Английская Википедия:BMP-2

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The BMP-2 (Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty, Шаблон:Lang-ru, literally "combat machine/vehicle (of the) infantry")[1] is an amphibious infantry fighting vehicle introduced in the 1980s in the Soviet Union, following on from the BMP-1 of the 1960s.[2]

Development history

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:More citations needed

Файл:Soviet BMP-1 IFV.JPEG
The BMP-1, the predecessor to the BMP-2

Although the BMP-1 was a revolutionary design, its main armament, the 2A28 Grom and the 9S428 ATGM launcher capable of firing 9M14 Malyutka (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A) and 9M14M Malyutka-M (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) ATGMs, quickly became obsolete. Therefore, the Soviet Union decided to produce an updated and improved version of the BMP-1. The main emphasis was put on improving the main armament. In 1972, work got under-way to develop an improved version of the BMP-1.

During its combat debut in the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian and Syrian BMPs proved vulnerable to .50 calibre machine-gun fire in the sides and rear, and to 106 mm M40 recoilless rifles. The 2A28 Grom proved inaccurate beyond 500 metres, and the 9M14 Malyutka missile could not be guided effectively from the confines of the turret.

Several Soviet technical teams were sent to Syria in the wake of the war to gather information. These lessons, combined with observations of western AFV developments, resulted in a replacement project for the original BMP in 1974. The result was the BMP-1P upgrade, which was intended as a stopgap to address the most serious problems with the existing design.

Smoke grenade launchers were added to the rear of the turret and the manually guided 9M14 Malyutka missile system was replaced with the semi-automatically guided 9K111 Fagot / 9M113 Konkurs system. The BMP-1P was in production by the late 1970s. Existing BMP-1s were gradually upgraded to the BMP-1P standard during the 1980s.

Design

Шаблон:More citations

Файл:BMP21981graphic1.gif
BMP-2 graphic.

The BMP-2 is broadly similar to the BMP-1. The most significant changes are:

  • The commander now sits with the gunner in an enlarged, two-man turret.
  • Armament changed to the 2A42 30 mm autocannon and the 9P135M ATGM launcher capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot), 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel) and 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B) anti-tank missiles.
  • Only seven troops can be carried instead of eight.
  • Two rear infantry roof hatches instead of four.
  • Slightly improved armour.

Layout

Файл:Курсанти Військової академії (м.Одеса) виконали практичне водіння бойових машин на плаву на морській ділянці узбережжя (27788951685).jpg
BMP-2 of the Armed Forces of Ukraine demonstrates its amphibious capabilities.

In the centre of the vehicle is the welded steel turret, which seats the commander and gunner, both of whom have hatches. The commander sits to the right and has three day-vision periscopes, a 1PZ-3 day-sight designed for anti-aircraft use with 1.2× and 4× magnification, an OU-3GA2 infra-red searchlight, a TNP-165A designator and a TKN-3B binocular sight with 4.75× day magnification and 4× night-sight magnification.

The gunner sits to the commander's left and has a smaller rectangular hatch with a rearward-facing day periscope. There are three other day periscopes facing forward and left. The gunner has a BPK-1-42 binocular sight with a moon/starlight vision range of 650 metres, or 350 metres using the infra-red searchlight, and a TNPT-1 designator. An FG-126 infra-red searchlight is mounted coaxially to the 30 mm cannon.

The driver sits in the front left of the vehicle, with the engine in a separate compartment to his right. The driver has his own entry hatch above him, with three-day-periscopes. The centre TNPO-170A periscope can be replaced with either a TNPO-350B extended periscope for amphibious operation or a TVNE-1PA night vision scope. An infantryman sits immediately behind the driver, and has a firing port and vision block. TNPO-170A periscopes are used throughout the vehicle and are electrically heated.

In the BMP-1 and BMP-2, ammunition is stored near or even inside the compartment, which can lead to a catastrophic failure in case of a hull breach.Шаблон:Citation needed

Mobility

The BMP-1 and BMP-2 share the same chassis and have almost identical road performance. The BMP-2 is heavier, but also has a more powerful engine to compensate.

The BMP-2 is amphibious with little preparation, using hydrodynamic fairings to convert track momentum into water jets. Peacetime regulations require that any BMPs entering water must have a working radio set, since its bearings are not airtight and it can be carried away by currents in case of loss of engine power (the vehicle lacks an anchor).

