Английская Википедия:B. J. Habibie

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Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Шаблон:IPA-id, 25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian politician and engineer who served as the third president of Indonesia from 1998 to 1999. Less than three months after his inauguration as the seventh vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who resigned after 32 years in office. Originating from Sulawesi with Gorontalese-Javanese ancestry,[1] his presidency was seen as a landmark and transition to the Reformation era.

Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political party laws; ended Indonesian occupation of East Timor, which led to that country's independence; and held an early democratic election three years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end of his presidency. His 517-day presidency and 71-day vice presidency were each the shortest in Indonesian history. Before entering government, Habibie contributed to the making of Indonesia's first domestic airplane, the IPTN N-250. As a result, he was granted the title "Father of Technology."[2]

Early life

Habibie was a native of Parepare, in South Sulawesi. His parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,[3][4] an agriculturist from ethnic Gorontalese descent,[3][5][6][7] and R. A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo,[8] a Javanese noblewoman from Yogyakarta,[9] met while studying in Bogor.[10] Habibie's paternal family comes from Kabila, just to the east of the town of Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. He was the fourth of eight children.[11] Habibie's father died when he was 14 years old.[11] In 2018, the Gorontalo provincial government agreed to support the construction of the B.J. Habibie's Monument in front of the main gate of Djalaluddin Airport in Gorontalo Regency.[12][13] In addition, it was proposed that State University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie although, in the end, the suggestion was not adopted.[14][15]

Education

Habibie went to Delft, the Netherlands, to study aviation and aerospace at the Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft University of Technology), but for political reasons (the West New Guinea dispute between the Netherlands and Indonesia), he had to continue his study at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.[16] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's degree in Germany with the title Diplom-Ingenieur. He remained in Germany as a research assistant under Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research for his doctoral degree.[17]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia for three months on sick leave. During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, the daughter of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high school and in senior high school at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Bandung. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Germany shortly afterwards.[18] Habibie and his wife settled in Aachen for a short period before moving to Oberforstbach. In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.Шаблон:Sfn

Habibie later found employment with the railway stock firm Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing train wagons.Шаблон:Sfn Due to his work with Makosh, the head of train construction offered his position to Habibie upon retirement three years later, but Habibie refused the position.[19]Шаблон:Sfn

In 1965, Habibie delivered his dissertation in aerospace engineering and received the grade of "very good," giving him the title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.). The same year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his research on Thermoelastisitas and work toward his Habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His thesis about light construction for supersonic or hypersonic states also attracted offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.[20]

Habibie did accept a position with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg. There, he developed theories on thermodynamics, construction, and aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), respectively. He worked for Messerschmitt on the development of the Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, he was promoted to vice president of the company.[21]

In 1974, Soeharto recruited Habibie to return to Indonesia as part of his drive to industrialize and develop the country. Habibie initially served as a special assistant to Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officer of the state oil company Pertamina and Chair of Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (Шаблон:Lang-id, BPPT). Two years later, Habibie was made CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),[21] which in 1985 changed its name to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also abbreviated as IPTN) and is known as Indonesian Aerospace (PT. Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000).

Political career

Minister of Research and Technology (1978 - 1998)

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B. J. Habibie as the State Minister of Research and Technology

In 1978, he was appointed as State Minister of Research and Technology (Шаблон:Lang-id, Menristek). He continued to play an important role in IPTN other "strategic" industries in this post.[21] By the 1980s, IPTN had grown considerably, specializing in the manufacture of helicopters and small passenger planes. Under Habibie's leadership, IPTN became a manufacturer of aircraft including Puma helicopters and CASA planes. It pioneered a small passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but the project was a commercial failure.[22] In developing Indonesia's aviation industry, he adopted an approach called "Begin at the End and End at the Beginning".[23] In this method, elements such as basic research became the last things upon which to focus, whilst actual manufacturing of the planes was placed as the first objective.

