Английская Википедия:Baden culture

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The Baden culture or Baden-Pécel culture was a Chalcolithic culture from Шаблон:Circa 3520–2690 BC. It was found in Central and Southeast Europe, and is in particular known from Moravia (Czech Republic), Romania, Hungary, southern Poland, Slovakia, northern Croatia and eastern Austria. Imports of Baden pottery have also been found in Germany and Switzerland (Arbon-Bleiche III). It is often grouped together with the Coțofeni culture as part of the Baden-Coțofeni culture.

History of research

Файл:Baden culture copper pectoral.png

Copper pectoral, Czech Republic

The Baden culture was named after Baden near Vienna by the Austrian prehistorian Oswald Menghin. It is also known as the Ossarn group or Pecel culture. The first monographic treatment was produced by J. Banner in 1956. Other important scholars are E. Neustupny, Ida Bognar-Kutzian and Vera Nemejcova-Pavukova.

Baden has been interpreted as part of a much larger archaeological complex encompassing cultures at the mouth of the Danube (Ezero-Cernavodă III) and the Troad. In 1963, Nándor Kalicz had proposed a connection between the Baden culture and Troy, based on the anthropomorphic urns from Ózd-Centre (Hungary). This interpretation cannot be maintained in the face of radiocarbon dates. The author himself (2004) has called this interpretation a "cul-de-sac", based on a misguided historical methodology.

Chronology

Baden developed out of the late Lengyel culture in the western Carpathian Basin. Němejcová-Pavuková proposes a polygenetic origin, including southeastern elements transmitted by the Ezero culture of the early Bronze Age (Ezero, layers XIII-VII) and Cernavodă III/Coțofeni. Ecsedy parallelises Baden with Early Helladic II in Thessaly, Parzinger with Sitagroi IV. Baden was approximately contemporaneous with the late Funnelbeaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture and the early Corded Ware culture. The following phases are known: Balaton-Lasinya, Baden-Boleráz, Post-Boleráz (divided into early, Fonyod/Tekovský Hrádok and late, Červený Hrádok/Szeghalom-Dioér by Vera Němejcová-Pavuková) and classical Baden.

Phase	Subgroups	Date	sites
Balaton-Lasinya	-	3700 BC cal	-
Boleráz	-	3500 BC	Pilismarot
Ia	Štúrovo	-	Letkès
Ib	Nitriansky Hrádok	-	Lánycsok, Vysoki breh
Ic	Zlkovce	-	Balatonboglár
Post-Boleraz		-
early	Fonyod/Tekovský Hrádok	-	-
late	Červený Hrádok/Szeghalom-Dioér	-	-
Classical Baden		3400 BC	-
II, III	older	-	Nevidzany, Viss
IV	younger	-	Uny, Chlaba, Ózd

Settlement

Файл:Baden wagon 1.jpg

Modern sculpture of a Baden culture wagon/cart model dating from c. 3300 BC, Hungary.

Before the Baden culture, there was no culture that was centralized in the Carpathian Basin and completely filled it, but the Baden-Pécel culture transcends the Carpathian Basin, which proves that it was a populous and unified culture. It can be observed that in the centre of some settlements, a larger building was constructed, and crown-like decorations were also found in some cemeteries, perhaps indicating that a kind of patronage society was characteristic of the culture.

Examining the Balatonőszöd artefacts, archaeologists have concluded that although the settlements were large, they were seasonal "towns", and their inhabitants were constantly changing. This would explain why we find such a high number of settlements linked to the culture. However, the archaeological evidence shows that there were also settlements that were fortified and served as a kind of centre, and were permanently inhabited. These settlements were mainly found on hilltops.

Economy

Файл:Late Eneolithic bronze axes, museum Zrenjanin.jpg

Bronze axes, Serbia

The economy was mixed. Full-scale agriculture was present, along with the keeping of domestic stock—pigs, goats, etc. The Baden culture has some of the earliest attestation of often wheeled, wagon-shaped models in pottery, sometimes with a handle. There are burials of pairs of cattle that have been interpreted as draft animals. Though there are no finds of actual wagons, some scholars take these finds together as proof for the presence of real wagons.

Burial

Both inhumations and cremations are known. In Slovakia and Hungary, the burned remains were often placed in anthropomorphic urns (Slána, Ózd-Center). In Nitriansky Hrádok, a mass grave was uncovered. There are also burials of cattle. Up to now, the only cemetery known from the early Boleráz-phase is Pilismárot (Hungary), which also contained a few examples of stroke-ornamented pottery.

In Serbia, anthropomorphic urns were found in the towns of Dobanovci, Gomolava, Perlez and Zemun.

Interpretation

In the Kurgan hypothesis espoused by Marija Gimbutas, the Baden culture is seen as being Indo-Europeanized. However, according to Grandpierre K. Endre, it is possible that kurgan burials developed in parallel in the Carpathian Basin, before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans.Шаблон:Cn

Gallery

• Baden culture ceramic vessel.[6]

  Baden culture ceramic vessel.

• Metal axes, Hungary

  Metal axes, Hungary

• Large pottery, Poland

  Large pottery, Poland

• Large pottery, Poland

  Large pottery, Poland

• Pedestal bowl, Hungary

  Pedestal bowl, Hungary

• Ceramic cups, Poland

  Ceramic cups, Poland

• Ceramic dish, Serbia

  Ceramic dish, Serbia

Genetics

Файл:Scientific Reports - Trypillia Verteba PCA, ADMIXTURE and Heatmap 2022.webp

PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis showing that Baden individuals predominantly belong to European Neolithic populations of Anatolian ancestry, per Gelabert et al. 2022.

In three genetic studies the remains of fifteen individuals roughly from 3600 to 2850 BCE ascribed to the Baden culture were analyzed.Шаблон:Sfn Of the nine (plus one Proto-Boleraz) samples of Y-DNA, five belonged to various subclades of haplogroup G2a2 (G2a2b2a1a1c-CTS342, G2a2a2b-Z36525, G2a2b2a1a1b-L497, G2a2a1a2a1a-L166, G2a2b2a1a-PF3346), and four belonged to haplogroup I2 subclades (3x I2a1a1a1-Y11222, I2-P37). The mtDNA extracted included subclades of U5a1, U5b, U8b1a1, J1c, J1c2, J2a1a1, H, H26a, T2, T2b, T2c1d1, HV, K1a and W,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn summing up the earlier ones, in particular.Шаблон:Sfn

According to ADMIXTURE analysis they had approximately 78-91% Early European Farmers, 6-17% Western Hunter-Gatherer and 0-8% Western Steppe Herders-related ancestry,Шаблон:Sfn implying that the Indo-European influence on the local population was predominantly cultural and not biological.

See also

• Prehistoric Europe
• Ezero culture
• Coțofeni culture
• Prehistory of Transylvania
• Vučedol culture

Sources

• J. Banner, "Die Peceler Kultur. Arch. Hungarica 35, 1956.
• Vera Němejcová-Pavuková 1984. "K problematike trvania a konca boleazkej skupiny na Slovensku". Slovenska Arch. 34, 1986, 133–176.
• J. P. Mallory, "Baden Culture", Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, (Fitzroy Dearborn), 1997.
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture: Baden culture (p.43-44)
• Prehistoric wagon models in the Carpathian Basin, 3500-1500 BC (Bondar 2012)
• Baden culture mask
• Baden culture milk churn
• Baden culture copper pectoral and grave goods
• Baden culture copper diadem