Weapons

The main armament is a turret with a stabilized 30 mm 2A42 autocannon with dual ammunition feeds, which provide a choice of 3UBR6 AP-T and 3UOR6 HE-T / 3UOF8 HE-I ammunition and 9M113 Konkurs ATGM. The gun has a selectable rate of fire, either slow at 200 to 300 rounds per minute or fast at 550 rounds per minute. This gives a continuous fire time of 100–150 seconds (or only 55 seconds, depending on the rate of fire chosen) before running out of ammunition. The original stabilization provides reasonable accuracy up to a speed of about 35 kilometres per hour.

The AP-T ammunition can penetrate 15 millimetres of armour at sixty degrees at 1,500 metres. A new APDS-T tungsten round can penetrate 25 millimetres at the same distance. A typical ammunition load is 160 rounds of AP ammunition and 340 rounds of HE ammunition. The ammunition sits in two trays located on the turret rear floor. The gun can be fired from either the commander's or the gunner's station.

The commander's 1PZ-3 sight is specifically designed for anti-aircraft operation. Combined with the high maximum elevation of 74 degrees, it allows the 30 mm cannon to be used effectively against helicopters and slow flying aircraft. The turret traverse and elevation are powered and it can traverse 360 degrees in 10.28 seconds and elevate through 74 degrees in 12.33 seconds.

Reloading the BMP-2's 30 mm cannon can be somewhat problematic and can take up to two hours, even if the ammunition is prepared. The cannon is normally only used on the slow rate of fire, otherwise, fumes from the weapon would build up in the turret faster than the extractor fan can remove them.Шаблон:Citation needed

The effective range of the 30 mm cannon is up to 1,500 metres against armour, 4,000 metres against ground targets, and 2,500 metres against air targets.

A coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun is mounted to the left of the 30 mm cannon. 2,000 rounds of ammunition are carried for it. On the roof of the turret is an ATGM launcher. On Russian vehicles this fires 9M113 Konkurs missiles. On export models it normally fires 9K111 Fagot missiles. A ground-mount for the missile is carried, allowing it to be used away from the vehicle. The missiles are a substantial improvement on the 9M14 Malyutka missiles used on the BMP-1, in both range and accuracy.

Behind the turret is the troop compartment that holds six troops. A seventh sits just behind the driver. The troops sit back to back, along the center of the vehicle. Down each side of the compartment are three firing ports with periscopes. Access to the compartment is by the two rear doors, which hold fuel tanks. Both doors have integral periscopes. The left door has a firing port.

In addition to the main weapons, it can carry a man-portable surface-to-air missile launcher and two missiles, and an RPG launcher and five rounds. The vehicle is fitted with a PAZ overpressure NBC system and fire suppression system, and carries a GPK-59 gyrocompass.

Countermeasures

The original BMP-1 had a vulnerability in its mine protection scheme, which only became obvious during the war in Afghanistan. The one-man-turret fighting vehicle seated its driver and commander in tandem layout, in the front-left side of the hull alongside the diesel engine. When a BMP-1 hit a tilt-rod anti-tank land mine its steeply sloped lower front glacis armour plate allowed the mine's arming rod to tilt with little resistance until the maximum deflection was reached, at which time the mine was already well under the chassis.Шаблон:Citation needed

When it subsequently detonated, the blast usually killed both the driver and the vehicle commander. This shortcoming was addressed in the BMP-2 design, where the tank commander shares the well-armoured two-man turret with the gunner. The driver's station has been enlarged and he is provided with an armored driver's seat, in addition to extra belly armor in the lower front.Шаблон:Citation needed

The IFV lacks the ability to install add-on protection packages like slat armor cages or explosive reactive armor (ERA).[3] The BMP-2's armor is very similar to the original BMP-1, resistant to 23 mm armor-piercing rounds on its frontal arc from 500 meters (and immune to 12.7 mm armor-piercing from the same angle) and to 7.62x39 mm armor-piercing rounds to its sides. Its armor is slightly thinner than the BMP-1's but the higher-quality steel used in its construction grants it the same effective protection.[4]

The basic hull armor on the BMP-2 can be easily penetrated by any shaped-charge missile, from the 66 mm LAW on up. One important modification carried out as the result of operational experience in Afghanistan was the fitting of a second layer of stand-off armor, usually a high resistant ballistic rubber-like material, to act as spaced armour around the top of the hull sides and around the turret.

