Lang shop in the United States offers at least 10 varieties.[31]

The most popular variety is Шаблон:Lang, thịt meaning "meat". Шаблон:Lang (also known as Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, or "special combo") is made with various Vietnamese cold cuts, such as sliced pork or pork belly, chả lụa (Vietnamese sausage), and head cheese, along with the liver Шаблон:Lang and vegetables like carrot or cucumbers.[32][14][8][33]

Other varieties include:

Файл:Một phần bánh mì chảo với trứng và chả (38657217774).jpg
Bánh mì chảo
Файл:Banh my que.jpg
Bánh mỳ que

Nowadays, different types of Шаблон:Lang are popular. For example, bánh mì que is thinner and longer and can be filled with various ingredients just as normal Шаблон:Lang.

Notable vendors

Файл:Banh mi from Lee's Sandwiches in Falls Church.jpg
Bánh mì sold in Lee's Sandwiches.

Prior to the Fall of Saigon in 1975, well-known South Vietnamese Шаблон:Lang vendors included Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (which opened in 1968[16]).

In regions of the United States with significant populations of Vietnamese Americans, numerous bakeries and fast food restaurants specialize in Шаблон:Lang. Lee's Sandwiches, a fast food chain with locations in several states, specializes in Vietnamese sandwiches served on French baguettes (or traditional Шаблон:Lang at some locations) as well as Western-style sandwiches served on croissants. In New Orleans, Dong Phuong Oriental Bakery is known for the Шаблон:Lang bread that it distributes to restaurants throughout the city. After 1975, Шаблон:Lang owner Võ Văn Lẹ fled to the United States and, along with Шаблон:Lang, founded Шаблон:Lang.[35] The Eden Center shopping center in Northern Virginia has several well-known bakeries specializing in Шаблон:Lang.[12]

Mainstream fast food chains have also incorporated Шаблон:Lang and other Vietnamese dishes into their portfolios. Yum! Brands operates a chain of Шаблон:Lang cafés called Bánh Shop.[15] The former Chipotle-owned ShopHouse Southeast Asian Kitchen chain briefly sold Шаблон:Lang. Jack in the Box offers a "Шаблон:Lang–inspired" fried chicken sandwich as part of its Food Truck Series.[36] McDonald's and Paris Baguette locations in Vietnam offer Шаблон:Lang.[37][38]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionary

Шаблон:Street food Шаблон:Sandwiches Шаблон:Vietnamese cuisine Шаблон:Bánh Шаблон:Portal bar

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Saigon-Style Banh Mi Шаблон:Webarchive, Los Angeles Times
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite wikisource
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 14,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 16,3 16,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ "Oxford English Dictionary Шаблон:Webarchive retrieved 2011.03.24
  28. ↑ Andy Bloxham. "Heart symbol enters Oxford English Dictionary". The Daily Telegraph, 24 March 2011.
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Andrea Nguyen. "Master Banh Mi Sandwich Recipe" Шаблон:Webarchive, Viet World Kitchen, retrieved 2010.04.03
  33. ↑ "Bánh mì Sài gòn nức tiếng thế giới" Шаблон:Webarchive, TuanVietNam, 2012/10/20
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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