Файл:President Suharto announces his retirement, ABC 1994.webm
1994 ABC news report of Suharto announcing he would retire in 1998, including an interview with Habibie, who declared no interest in becoming president.
Файл:Golongan Karya rally 1997.jpg
Habibie (centre) campaigns for Golkar in 1997

By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries including ship- and train-building, steel, arms, communications, and energy.[21] A 1993 estimate determined that the estimates used nearly $2 billion a year in state funding, although the government's opaque accounting practices meant that the size of the industries was not completely known.[24]

As minister, Habibie created the OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Development Program) and STAID (Science and Technology for Industrial Development). These three programs provided scholarships to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's degrees in the STEM fields and for other technical professionals to continue their study for master's and doctorate program in the United States, Europe, Japan, and other countries.[25]

In Soeharto's regime, as was expected of senior government executives, Habibie became a member of the Golkar organisation. Suharto appointed him as deputy daily coordinator for the chairman of the executive board in 1992, and the following year he became the daily coordinator.Шаблон:Sfn

While serving in cabinet, Habibie was also elected as the first Chair of the Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990. This modernist Muslim organization provided him with a political base, linked to but independent of the Suharto administration.[26]

Vice presidency (1998)

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Habibie's official vice-presidential portrait, BRI 2nd Class featured.

In January 1998, after accepting nomination for a seventh term as president, Suharto announced the selection criteria for the nomination of a vice president. Suharto did not mention Habibie by name, but his suggestion that the next vice president should have a mastery of science and technology made it obvious he had Habibie in mind.[27]

In that year, in the midst of the Asian Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall. Despite this, Habibie was elected as vice president in March 1998.[28]

Presidency (1998 - 1999)

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Habibie presidential oath.jpg
Habibie taking his presidential oath on 21 May 1998.

On 21 May 1998, just two months into Habibie's vice presidency, Soeharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the Constitution says, succeeded him as president. The following day, Habibie announced the Development Reform Cabinet, which removed some of the most controversial ministers in Soeharto's last cabinet while maintaining others, with no major figures from the opposition. Within days of his appointment, he asked his relatives to resign from government positions, promised an early election, repealed some legislation, and ordered the release of political prisoners.[29]

East Timor

Habibie was opposed to East Timorese independence but did offer East Timor special autonomy.[30]

Timorese independence forces led by the National Council of Timorese Resistance had been calling for a referendum in the territory for some time. Its chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, proposed a transitional period of autonomy leading up to a referendum.[31] In late 1998, John Howard, the Prime Minister of Australia, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse the East Timorese issue by providing autonomy to be followed by the promise of a referendum in the long run, following the method used by France to settle New Caledonian demands for independence. Wishing to avoid the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a colony, Habibie surprised some by announcing that a referendum, offering a choice between special autonomy and independence, would be held immediately in East Timor. Leaders of the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on this decision.[32]

On 30 August 1999, the referendum was held and the East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose independence. Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias killed and displaced large numbers of people during the 1999 East Timorese crisis.[33] On 10 September, General Wiranto allegedly threatened to stage a military coup if Habibie allowed in peacekeeping forces, causing Habibie to back down.[34] On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated peacekeeping force to halt violence.[32] A period of UN administration followed and East Timor became independent in May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Session in November 1998 decried the presence of corruption in Indonesia, focusing particularly on Suharto.[35] In response to this, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.[28] A tape of a telephone conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public. It raised concerns about the veracity of the investigation by suggesting that the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.[36]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian government also began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto). Ghalib charged Tommy in December 1998 in conjunction with the Goro scandal, where the government, under pressure from Tommy, allegedly gave him a desirable parcel and below-market loan for the construction of a Goro supermarket. However, Tommy was found innocent in the case after several key witnesses, including Habibie aide Rahardi Ramelan, changed their testimony and declared that the deal did not cause losses to the state.[37]

Habibie's government stabilized the economy in the face of the Asian financial crisis and the chaos of the last few months of Suharto's presidency.[38] Habibie's government began to make conciliatory gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, because of their elite status, were targeted in the riots of 1998. In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' forbidding use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate indigenous and non-indigenous Indonesians.[39]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an ID card was sufficient proof of Indonesian citizenship, revoking the previous requirement for a 'Letter of Evidence of Republic of Indonesia Citizenship' (SBKRI). Additionally, he lifted restrictions on the teaching of Mandarin Chinese.[40]

