Английская Википедия:BR-364 (Brazil highway)

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox road BR-364 is an inter-state highway in Brazil connecting the southeast state of São Paulo to the western state of Acre. The highway was opened in the 1960s and paved in the 1980s. It has brought economic development and population growth in the Amazon basin states of Rondônia and Acre. It is also important for the flow of agricultural and livestock production in the states of Rondônia, Mato Grosso and Goiás, for Brazilian domestic consumption and for export, predominately by Port of Santos.

Route

BR-364 starts in Limeira in São Paulo state and runs northwest through Minas Gerais, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Rondônia and Acre to Rodrigues Alves, then on to Mâncio Lima on the frontier with Peru. It passes through the cities of Cuiabá (Mato Grosso), Porto Velho (Rondônia) and Rio Branco (Acre).Шаблон:Sfn The all-weather highway gives the people of the remote Amazon states of Rondônia and Acre access to goods, services and people from the well-populated regions around São Paulo.Шаблон:Sfn The highway runs through the Cerrado, Pantanal and Amazon rainforest biomes, and through sugar cane, soy bean and cotton farming areas. In some areas it is poorly maintained. In western Rondônia a ferry used to be the only way to cross the Madeira River, but in May 2021 the Abunã Bridge opened, finally linking Acre and western Rondônia to the rest of Brazil by road.

Duplication

In the state of Mato Grosso, the Federal Government has been doubling BR 364 between the cities of Cuiabá and Rondonópolis, a stretch of 191 km. At the end of 2018, the duplication of the section between the cities of Cuiabá and Jaciara, about 100 kilometers, was inaugurated. As of March 2019, there were already 151 duplicate km, and the forecast for completion of work was 2020.[1][2]

History

Early years

Construction was started in 1961 by President Juscelino Kubitschek. The road would be used to transport cassiterite to industries in the east, and to open the west for settlement.Шаблон:Citation needed BR-364 and the BR-230 Trans-Amazonian Highway were intended to integrate, protect and bring people to the "undeveloped, unproductive and empty" Amazon.Шаблон:Sfn BR-364 was the first main road between the Amazon basin and the rest of Brazil, and was intended to provide an access route for developing infrastructure between Cuiabá and Porto Velho. It connected São Paulo to the west of Acre.Шаблон:Sfn

Interoceanic Highway

Файл:RodoviaInteroceanicaBrasilPeru.jpg
Interoceanic Highway.

The Interoceanic Highway or Trans-oceanic highway is an international, transcontinental highway in Peru and Brazil to connect the two countries.[3] The east–west passageway spans 2600 kilometers. From Peru's Pacific Ocean coastline, it continues across the Andes mountains and through a large part of the Amazon rainforest in the Peruvian department of Madre de Dios. It then travels into Brazil where it connects with a network of existing highways to the Atlantic. It entailed the renovation and construction of roughly 2,600 kilometers of roads and 22 bridges. Completed in 2011, it creates a connected highway from the Peruvian ports of San Juan de Marcona to Brazilian ports and cities throughout the City of Rio Branco ZPE (Special Export Zone). The project came into being via a 2004 agreement between the presidents of the two countries.

In Peru the project is known by the MTC (Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones) as the Corredor Vial Interoceánico Sur Perú-Brasil[4] and by ProInversion (Private Investment Promotion Agency - Peru) as the Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America, (Iniciativa para la Integración de la Infraestructura Regional Suramericana) (IIRSA), SUR axis.[5] The project is part of a national road investment plan which involves the construction of three longitudinal highways, and 20 transversal highways. Parts of these transversal highways make up part of IIRSA SUR.[6]

As the project now links three Peruvian ports to Brazil, the route has several branches (map). Furthermore, the construction of the various branches has been divided up into a number of stretches or sections, each of which has been constructed as part of a separate concession. Five concessions were constructed in two blocks:

In June 2005, the second, third, and fourth sections were leased to specialized Peruvian and Brazilian consortia of private companies for 25 years, in which they will be responsible for looking after the highway, the built and forthcoming bridges, and tollbooths.Шаблон:Citation needed The first and the last section were leased in 2007.

The Brazilian section runs from the border town of Assis Brasil via BR-317 into the main Brazilian road network through Porto Velho and Cuiabá via BR-364.

The total project has an estimated cost of US$1.3 billion, but some analysts predict a higher cost. Of this, about US$810 million is for stretches 2 - 4, $199 million is for stretches 1 and 5, and the remainder for bridges, urban connections, and overhead.

