Английская Википедия:Bacan Malay

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language Bacan MalayШаблон:Sfnp or BacanШаблон:Sfnp is a Malayic language spoken on the island of Bacan in North Maluku province, Indonesia, by the minor Bacan ethnic group.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It is an anomalous presence in the region, being surrounded by genetically distant Austronesian languages and languages of the unrelated North Halmahera family.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Bacan is geographically removed from the Malay heartlands in the western archipelago.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

It is sharply distinct from other eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay, differing both in its typology and historical origins. The Bacan people are thought to be a Malayic community that migrated from Borneo some centuries ago, preserving its native language. Nonetheless, Bacan Malay has received much influence from the local languages of Maluku, as seen in its lexicon and grammar.

Older information on Bacan Malay is scarce and largely lexical.Шаблон:Sfnp A 1958 article provides some grammatical and lexical notes, comparing Bacan to standard Malay/Indonesian.Шаблон:Sfnp No major descriptive efforts were made during the colonial period, but Bacan did receive some linguistic attention in the 1980s.Шаблон:Sfnp J.T. Collins has done much research work in the area, describing Bacan as well as demonstrating the Malayic nature. A 2022 Bacan-English dictionary is available.Шаблон:Sfnp

Language use

Bacan Malay is spoken by the Bacan ethnic group, which numbers perhaps 3500 people.Шаблон:Sfnp It is used as a first language in five villages (Indomut, Awanggo, Amasing, Labuha, and Mandawong).Шаблон:Sfnp A marker of ethnic identity for the Bacan people,Шаблон:Sfnp it is not generally known by other ethnic groups.Шаблон:Sfnp The sporadic assertion about its lingua franca role has been noted to be mistaken.Шаблон:Sfnp Bacan remains an in-group and home language, with more recent migrants only having rudimentary, if any, knowledge of it.Шаблон:Sfnp

The language, confined to a small community, is definitely endangered, with a decreasing number of speakers. In the late 1950s, it was still reported to be a common means of communication in the Bacan area.Шаблон:Sfnp The 16th edition of Ethnologue reports a 1991 figure of 2,500 speakers.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1996, it was estimated to have less than 5,000 speakers, residing in a few villages.Шаблон:Sfnp The 22nd edition of Ethnologue reports that it is spoken by six people.Шаблон:Sfnp Collins (2018) estimates that it is spoken by approximately 5% of Bacan Island's largely migrant population of 90,000. The Bacan Islands are also home to speakers of North Halmahera languages (especially Tobelo, Galela, and Ternate), languages of Southeast Sulawesi, as well as the two Makian languages (Taba and Moi). The dominant lingua franca of the region is Ternate Malay.Шаблон:Sfnp

A language related to Bacan was reportedly spoken in the Obi archipelago, further south of Bacan. However, no trace remains of such a variety, and the coastal areas of Obi are inhabited by other migrant communities.Шаблон:Sfnp

History

Bacan belongs to the Malayic languages (and is sometimes listed as a dialect of Malay).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp It is therefore very distinct from most languages in the North Maluku region,Шаблон:Sfnp and only remotely related to other eastern Indonesian varieties of Malay, such as Ambonese Malay and Ternate Malay, the two major linguae francae of the Moluccas.Шаблон:Sfnp Unlike those languages, which are often thought of as Malay-based creoles,Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Bacan Malay is not known to have developed as a trade language. Instead, it appears to have been transplanted by a migrant Malayic community, arriving from Borneo several hundred years ago.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Collins (1996) considers it to be an offshoot of Brunei Malay and a relatively close relative of Banjarese, spoken in Kalimantan.Шаблон:Sfnp

In contrast to contact varieties of Malay, it has been passed as a first language from generation to generation,Шаблон:Sfnp a fact still reflected in its complex inflectional system, as well as its preservation of indigenous Malay proverbs.Шаблон:Sfnp While showing many innovations, it also retains a number of archaic features not universally found in other Malayic languages (or standard Malay).Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Lexical retentions include the numerals tolu (‘three’), dulapang (‘eight’), and salapang (‘nine’).Шаблон:Sfnp The Bacan community must have maintained a high level of language loyalty, considering that for much of its history, it probably numbered no more than a few hundred people.Шаблон:Sfnp However, the impact of the surrounding Moluccan languages on Bacan Malay is considerable,Шаблон:Sfnp and its relationship to Brunei Malay has been obscured by the separate development of both languages.Шаблон:Sfnp A small number of its lexical items and grammatical traits can be associated with the Taliabu and Sula languages, but none of those are indicative of a genealogical relationship.Шаблон:Sfnp

During the colonial era, it was linked to Sula, as well as certain languages of Sulawesi, a classification reflected in older linguistic literature, drawing upon a 1914 work by N. Adriani and A.C. Kruyt.Шаблон:Sfnp It was thought to be a "mixed language" (mengtaal)Шаблон:Sfnp or a non-Malayic language with extensive Malay influence,Шаблон:Sfnp and its Malayic character remained largely unrecognized. However, as early as 1869, A.R. Wallace described it as a form of "pure Malay" with a "Papuan element",Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp and its relationship to Malay was also noted in a 1958 article by R.D. Udinsah.Шаблон:Sfnp In 1985, K.A. Adelaar included Bacan in his Malayic group.Шаблон:Sfnp In more recent times, J.T. Collins has further elaborated on the historical development and characteristics of Bacan, establishing its affinity to western Malay varieties.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp A dictionary has also been produced (2022).Шаблон:Sfnp

References

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Works cited

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Шаблон:Languages of Indonesia Шаблон:Austronesian languages

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