Английская Википедия:Bachelor

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses A bachelor is a man who is not and has never been married.[1]

Etymology

A bachelor is first attested as the 12th-century bacheler: a knight bachelor, a knight too young or poor to gather vassals under his own banner.[2] The Old French Шаблон:Lang presumably derives from Provençal Шаблон:Lang and Italian Шаблон:Lang,[2] but the ultimate source of the word is uncertain.[3][2] The proposed Medieval Latin *Шаблон:Lang ("vassal", "field hand") is only attested late enough that it may have derived from the vernacular languages,[2] rather than from the southern French and northern Spanish Latin[3] Шаблон:Lang.[4] Alternatively, it has been derived from Latin Шаблон:Lang ("a stick"), in reference to the wooden sticks used by knights in training.[5][6]

History

From the 14th century, the term "bachelor" was also used for a junior member of a guild (otherwise known as "yeomen") or university and then for low-level ecclesiastics, as young monks and recently appointed canons.Шаблон:Refn As an inferior grade of scholarship, it came to refer to one holding a "bachelor's degree". This sense of Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang is first attested at the University of Paris in the 13th century in the system of degrees established under the auspices of Pope Gregory IX as applied to scholars still Шаблон:Lang. There were two classes of Шаблон:Lang: the Шаблон:Lang, theological candidates passed for admission to the divinity course, and the Шаблон:Lang, who had completed the course and were entitled to proceed to the higher degrees.[7]

In the Victorian era, the term "eligible bachelor" was used in the context of upper class matchmaking, denoting a young man who was not only unmarried and eligible for marriage, but also considered "eligible" in financial and social terms for the prospective bride under discussion. Also in the Victorian era, the term "confirmed bachelor" denoted a man who desired to remain single.

By the later 19th century, the term "bachelor" had acquired the general sense of "unmarried man". The expression bachelor party is recorded 1882. In 1895, a feminine equivalent "bachelor-girl" was coined, replaced in US English by "bachelorette" by the mid-1930s. This terminology is now generally seen as antiquated, and has been largely replaced by the gender-neutral term "single" (first recorded 1964). In England and Wales, the term "bachelor" remained the official term used for the purpose of marriage registration until 2005, when it was abolished in favor of "single."[8]

Bachelors have been subject to penal laws in many countries, most notably in Ancient Sparta and Rome.[3] At Sparta, men unmarried after a certain age were subject to various penalties (Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre, atimía): they were forbidden to watch women's gymnastics; during the winter, they were made to march naked through the agora singing a song about their dishonor;[3] and they were not provided with the traditional respect due to the elderly.[9] Some Athenian laws were similar.[10] Over time, some punishments developed into no more than a teasing game. In some parts of Germany, for instance, men who were still unmarried by their 30th birthday were made to sweep the stairs of the town hall until kissed by a "virgin".[11] In a 1912 Pittsburgh Press article, there was a suggestion that local bachelors should wear a special pin that identified them as such, or a black necktie to symbolize that "....they [bachelors] should be in perpetual mourning because they are so foolish as to stay unmarried and deprive themselves of the comforts of a wife and home."[12]

The idea of a tax on bachelors has existed throughout the centuries. Bachelors in Rome fell under the Lex Julia of 18 BC and the Lex Papia Poppaea of AD 9: these lay heavy fines on unmarried or childless people while providing certain privileges to those with several children.[3] In 1695, a law known as the Marriage Duty Act was imposed on single males over 25 years old by the English Crown to help generate income for the Nine Years' War.[13] In Britain, taxes occasionally fell heavier on bachelors than other persons: examples include 6 & 7 Will. III, the 1785 Tax on Servants, and the 1798 Income Tax.[3]

It has been noted by some people such as Francis Bacon that many preeminent men throughout history have been bachelors:[14]

Шаблон:Blockquote

Nikola Tesla also made a similar statement:[15]

Шаблон:Blockquote

A study that was conducted by professor Charles Waehler at the University of Akron in Ohio on non-married heterosexual males deduced that once non-married men hit middle age, they will be less likely to marry and remain unattached later into their lives.[16] The study concluded that there is only a 1-in-6 chance that men older than 40 will leave the single life, and that after the age 45, the odds fall to 1-in-20.[16] Kenyan psychologist Florence Wamaitha noted that single men have the freedom to interact with people and hence have a deeper connection to the world and that most single males are financially stable as they do not have many family responsibilities.[17]

In certain Gulf Arab countries, "bachelor" can refer to men who are single as well as immigrant men married to a spouse residing in their country of origin (due to the high added cost of sponsoring a spouse onsite),[18] and a colloquial term "executive bachelor" is also used in rental and sharing accommodation advertisements to indicate availability to white-collar bachelors in particular.[19]Шаблон:Better source needed

Men who never married

Listed chronologically by date of birth.