Political reform

Under Habibie, Indonesia made significant changes to its political system that expanded competition and freedom of speech. Shortly after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted the Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by dissolving the Information Ministry. He also quickly committed to holding democratic elections, albeit on an initially vague timetable. In December, he proposed political reform laws that were passed by the legislature and MPR. These laws set elections for December 1999, reduced the number of seats in parliament held by the military, and barred political activity by civil servants.[41]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the military to retain some seats in parliament, and taking little action on other military and judicial reforms.[42]

Habibie's government also passed laws which granted significant autonomy to regional governments, namely at the regency and city level. The laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, and allowed local legislatures to hold said executives accountable, though it was not implemented until after his presidency.Шаблон:Sfn

End of presidency

Although he had been viewed as leading a transitional government, Habibie seemed determined to continue as president. He was initially unclear about whether he would seek a full term as president when he announced parliamentary elections in June 1998.[41] Habibie faced opposition from many within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung as chair of the party, but was ultimately able to defeat a rival camp including former Vice President Try Sutrisno, Defence Minister Edi Sudrajat, Siswono Yudhohusodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.[43] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction in Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted to oust him. In March 1999, Golkar put forth five presidential nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.[44] In May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, but a large faction in the party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.[45] His political credibility was tarnished by the exposure of the 1999 Bank Bali scandal, in which banking funds were funneled to members of Habibie's re-election team.[46]

At the 1999 MPR General Session in October, Habibie delivered an accountability speech. MPR members then began voting to decide if they would accept or reject his speech. Habibie attempted to win the support of the military by offering the vice-presidency to General Wiranto, but his offer was declined.[47] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks and voted against him, so his accountability speech was rejected by 355 votes to 322 and Habibie withdrew his nomination as president.[48] He was succeeded by Abdurrahman Wahid.

1999 - 2019: Post-presidency

Файл:State Funeral Procession of President B. J. Habibie, Jakarta - 12 September 2019.jpg
State funeral procession of Habibie at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery in Jakarta, 12 September 2019

After relinquishing the presidency, Habibie spent more time in Germany than in Indonesia, though he was active during Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency as a presidential adviser. During this time, he established the Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.[49]

In September 2006, he released a book called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Road Towards Democracy). The book recalled the events of May 1998 which led to his rise to the presidency. In the book, he controversially accused Lieutenant General Prabowo Subianto, Soeharto's son-in-law (at that time) and the Kostrad Commander, of planning a coup d'état against him in May 1998.[50]

Death

In early September 2019, he was admitted to Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, where he was undergoing treatments for heart problems,[51][52] namely cardiomyopathy,[53] and died on 11 September 2019.[54][55][56][57][58] He became the first president of Indonesia to be buried at the Kalibata Heroes Cemetery, next to his wife's grave.[59]

In response to his death, the Government of Indonesia announced a three-day national mourning period starting on 12 September, and announced that the Indonesian flag is to be flown at half-staff during the period.[60]

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad was saddened by the loss of his old friend, Habibie.[61] He described his demise as a considerable loss.[62]

On 12 September 2019, video was released showing East Timor's former President, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie in hospital on 22 July 2019. Gusmão is shown talking briefly to Habibie while crying, then kissing Habibie on the forehead and lowering his face to Habibie's chest, with the other holding his head. A wreath in Gusmão's name was at the funeral, with a sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for the loss of Big Brother President B.J. Habibie - Timorese people will remember you forever - Rest in Peace - Xanana Gusmão".[63]

Family

Файл:Foto Pernikahan Habibie - Ainun Adat Gorontalo.png
Habibie and Ainun wedding attire in Gorontalonese culture

Habibie was married to Hasri Ainun Besari, a medical doctor, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held in Javanese and Gorontalese culture.[64] The couple had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. J. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador to the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.[65][66] After his wife's death, Habibie published a book titled Habibie & Ainun which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until her death. The book was adapted into a film of the same name which was released on 20 December 2012.[67]

Honours, decorations, and distinctions

Habibie received several honorary degrees for his contributions in the fields of technology and science, e.g. he was awarded an Honorary DSc degree from the Cranfield Institute of Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr.h.c. degrees from Chungbuk National University and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services to aircraft technology.[68] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Honorary PhD degree in Technology by the University of Indonesia for his contribution to science in practice as a technocrat.[69]

Habibie was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.[70] In 1993, he was awarded an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (HonFRAeS).[71] He was also named an honorary member of several professional bodies, including:

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Habibie's official presidential state portrait with the highest decorations he earned

As vice president, and later president of Indonesia, he was automatically bestowed the highest class of all civilian and military Star Decorations from Indonesia, namely:[72][73]

National honours

Foreign honours

In addition, he also received some foreign decorations.