According to Russian sources, the vehicles repaired as of November 2023 are equipped with attachments to install additional protection kits.[5]

Service history

Файл:Yudh Abhyas-09 BMP.JPG
The Indian Army's upgraded BMP-2 Sarath during military exercise in Rajasthan, India.

In the Soviet Army, BMPs were typically issued to the motor rifle battalions of tank regiments. In a typical motor-rifle division, one motor-rifle regiment had BMPs, the other two had wheeled BTRs.

Proliferation varied greatly among the rest of the Warsaw Pact nations. For example, at least some East German motor-rifle divisions were recorded to have all three motor-rifle regiments with BMPs, ranging down to the Romanian and Bulgarian Armies, some of whose divisions had no BMPs at all.[6]

Poland planned to replace its BWP-1 with BWP-2 (BMP-2 and BMP-2D); but, because of financial problems, only ordered 62 vehicles in 1988, which were delivered in 1989. Since obtaining a sufficient number of BWP-2 vehicles after the political changes of 1989 became impossible, Poland was forced to abandon this plan. The 62 BWP-2 that Poland bought were sold to Angola in 1995.[7][8]

Combat history

Файл:Damaged Iraqi BMP-2.jpg
A damaged abandoned Iraqi BMP-2K armoured command vehicle sits along a roadside in Northern Iraq, during the 2003 invasion of Iraq
Файл:South Ossetia war 58 army.jpg
A Russian BMP-2 of the 58th Army of the North Caucasus Military District in South Ossetia during the 2008 South Ossetia War.

Variants

Файл:BMP-2D IFV.jpg
BMP-2D on display near the Great Patriotic War Museum, Kyiv, 4 September 2005.

Soviet Union and Russian Federation

Файл:BMP-2M.jpg
BMP-2M "Berezhok"
  • BMP-2 obr. 1980 – Initial production model.[11]
    • BMP-2 obr. 1984 – Improved version with "kovriki" armour on turret front.
      • BMP-2 obr. 1986 – Late-production model with new BPK-2-42 sight instead of the BPK-1-42.
    • BMP-2D (D stands for dorabotanaya – modified) – Fitted with additional spaced type steel appliqué armour on the hull sides, under the driver's and commander's stations, and 6 mm thick appliqué armour on the turret. Owing to the added weight, the vehicle is no longer amphibious. It also has provision for mounting a mine clearing system under the nose of the vehicle. In service since 1982, it saw service during Soviet–Afghan War. During that conflict, western observers saw the vehicle for the first time and gave it a designation BMP-2E.Шаблон:Citation needed
    • BMP-2K (K stands for komandirskaya – command) – Command variant fitted with two whip antennas mounted on the rear of the hull, one behind the turret and one on the right-hand side of the rear of the vehicle, one IFF antenna (pin stick) on the left-hand side of the rear of the vehicle and a support for a telescopic mast in the front of the IFF antenna. The firing port equipped with the periscope was removed from either side of the vehicle. The antennae on the turret was removed. The radio equipment consists ether of the R-123M and R-130M radio sets, or the more modern R-173, R-126 and R-10. The crew consists of six men.Шаблон:Citation needed
    • BMP-2M – This is the general designator for upgraded (modernizirovannyj) versions.
      • The upgrade package from 2008[12] consists of the UTD-23 400 hp (294 kW) turbocharged engine, BPK-3-42 gunner`s sight and TKN-AI commander`s sight, additional passive armour, an AG-17 "Plamya" grenade launcher and a KBM-2 air conditioning unit. Furthermore, the upgraded vehicle will have an improved suspension with road wheels of higher load carrying capacity, enhanced-hardness torsion bars, power-consuming shock absorbers and tracks with rubber pad shoes.[13]
      • BMP-2M "Berezhok"[14] – Modernized version from KBP. This version has B05Ya01 Berezhok turret equipped with 2A42 30mm autocannon, PKMT 7.62mm coaxial machine gun, AGS-30 grenade launcher, 2+2 launchers for ATGM 9M133M "Kornet-M" and new day/night sights SOZh-TM (as found on BMP-3). Hull is fitted with armored side skirts and slat (cage) armor. There is an improved UTD-23 diesel engine (400 hp) coupled with automatic transmission. Suspension is also improved. This upgrade was selected by Algeria,[15] and Russia will upgrade several hundred of its vehicles.[16][17][18][19]
    • BMO-1 (boyevaya mashina ognemyotchikov) – Transport vehicle for a flamethrower squad armed with 30 RPO-A "Shmel" 93 mm napalm rocket launchers. It is equipped with storage racks and a dummy turret. The crew consists of seven soldiers. It entered service in 2001.Шаблон:Citation needed