Ancient Period Medieval Period, Renaissance, and Early Enlightenment Late Enlightenment, Modern, and Post-modern
Jeremiah[20] Aquinas Vivaldi
Heraclitus Petrarch[21] Handel[22]
Gorgias[23] Leonardo[24] Pope[25]
Democritus[26] Erasmus[27] Voltaire[28]
Plato[29] Copernicus[30] Bayes[31]
Epicurus[32] Raphael[33] Hume[34]
Horace[35] Gilbert[36] d'Alembert[37]
Jesus[38] Brahe[30] Smith[39]
Epictetus[40] Galileo[41] Kant[42]
Plotinus[43] Hobbes[44] Gibbon[45]
Augustine[46] Descartes[47] Fourier[48]
Torricelli[49] Beethoven[50]
Pascal[51] Lewis[52]
Boyle[53] Schopenhauer[54]
Huygens[55] Buchanan[56]
Barrow[57] Schubert[58]
Locke[59] Chopin[60]
Spinoza[61] Liszt[62]
Hooke[63] Kierkegaard[64]
Newton[65] Spencer[66]
Leibniz[67] Thoreau[68]
Bayle[69] Brahms[70]
Michelangelo Tchaikovsky
Nobel[71]
Degas[72]
Gibbs[73]
James[74]
Nietzsche[75]
Van Gogh[76]
Eastman[77]
Tesla[78]
Wright Brothers[79]
Mondrian[80]
Kafka[81]
Pessoa[82]
Corbett[83]
Hardy[84]
Krishnamurti[85]
Bhave[86]
Sartre[87]
Bhabha[88]
Kalam[89]
Gould[90]
Hazare[91]
Tata[92]

Gallery

Bachelorette

Шаблон:Main article The term bachelorette[93] is sometimes used to refer to a woman who has never been married.

The traditional female equivalent to bachelor is spinster, which is considered pejorative and implies unattractiveness (i.e. old maid, cat lady).[93] The term "bachelorette" has been used in its place, particularly in the context of bachelorette parties and reality TV series The Bachelorette.[94]

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Wiktionary

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Bachelors are, in Pitt & al.'s phrasing, "men who live independently, outside of their parents' home and other institutional settings, who are neither married nor cohabitating". (Шаблон:Citation).
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "bachelor, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1885.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 Шаблон:Cite EB9
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  5. ↑ For further etymological discussion, with sources, see Schmidt,(Шаблон:Citation) reprinted by Lang.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  7. ↑ Шаблон:EB1911
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Plutarch, Lyc., 15.
  10. ↑ Schomann, Gr. Alterth., Vol. I, 548.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  21. ↑ Targoff, Ramie. Posthumous Love: Eros and the Afterlife in Renaissance England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), 59.
  22. ↑ Schoelcher, Victor. The Life of Handel, Vol. II (London: Robert Cocks & Co., 1857), 380.
  23. ↑ Guthrie, W. K. C. A History of Greek Philosophy, Vol. III (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 36.
  24. ↑ Thomas, Joseph, M.D. Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology, Vol. II (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1908), 2396.
  25. ↑ Skinner, Hubert Marshall. The Schoolmaster in Comedy and Satire (New York: American Book Company, 1894), 129.
  26. ↑ Leigh, Aston. The Story of Philosophy (London: Trubner & Co., 1881), 31.
  27. ↑ Harris, Virgil McClure. Ancient, Curious and Famous Wills (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1911), 120.
  28. ↑ Davidson, Ian. Voltaire in Exile (London: Atlantic Books, 2004), 14.
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  32. ↑ Frischer, Bernard. The Sculpted Word: Epicureanism and Philosophical Recruitment in Ancient Greece (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 63.
  33. ↑ Parry, Emma Louise. The Two Great Art Epochs (Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1914), 210.
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  35. ↑ Hazel, John. Who's Who in the Roman World (London: Routledge, 2001), 140.
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  39. ↑ Rae, John. Life of Adam Smith (London: Macmillan & Co., 1895), 213.
  40. ↑ Lucian, Demoxan, c. 55, torn, ii., Hemsterh (Editor), p. 393, as quoted in A Selection from the Discourses of Epictetus With the Encheiridion (2009), p. 6.
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  42. ↑ Paulsen, Friedrich. Immanuel Kant, His Life and Doctrine (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1902), 26.
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  49. ↑ Walker, Gabrielle. An Ocean of Air – Why the Wind Blows and Other Mysteries of the Atmosphere (Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 2007) 24.
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  51. ↑ Cook, Terrence E. The Great Alternatives of Social Thought: Aristocrat, Saint, Capitalist, Socialist (Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1991), 97.
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  63. ↑ Lasater, A. Brian. The Dream of the West, Part II: The Ancient Heritage and the European Achievement in Map-Making, Navigation and Science, 1487–1727 (Morrisville, NC: Lulu Enterprises, Inc., 2007), 509.
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  66. ↑ Hudson, William Henry. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Herbert Spencer (London: Watts & Co., 1904), 23.
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  68. ↑ Mabie, Hamilton Wright. Noble Living and Grand Achievement: Giants of the Republic (Philadelphia: John C. Winston & Co., 1896), 665.
  69. ↑ Sandberg, Karl C. At the Crossroads of Faith and Reason: An Essay on Pierre Bayle (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1966), vii.
  70. ↑ Hubbard, William Lines (Editor), American History and Encyclopedia of Music, Musical Biographies, Vol. 1 (New York: Irving Squire, 1910), 97.
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