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Places

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B.J. Habibie's monument in Gorontalo, 2018

There is several places, especially in Sulawesi where he came from, that bear his name. In Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Love Monument) featuring statue of him and Ainun was dedicated by himself at his 53rd wedding anniversary in 2015.[81] Gelora Mandiri Stadium in the city was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Stadium in 2019, shortly after his death.[82] His former house in Parepare is converted into a presidential museum that opened in 2020.[83] In 2022, the new B.J. Habibie Floating Mosque in Parepare was opened to the public.[84]

In Gorontalo Regency, there is a monument of Habibie located nearby Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo provincial government.[85]

In memory of President B.J. Habibie The government of Timor-Leste named a bridge in the city of Dili B. J. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.[56]

In popular culture

Movies

Habibie has been portrayed in several biopic movies based on both his political and personal life. In the first installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Шаблон:Ill (2019), Habibie is portrayed by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie[86] during his childhood, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively.

In the movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed by Agus Kuncoro.

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

  • Anwar, Dewi Fortuna (2010). "The Habibie presidency: Catapulting towards reform". In Edward Aspinall and Greg Fealy (eds.). Soeharto's New Order and Its Legacy: Essays in Honour of Harold Crouch. pp. 99–117. online
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Davidson, Jamie S. (2018). Indonesia: Twenty Years of Democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Ford, Michele (2000). "Continuity and change in Indonesian labour relations in the Habibie interregnum". Asian Journal of Social Science. 28(2): 59–88.
  • Juwono, Vishnu (2020). "One step forward, two steps back: The retrogression of governance reform and anti-corruption measure in Indonesia 1999 - 2001". Jurnal Politik. 6(1): 123–148. [1]
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Шаблон:Cite book

In Indonesian

External links

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  1. ↑ Habibie, B. J., et al. "BJ Habibie." Children 1000.1962 (2010).
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Salam, S., 1986. BJ Habibie, Mutiara dari Timur. Intermasa.
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  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Habibie, B.J., 2010. Habibie & Ainun. THC Mandiri.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Hendrowinoto, N.K.S. ed., 2004. Ibu Indonesia dalam kenangan. Bank Naskah Gramedia bekerja sama dengan Yayasan Biografi Indonesia.
  9. ↑ Noer, G.S., 2015. Rudy: Kisah Masa Muda Sang Visioner. Bentang Pustaka.
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  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 Шаблон:Harvnb
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Miller, M. (2004). 'From reform to repression: the post-New Order's shifting security policies in Aceh', Review of Indonesian and Malaysian Affairs, 38(4), 129–162.
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 Шаблон:Harvnb
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
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  47. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 Шаблон:Cite news
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  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ Habibie, B.J., 2010. ''Habibie & Ainun''. THC Mandiri.
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  68. ↑ Rektor UI Terima Penghargaan dari Chonbuk National University - website of newspaper Pikiran Rakyat
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  71. ↑ WOW_Medals_and_Awards Шаблон:Webarchive - website of the Royal Aeronautical Society
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  73. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 75,2 75,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  76. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  77. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  78. ↑ Italian Presidency Website, HABIBIE Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf
  79. ↑ Spain State Agency of Official State Gazette, Real Decreto 1756/1987, de 30 de diciembre, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil al señor Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie.
  80. ↑ Spain State Agency of Official State Gazette, Real Decreto 497/1980, de 7 de marzo, por el que se concede la Gran Cruz del Mérito Aeronáutico, con distintivo blanco, al Profesor Doctor Ingeniero don Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Ministro de Investigación y Tecnología de Indonesia.
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  84. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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