Former Czechoslovakia

  • BVP-2 (bojové vozidlo pěchoty) – Czechoslovak-produced version of BMP-2.
  • BVP-2V or VR 1p (vozidlo velitele roty) – Company commander's vehicle with tent, telescopic mast and radiosets RF 1325 (x 2), IPRS 32, RF 1301 and NS 2480D.[20] Photos
  • VPV (VPV stands for vyprošťovací pásové vozidlo) – BVP-2 conversion into an ARV developed at the ZTS Martin Research and Development Institute and production commenced at the ZTS Martin plant (which is now in Slovakia) in 1984. It is equipped with a powered crane with 5 tonnes capacity, heavy winch, wider troop compartment etc. Hatches on top of the turret and the troop compartment were removed. The vehicle is divided into four compartments: engine, commander's, driver's and repair/cargo. The crew consists of a commander/crane operator, driver/welder/slinger and a logistician/mechanic. The vehicle is armed with a pintle-mounted 7.62 mm PKT light machine gun. A small number of those vehicles was also based on BVP-1.[21]

India

Файл:Indian Army BMP-2.jpg
An Indian BMP-2 "Sarath" on display.
  • BMP-2 "Sarath" ("Chariot of Victory"), also known as BMP-II – Indian licence-produced variant of the BMP-2,[22] built by Ordnance Factory Medak. The first vehicle, assembled from components supplied by KBP, was ready in 1987. By 1999, about 90% of the complete vehicle and its associated systems were being produced in India. It was estimated that, by 2007, 1,250 vehicles had been built. As of February 2020, around 2,500 Saraths were made.[23]
  • On June 2, 2020, India's Ministry of Defence announced placement of an order of 156 BMP-2 Sarath vehicles (Infantry Combat Vehicles) for the Indian Army's infantry units.[24] The Rs 1,094 crore ($145.2 million) order will be executed by state owned Ordnance Factory Board, and BMP-2/2K Sarath will be produced by Ordnance Factory Medak. The delivery is expected to be complete by 2023.

India has also developed the following versions of the "Sarath":

    • BMP-2 Light Tank – DRDO developed light tank on BMP-2 Chassis DRDO light tank.[25]
    • BMP-2K "Sarath" Carrier Command Post Tracked – Command vehicle, similar to the Soviet/Russian version.[26]
    • Armoured Ambulance – This version retains the turret but without the gun or smoke grenade launchers.[27] The troop compartment has been modified to carry four stretchers.
    • Armoured Vehicle Tracked Light Repair – Armoured recovery vehicle, fitted with a light hydraulic crane.[28]
    • Armoured Amphibious Dozer (AAD) – Turret-less combat engineer vehicle, fitted with a folding dozer blade at the rear, mine ploughs, a main winch with a capacity of 8,000 kg and a rocket-propelled earth anchor for self-recovery.[29][30]
    • Armoured Engineer Reconnaissance Vehicle (AERV) – This version has no gun and is fitted with specialised equipment, including an echo-sounder, a water current metre, a laser range finder and GPS. On the left rear of the hull, a marking system with 40 rods is fitted.[31]
    • NBC Reconnaissance Vehicle (NBCRV) – For detection of nuclear, biological and chemical contamination. The NBCRV was developed by DRDO and VRDE and has been ordered by the Indian army.[32][33]
    • Carrier Mortar Tracked Vehicle – This turret-less version has an 81 mm mortar mounted in the modified troop compartment. The mortar is fired through an opening in the hull roof that has two hinged doors. It has a max. range of 5,000 m and a normal rate of fire of 6–8 rds/min. There is also a longe-range version of the mortar.[34] The vehicle carries 108 mortar rounds and is also fitted with a 7.62 mm machine gun with 2,350 rounds. Crew: 2+4. The first prototype was completed in 1997.[35]
    • NAMICA (Nag Missile Carrier) – part of the Nag anti-tank missile system. The Nag (Cobra) missile is launched from a retractable armoured launcher that contains four launch tubes and the guidance package. "Nag" is a fire-and-forget top-attack ATGM with a tandem-HEAT warhead and a range of at least 4 km.[36]
    • Akash – Air-defence missile system that is based on a modified "Sarath" chassis with 7 road wheels. On top of the hull there's a launcher for three SAMs with a range of 27 km and semi-active homing guidance.[37]
    • Trishul Combat Vehicle - A variant with four Trishul SAM launchers and a Flycatcher radar system.Шаблон:Sfn The vehicle entered trials in 2001, but never entered service.[38]
    • Rajendra – This is a multifunctional 3-D phased radar (MUFAR), associated with the "Akash" system. It is also based on the stretched chassis.[37]
    • BMP-2 UGV "Muntra" – is a family of unmanned reconnaissance vehicles developed by DRDO, The Muntra family has several versions such as "S" version is fitted with equipment used to detect nuclear, biological and chemical contamination while the "M" version is designed to detect mines and "N" for operations in Nuclear and chemical contaminated areas.[39][40]
    • 105 mm Self-Propelled Gun – This is OFB's mechanized version of the Indian Indian Light Field Gun (EQPT 105/37 LFG E2) with 42 rounds stowed. The gun is mounted in a lightly armoured turret.[41][42] The 105 mm SPG was shown for the first time in public in February 2010 during DEFEXPO-2010 in New Delhi and was planned to replace the FV433 Abbot SPG in the Indian army,[43] but it wasn't accepted into service.