The project employed about 6,000 people during construction. It was inaugurated by Peruvian President Garcia in August 2011 and is now officially complete and operational.[9] However, as of July 2013 some of its bridges across the Madeira River were still not constructed and parts of the rest of the road were not properly built to support truck traffic that would be needed for exporting goods overseas as originally conceived.[10]

In 2017, it was found that the highway was practically not being used to trade. The average circulation was only seven commercial vehicles per hour, an extremely low average. According to the Peruvian authorities, there were basically no Brazilian products on the way to the ports in Peru.[11] In 2020, official figures showed that, of the US$246 million exported or imported by Acre between 2009 and 2019, just over 18% were made by the road (about US$44.6 million was the value of the goods transacted by highway). This is partly because Acre has no direct road connection with the rest of Brazil. Although there is BR-364, there is no road bridge over the Madeira River, between the cities of Rio Branco and Porto Velho, Rondônia; the crossing of vehicles is still done by ferries, which have little capacity and are expensive. However, the Abunã Bridge is being built on the site, and should be completed in March 2021; with this, Acre will come out of the road isolation and could, at last, develop, with this, making the Estrada do Pacífico a reality.[12]

Economy by state

Rondônia

Actually, Rondônia stands out in the production of coffee (largest producer in the North and 5th largest in Brazil), cocoa (2nd largest producer in the North and 3rd largest in Brazil), beans (2nd largest producer in the North), corn (2nd largest producer in the North region), soybean (3rd largest producer in the North region), rice (3rd largest producer in the North region) and cassava (4th largest producer in the North region). Despite the large volume of production and the small territory by the region's standards (7 times smaller than Amazonas and 6 times smaller than Pará), Rondônia still has more than 60% of its territory fully preserved. The state of Rondônia has dozens of indigenous reserves in the east and west (BR-364 cuts the state in half), blocking the opening of highways and farms in the state.[13]

In coffee production, Rondônia was, in 2019, the 5th largest producer in the country, being the 2nd largest producer of Coffea canephora, getting a total of 2.3 million bags of 60 kg of coffee (near 138 thousand tons) this year.[14]

In soy, in the 2019 Brazilian harvest, Rondônia harvested 1.2 million tons, 3rd in the North Region.[15][16][17]

In 2019, the state produced 805 thousand tons of corn, second largest production in the northern region, losing only to Tocantins.[18]

In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Rondônia was the 11st largest producer in the country, with 583 thousand tons.[19]

In 2018, Rondônia produced 124 thousand tons of rice.[20]

In the production of cocoa, Pará has been competing with Bahia for the leadership of Brazilian production. In 2019, Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Rondônia is the 3rd largest cocoa producer in the country, with 18 thousand tons harvested in 2017.[21][22]

In 2017, the state had a cattle herd of 14,098,031 head of cattle (73,37% for beef and the rest for dairy), second largest herd in the North, second only to Pará, being the 6th largest in the country, 5th in meat exports and 8th in milk production.[23] The state's milk production in 2018 was around 800 million liters, the largest producer in the North.[24]

In 2017, Rondônia had 0.62% of the national mineral participation (8th place in the country). Rondônia had production of tin (10,9 thousand tons at a value of R$333 million), gold (1 ton at a value of R$125 million), niobium (in the form of columbita-tantalita) (3.5 thousand tons at R$24 million), and zinc in gross form (26 thousand tons at R$27 million) [25] In addition, in gemstones, the state has some production of garnet.[26]

In industry, Rondônia had an industrial GDP of R$8.2 billion in 2017, equivalent to 0.7% of the national industry. It employs 49,944 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (54.4%), Construction (19.2%), Food (17.6%), Wood (1.8%) and Non-metallic minerals (1.2%). These 5 sectors concentrate 94.2% of the state's industry.[27]

Mato Grosso

In 2020, Mato Grosso was the leader in the national grain production, with 28.0%.[28] It's the largest producer of soy in Brazil, with 26.9% of the total produced in 2020 (33.0 million tons); the largest producer of corn in the country;[29] the largest producer of cotton in Brazil, with around 65% of national production (1.8 out of the 2.8 million tons harvested in the country).;[30][31] the 6th largest producer of sugarcane in the country, 16 million tons harvested in the 2019–20 harvest.;[32][28] and the 3rd largest producer of beans, with 10.5% of Brazilian production.[28] In sunflower, the state was the largest national producer in 2019, with 60 thousand tons.[33] In cassava production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6 million tons in 2018. Mato Grosso produced 287 thousand tons at this year.[19]

