Английская Википедия:Baguazhang

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Infobox martial art Шаблон:Chinese martial arts

Baguazhang (Шаблон:Zh) is one of the three main Chinese martial arts of the Wudang school, the other two being tai chi and xingyiquan. It is more broadly grouped as an internal practice (or neijia). Baguazhang literally means "eight trigram palm", referring to the bagua "trigrams" of the I Ching, one of the canons of Taoism.[1][2]

History

The creation of baguazhang as a formalized martial art, is attributed to Dong Haichuan, who is said to have learned from Taoist and Buddhist masters in the mountains of rural China during the early 19th century.[3] Many Chinese authorities do not accept the Buddhist origin, instead maintaining that those teachers were purely Taoist in origin, the evidence lying in baguazhang's frequent reference to core concepts central to Taoism, such as yin and yang theory, I Ching and Taoism's most distinctive paradigm, the bagua diagram.[4] The attribution to Buddhist teachers came from the 2nd generation teachers, i.e. Dong Haichuan's students, some of whom were Buddhist. There is evidence to suggest a synthesis of several pre-existing martial arts taught and practised in the region in which Dong Haichuan lived, combined with Taoist circle walking that emulates the cyclical pattern's found in nature. Through his work as a servant in the Imperial Palace he impressed the emperor with his graceful movements and fighting skill, and became an instructor and a bodyguard to the court.[5] Dong Haichuan taught for many years in Beijing, eventually earning patronage by the Imperial court.[6]

Famous disciples of Dong Haichuan to become teachers were Yin Fu, Cheng Tinghua, Ma Gui, Song Changrong (Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Ill, Ma Weiqi (Шаблон:Lang), Liu Baozhen (Шаблон:Lang), Liang Zhenpu, and Liu Dekuan (Шаблон:Lang). Although they were all students of the same teacher, their methods of training and expressions of palm techniques differed.[2] The Cheng and Liu styles are said to specialize in "pushing" the palms, Yin style is known for "threading" the palms, Song's followers practice "Plum Flower" (Шаблон:Lang Mei Hua) palm technique and Ma style palms are known as "hammers." Some of Dong Haichuan's students, including Cheng Tinghua, participated in the Boxer Rebellion. In general, most baguazhang exponents today practice either the Yin (Шаблон:Lang), Cheng (Шаблон:Lang), Liang (Шаблон:Lang) styles, although Fan (Шаблон:Lang), Shi (Шаблон:Lang), Liu (Шаблон:Lang), Fu (Шаблон:Lang), and other styles also exist. (The Liu-style is a special case, in that it is rarely practiced alone, but as a complement to other styles). In addition, there are sub-styles of the above methods as well, such as the Sun (Шаблон:Lang), Gao (Шаблон:Lang), and Jiang (Шаблон:Lang) styles, which are sub-styles of Cheng method.

Modern styles

Common aspects

The practice of circle walking, or "turning the circle", as it is sometimes called, is baguazhang's characteristic method of stance and movement training. All forms of baguazhang utilize circle walking as an integral part of training. Practitioners walk around the edge of the circle in various low stances, facing the center, and periodically change direction as they execute forms.[7] For a beginner, the circle is six to twelve feet in diameter.[5] Students first learn flexibility and proper body alignment through the basic exercises, then move on to more complex forms and internal power mechanics. Although the internal aspects of baguazhang are similar to those of xingyiquan and tai chi, they are distinct in nature.

Many distinctive styles of weapons are contained within baguazhang; some use concealment, like the "judge's pen" (Шаблон:Zh) or a pair of knives (the most elaborate, which are unique to the style, are the crescent-shaped deer horn knives (Шаблон:Zh). Baguazhang is also known for practicing with extremely large weapons, such as the bagua sword (Шаблон:Lang-zh) and the bagua broadsword (Шаблон:Lang-zh), or . Other weapons are also used, such as the staff (gun), spear (qiang), cane (guai), and hook sword (gou). Baguazhang practitioners are known for being able to use anything as a weapon using the principles of their art.

Baguazhang contains an extremely wide variety of techniques as well as weapons, including various strikes (with palm, fist, elbow, fingers, etc.), kicks, joint locks, throws, and distinctively evasive circular footwork. As such, baguazhang is considered neither a purely striking nor a purely grappling martial art. Baguazhang emphasizes circular movement, allowing practitioners to flow, harmonize and evade objects and opponents.[8] This is the source of the theory of being able to deal with multiple attackers and find solutions to seemingly complicated scenarios, within training or in daily life.[9][10][11] Baguazhang's evasive nature is also shown by the practice of moving behind an attacker, so that the opponent cannot harm the practitioner.

Although the many branches of baguazhang are often quite different from each other (some, like Cheng-style, specialize in close-in wrestling and joint locks, while others, like some of the Yin styles, specialize in quick, long-range striking), all have circle walking, spiraling movement, and certain methods and techniques (piercing palms, crashing palms, etc.) in common.

Baguazhang's movements employ the whole body with smooth coiling and uncoiling actions, utilizing hand techniques, dynamic footwork, and throws. Rapid-fire movements draw energy from the center of the abdomen or dantian. The circular stepping pattern also builds up centripetal force,[12][13][14] allowing the practitioner to maneuver quickly around an opponent.[15][16][17]

In media

See also

  • Bagua—the eight trigrams, used as guiding principles for baguazhang.
  • I Ching—the Chinese Classic relied on by Taoist thinking.
  • Feng shui—the metaphysical system of interior design based on the bagua.
  • Tai chi—a similar neijia.

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

  • Robert W. Smith, Chinese Boxing, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Bok Nam, Park & Dan Miller, The Fundamentals of Pa Kua Chang: The Methods of Lu Shui-T'ien As Taught by Park Bok Nam, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Shou-Yu, Liang, Baguazhang : Emei Baguazhang Theory and Applications, Шаблон:ISBN
  • O'Brien, Jess, Nei Jia Quan: Internal Martial Arts Teachers of Tai Ji Quan, Xing Yi Quan, and Ba Gua Zhang, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Frantzis, Bruce Kumar, The Power of Internal Martial Arts: Combat Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi, and Hsing-I, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Wang Shujin, Bagua Linked Palms - Translated by Kent Howard and Chen Hsiao-Yen, Шаблон:ISBN (1-58394-264-5)
  • Wang Shujin, Bagua Swimming Body Palms - Translated by Kent Howard and Chen Hsiao-Yen, Шаблон:ISBN (1-58394-245-9)

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Martial arts

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Lie, Zhang. “Classical Baguazhang Volume V: Yin Style Baguazhang.” Trans. Joseph Crandall. Pinole, California: Smiling Tiger Martial Arts 1995.
  3. ↑ Yintao, Fei and Yuliang, Fei. “Classical Baguazhang Volume IV: Wudang Baguazhang.” Trans. Joseph Crandall. Pinole, California: Smiling Tiger Martial Arts 1994.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Page needed
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Green, Thomas A. "Martial Arts of the World" 2001
  6. ↑ Jingru, Liu and Youqing, Ma. “Classical Baguazhang Volume II: Cheng Shi Baguazhang (Cheng Family Baguazhang).” Trans. Joseph Crandall. Pinole, California: Smiling Tiger Martial Arts 2001.
  7. ↑ Lie, Zhang. Classical Baguazhang Volume V: Yin Style Baguazhang. Trans. Joseph Crandall. Pinole, California: Smiling Tiger Martial Arts 1995.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV media
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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