Israel

  • BMP-2 upgrade designed by Nimda fitting it with new power unit and automatic transmission which improves both mobility and reliability.[44]

Poland

Finland

Файл:Lippujuhlan päivän 2017 paraati 080 BMP-2M Ps 153-74.JPG
Finnish BMP-2MD
  • BMP-2MD – Finnish modernisation of the BMP-2, which includes thermal camouflage, thermal sights, anti-aircraft sight and new day/night optics for the gunner and commander, heated cabin and seats, new external storage boxes functioning also as spaced armour and new radio and communications systems.[45][46]

Operators

Current operators

  • Шаблон:AFG – 150 along with 1,500 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1987 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1987 and 1991 (some of the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet service).[7][8] 550 BMP-1s and BMP-2s in service in 1992.[47] Between 60 and 80 BMP-1s and BMP-2s were delivered from Russia after 2002.[48]
  • Шаблон:ALG – 225 along with 2,250 9M111 Fagot ATGMs were ordered in 1989 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1990 and 1991. 54 BVP-2s and BVP-2Ks were ordered in 1994 from Slovakia and delivered between 1995 and 1996. 64 were ordered in 1998 from Ukraine and delivered between 1998 and 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).[8] Estimated to have 220 BMP-2 and 760 BMP-2M in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:ANG – 65, along with 650 9M111 Fagot ATGMs, were ordered in 1987 from the Soviet Union and delivered in 1987. 7 were ordered in 1993 from Hungary and delivered in 1993 (the vehicles were previously in Hungarian service and were sold via Czech Republic). 52 BMP-2s were ordered in 1994 from Poland and delivered between 1994 and 1995 (the vehicles were previously in Polish service). 65 were ordered in 1997 from Russia and delivered in 1998 (the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet and later Russian service). 62 were ordered in 1999 from Belarus and delivered in 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Belarusian service). 31 were ordered in 1999 from Ukraine and delivered in 1999 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).[8] 250 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:ARM – 15 as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
Файл:BVP-2 military parade Prague.jpg
Czech BVP-2 on a Military parade in Prague, 28 October 2008.
Файл:Two Fninish BMP-2s.JPG
Two Finnish BMP-2s, 25 October 2004.
  • Шаблон:AZE – 101 in service with the army and 168 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in service with the State Border Service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:BLR – 906 as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:CZE – 200 inherited from former Czechoslovakia.[7] 120 in service and 65 in storage as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:FIN – 20 were ordered in 1988 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1988 and 1989. Further 84 were ordered in 1991 from the Soviet Union and delivered in 1992 by Russia.[8] 110 BMP-2MD in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:GEO – 40 were ordered in 2004 from Ukraine and were delivered between 2004 and 2005 (the vehicles were previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service).[8] 89 in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:IND[7] – 700 BMP-2 "Sarath" ordered in 1984 from the Soviet Union and delivered between 1987 and 1991 (most produced in India). 400 BMP-2 "Sarath" ordered in 1985 and produced in India between 1992 and 1995 at Ordnance Factory Medak of Ordnance Factories Board[49] under Russian licence. 123 BMP-2K ordered in 2006 from Russia and delivered between 2007 and 2008.[8] 2,400 BMP-2 Sarath, plus an unknown number of BMP-2K and armored engineering vehicles in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:IRN – 1,500 ordered in 1991 from Russia and 413 were delivered between 1993 and 2001 of which 82 were delivered directly by Russia and 331 were assembled in Iran.[8] 400 in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:INA – 9 ordered in 1998 from Ukraine and delivered in 1998 (the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service and were sold via Slovakia). 2 ordered in 1998 from Ukraine and delivered in 1998 (the vehicles were possibly previously in Soviet and later Ukrainian service and were sold via Slovakia). 11 BVP-2s ordered in 1999 from Slovakia and delivered in 2000 (the vehicles were probably previously in Czechoslovak and later Slovakian service).[8] 22 ex-Czech BVP-2s are currently in service in the Marine Corps as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:CIV – 2 ordered in 2002 from Angola and delivered in 2002 (the vehicles were previously in Angolan service). 1 ordered in 2003 from Ukraine and delivered in 2003 (the vehicle probably was previously in Ukrainian service).[8] 10 BMP-1 and BMP-2 in 2023, possibly non-operationalШаблон:Sfn
  • Шаблон:KAZ – 280 in service as of 2023Шаблон:Sfn
Файл:Kuwaiti soldiers and a Kuwaiti BMP-2.JPEG
Kuwaiti soldiers sit beside a Kuwaiti BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicle during Operation Desert Storm.
Файл:BMP-2 parade ukraine.jpg
Ukrainian BMP-2s on parade, 24 August 2008