In 2019, the cattle herd from Mato Grosso reached the mark of thirty million cattle, the largest cattle herd in the country, representing almost 14% of national production alone. In 2018, Mato Grosso was the fifth largest pork producer in the country, with a herd of around 2.5 million animals.[34][35][36][37]

In 2017, Mato Grosso had 1.15% of the national mineral participation (5th place in the country). Mato Grosso had production of gold (8.3 tons at a value of R$1 billion) and tin (536 tons at a value of R$16 million).[25] In addition, in gemstones, the state is the 2nd largest national producer of diamond, having extracted 49 thousand carats in the year 2017. The city of Juína is the main one in this activity in the state. The state also has a small production of sapphire and jasper.[38][26]

Mato Grosso had an industrial GDP of R$17.0 billion in 2017, equivalent to 1.4% of the national industry. It employs 141,121 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (32.0%), Food (27.9%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (18.6%), Beverages (4.5%) and Oil Products Oil and Biofuels (3.9%). These 5 sectors concentrate 86.9% of the state's industry.[39]

Goiás

Goiás is a leader in the country in crop raising. In 2016, Goiás had the 3rd largest cattle herd in Brazil: 22.6 million head of cattle.[40] The number of pigs in Goiás was approximately 2.0 million head in 2015. The State had the 6th largest Brazilian herd, 5% of the national herd. Among the municipalities in Goiás that stood out, Rio Verde had the 3rd largest national population. In 2016, Goiás was the 4th largest milk producer, accounting for 10.1% of the country's milk production. The number of chickens in the State was 64.2 million head in 2015. The production of chicken eggs this year was 188 million dozens. Goiás was the 9th largest producer of eggs, 5% of national production.[41]

Agriculture as a total represented 21% of the GDP of the state. The state of Goiás stands out in the production of sugarcane, corn, soy, sorghum, beans, sunflower, tomato, garlic, in addition to also producing cotton, rice, coffee and wheat. In 2019, Goiás was the Brazilian state with the 4th highest grain production, 10% of the national production.[28] Goiás is the 2nd largest producer of sugarcane in the country, 11.3% of national production, with 75.7 million tons harvested in the 2019–20 harvest. In the same year, it was the 4th largest producer of soy, with 12.46 million tons. It has the national leadership in the production of sorghum: it produced 44% of the Brazilian crop production in the 2019–2020 cycle, with a harvest of 1.09 million tons.[42] In 2017, it was the 4th largest producer of corn in the country. The state is also the Brazilian leader in tomato production: in 2019 it produced over 1.2 million tons, a third of the country's total production.[43] In 2019, Goiás became the leader of the Brazilian production of garlic.[44][45] Goiás was the 4th largest producer of beans in Brazil in the 2017–18 harvest, with 374 thousand tons, and has about 10% of the country's production.[46] The state is also in 3rd place in the national production of cotton, however, most of the national production is from Mato Grosso and Bahia - Goiás has only 2.3% of participation.[30][31] In sunflower, in 2020 Goiás was the 2nd largest national producer, with 41.8%, losing only from Mato Grosso. In rice, Goiás is the 8th largest producer in Brazil, with 1% of national production.[47]

Minerals are also important with the state being a major producer of nickel, copper, gold, niobium and aluminum (bauxite). Goiás had 4.58% of the national mineral participation (3rd place in the country) in 2017. At nickel, Goiás and Pará are the only two producers in the country, Goiás being the 1st in production, having obtained 154 thousand tons at a value of R$1.4 billion. In copper, it was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 242 thousand tons, at a value of R$1.4 billion. In gold, it was the 4th largest producer in the country, with 10.2 tons, at a value of R$823 million. In niobium (in the form of pyrochlorine), it was the 2nd largest producer in the country, with 27 thousand tons, at a value of R$312 million. In aluminum (bauxite), it was the 3rd largest producer in the country, with 766 thousand tons, at a value of R$51 million.[25][48]

In gemstones, Goiás is one of the emerald producing states in Brazil. Campos Verdes is considered the "Capital of the Emeralds". The state also has known production of tourmaline (Brazil is one of the biggest productors of this gem), and sapphire (in a scarce mode).[49][26][50][51]

