Английская Википедия:Baghatur

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Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Wikt Baghatur is a historical Turkic and Mongol honorific title,[1] in origin a term for "hero" or "valiant warrior". The Papal envoy Plano Carpini (Шаблон:Circa 1185–1252) compared the title with the equivalent of European Knighthood.[2]

The word was common among the Mongols and became especially widespread, as an honorific title, in the Mongol Empire in the 13th century; the title persisted in its successor-states, and later came to be adopted also as a regnal title in the Ilkhanate and the Timurid dynasty, among others.Шаблон:Cn

The concept of the Baghatur is present in Turco-Mongol folklore. Like the bogatyrs of Russian traditional tales, Baghaturs were heroes of extraordinary courage, fearlessness, and decisiveness, often portrayed as being descended from heaven and capable of performing extraordinary deeds. Baghatur was the heroic ideal Turco-Mongol warriors strove to live up to, hence its use as a military honorific of glory.Шаблон:Cn

Etymology and distribution

Шаблон:Expand section The term was first used by the steppe peoples to the north and west of China proper as early as the 7th century as evidenced in Sui dynasty records.[3][4] It is attested for the Second Turkic Khaganate in the 6th century, and among the Bulgars of the First Bulgarian Empire in the 6th century. Some authors claim Iranian origin of the word, the first syllable is very likely the Iranian title word *bag "god, lord".[5] According to Gerard Clauson, bağatur by origin almost certainly a Xiongnu (which Clauson proposes to be Hunnic) name, and specifically of the second Xiongnu Chanyu, whose name was transliterated by the Han Chinese as Шаблон:Zh (with -n for foreign -r), now pronounced Mòdùn ~ Màodùn in standard Chinese.[6][7]

The word was introduced in many cultures as a result of the Turco-Mongol conquests, and now exists in different forms in various languages: Шаблон:Lang-otk; Шаблон:Lang-mn Baγatur, Khalkha Mongolian: Баатар Bātar; Шаблон:Zh; Шаблон:Lang-tr; Шаблон:Lang-ru; Шаблон:Lang-bg; Шаблон:Lang-fa; Шаблон:Lang-pa, Шаблон:Lang-ur, Bulgarian and Russian: Багатур (Bagatur), Persian Bahador, Georgian Bagatur, and Hindi Bahadur.

It is also preserved in the modern Turkic and Mongol languages as Altai Баатыр (Baatïr), Turkish Batur/Bahadır, Tatar and Kazakh Батыр (Batyr), Uzbek Batyr and Mongolian Baatar (as in Ulaanbaatar).

It is the origin of a number of terms and names, such as Bahadur (in Persian, South Asian Muslim, Sikh and other cultures), Bahadır, Baturu, Bey, Mete, Metehan, Шаблон:Lang-ru, Polish Bohater (Шаблон:Lit), Шаблон:Lang-hu (meaning "brave"), among others.

Titles Incorporating Bahadur

Bahadur was often included in titles in Mughal Empire and later during the British Raj to signify a higher level of honor above the title without the word. For example:

List of individuals with this title

The term Baghatur and its variants – Bahadur, Bagatur, or Baghadur, was adopted by the following historical individuals:

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Brook, Kevin Alan. The Jews of Khazaria. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006.
  • Grousset, R. The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers Univ. Press, 1988.
  • Saunders, J. The History of the Mongol Conquests. Univ. of Penn. Press, 2001.

  1. Ed. Herbert Franke and others – The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p. 567.
  2. James Chambers The Devil's horsemen: the Mongol invasion of Europe, p. 107.
  3. C. Fleischer, "Bahādor", in Encyclopædia Iranica
  4. Grousset 194.
  5. Шаблон:Harvnb
  6. Шаблон:Cite book
  7. Pulleyblank, E.G. (1999). "The Peoples of the Steppe Frontier in Early Chinese Sources" Migracijske teme 15 1–2. footnote 3 on p. 45 of pp. 35–61
  8. Шаблон:Cite web
  9. Шаблон:Cite web
  10. Ed. Herbert Franke and others – The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368, p.568