Former operators

Файл:BMP-2 NVA.JPG
Ex-East German BMP-2

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Commons

Шаблон:PostWWIISovietAFVS Шаблон:Portal bar

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Soderzhaniye. Web.archive.org (11 May 2005). Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Russia`s Ministry of Defense to overhaul BMP-2 Шаблон:Sic Fighting Vehicles Шаблон:Webarchive - Armyrecognition.com, 25 August 2016
  4. ↑ https://[citation needed]
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Warsaw Pact Шаблон:Webarchive. Orbat.com. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 BMP-2 Pancerni.net 1 Шаблон:Webarchive. Pancerni.abajt.pl. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  8. ↑ 8,00 8,01 8,02 8,03 8,04 8,05 8,06 8,07 8,08 8,09 8,10 8,11 8,12 8,13 8,14 8,15 8,16 8,17 8,18 8,19 8,20 8,21 8,22 8,23 8,24 SIPRI Arms Transfers Database Шаблон:Webarchive. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Defence Security Report. Janes.com (8 December 2008). Retrieved 20 September 2011. Шаблон:Webarchive
  13. ↑ Fire power Шаблон:Webarchive. Kurganmash.ru. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:In lang Армс-Тасс Шаблон:Webarchive. Armstass.su. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  15. ↑ Military Parade 2006-6-page 61
  16. ↑ Russian BMP-2 and BMD-2 upgraded with new Berezhok weapon station Шаблон:Webarchive – Armyrecognition.com, 3 October 2017
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ CZE – BVP-2V (velitelské stanoviště). forum.valka.cz. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  21. ↑ Photos Шаблон:Webarchive
  22. ↑ Ordnance Factory Board Шаблон:Webarchive. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Ordnance Factory Board Шаблон:Webarchive. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  35. ↑ Ordnance Factory Board Шаблон:Webarchive. Ofbindia.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ OFB 105 mm SPG Specs | Flickr – Photo Sharing! Шаблон:Webarchive. Flickr (19 February 2010). Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  42. ↑ OFB 105 mm Tracked SPG on BMP II | Flickr – Photo Sharing! Шаблон:Webarchive. Flickr. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ История России. Всемирная, мировая история – Афганистан в конце XX в Шаблон:Webarchive. Istorya.ru. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  48. ↑ Defence Express News – РОССИЯ И АФГАНИСТАН ВЫПОЛНЯЮТ ДОГОВОРЕННОСТИ, ЗАКЛЮЧЕННЫЕ МЕЖДУ ВОЕННЫМИ ВЕДОМСТВАМИ ДВУХ СТРАН В КАБУЛЕ В 2002 Г Шаблон:Webarchive. Defense-ua.com (29 January 2003). Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Macedonian Armor Шаблон:Webarchive. Vojska.net. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  54. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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