The strongest growing area in the state has been in industry and commerce. Goiás had in 2017 an industrial GDP of R$37.1 billion, equivalent to 3.1% of the national industry. It employs 302,952 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (25.6%), Food (25.2%), Industrial Public Utility Services, such as Electricity and Water (17.2%), Petroleum Products and Biofuels (7.4%) and Chemicals (3.7%). These 5 sectors concentrate 79.1% of the state's industry.[52]

Goiânia and Aparecida de Goiânia have become centers of food-processing industries, Anápolis of pharmaceutical factories. Rio Verde, in the southwest, is one of the fastest growing small cities with many new industries locating in the area and Catalão is a metal-mechanical and chemical center.

In Brazil, the automotive sector represents close to 22% of industrial GDP. Goiás has Mitsubishi, Suzuki and Hyundai factories.[53][54]

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Obra na via entre Cuiabá e Rondonópolis deve ser concluída em meados de 2020
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web (search for 'Corredor Vial Interoceánico')
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Rodovia Interoceânica frustra previsão de integrar Brasil ao Pacífico
  12. ↑ Obra da ponte entre Rondônia e Acre deve ficar pronta em março de 2021, diz Dnit
  13. ↑ RELAÇÃO DAS TERRAS INDÍGENAS DE RONDÔNIA
  14. ↑ Produção de café conilon avança e pode ter safra recorde em 2019 gerando emprego e renda
  15. ↑ Rondônia deve produzir 1,2 milhão de toneladas de soja na safra 2019/2020
  16. ↑ Soja é ouro no estado do Tocantins
  17. ↑ Especialistas e produtores debatem sobre a expansão da soja no Pará
  18. ↑ Colheita do milho safrinha cresce 20% e Conab estima produção de 805 mil toneladas em Rondônia
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Produção brasileira de mandioca em 2018
  20. ↑ Safra de arroz tem aumento de produtividade em Rondônia
  21. ↑ Pará retoma liderança na produção brasileira de cacau, com a união de agricultores
  22. ↑ Rondônia é o terceiro maior produtor de cacau do Brasil
  23. ↑ Rebanho bovino ultrapassa 14 milhões de cabeças em Rondônia
  24. ↑ Produção de leite em Rondônia resulta em cerca de 800 milhões de litros por ano e é um dos destaques da feira
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 Anuário Mineral Brasileiro 2018
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Algumas Gemas Clássicas
  27. ↑ Industry Profile of Rondonia
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 IBGE prevê safra recorde de grãos em 2020
  29. ↑ Quatro estados concentram quase 70% da produção de grãos do país
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Qualidade do algodão de MT é destaque em congresso nacional
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 MT segue como líder isolado na produção de algodão e safra sobe para 65% em 2017/18
  32. ↑ Goiás é o segundo maior produtor de cana-de-açúcar do País
  33. ↑ MT é o maior produtor de girassol do país
  34. ↑ Rebanho bovino de Mato Grosso chega a 30.3 milhões de cabeças
  35. ↑ Mato Grosso tem o maior rebanho bovino do país e representa 13,8% da produção nacional
  36. ↑ Para suinocultores de MT, entrada da carne suína dos EUA no Brasil agravaria a crise do setor
  37. ↑ Mato Grosso prevê crescimento de 67% de sua produção de suínos nos próximos dez anos
  38. ↑ Com produção de 49 mil quilates de diamante por ano, MT ocupa a 2ª colocação no ranking nacional
  39. ↑ Industry Profile of Mato Grosso
  40. ↑ Rebanho bovino goiano atinge recorde histórico
  41. ↑ Rebanho goiano alcança recorde
  42. ↑ Goiás lidera produção nacional de sorgo, segundo o IBGE
  43. ↑ Safra de tomate deve vir 12% menor este ano em Goiás
  44. ↑ Alho em Goiás
  45. ↑ [REVISTA CAMPO E NEGÓCIO] Alho brasileiro sofre concorrência desleal
  46. ↑ Feijão - Análise da Conjuntura Agropecuária
  47. ↑ Goiás passa a ser o terceiro maior produtor de grãos do Brasil
  48. ↑ Goiás lidera produção de níquel
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  51. ↑ Brasil passa a Colômbia nas esmeraldas
  52. ↑ Goiás Industry Profile
  53. ↑ Setor Automotivo
  54. ↑ O novo mapa das montadoras
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