Английская Википедия:Bahri Mamluks
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox country The Bahri Mamluks (Шаблон:Lang-ar), sometimes referred to as the Bahri dynasty,[1][2] were the rulers of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from 1250 to 1382, following the Ayyubid dynasty. The members of the Mamluk ruling class were purchased as slaves (mamluks) and manumitted, with the most powerful among them taking the role of sultan in Cairo.[3] While several Bahri Mamluk sultans tried to establish hereditary dynasties through their sons, these attempts were ultimately unsuccessful, with the role of sultan often passing on to another powerful Mamluk.[3]
The Bahri Mamluks were of mostly Kipchak Turkic origin.[3][4] Fourteen of eighteen sultans between 1279 and 1390 belonged to the Qalawunid lineage.[5] After 1382/1390, they were succeeded by a second Mamluk regime, the Burji Mamluks, who were largely of Circassian origin.[6] The name Bahri or Bahriyya means 'of the river', referring to the location of their original barracks on Roda Island in the Nile (Nahr al-Nil) in Cairo,Шаблон:Efn at the citadel of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub.[7]Шаблон:Efn
History
Шаблон:See also The Mamluks formed one of the most powerful and wealthiest empires of the time, lasting from 1250 to 1517 in Egypt, North Africa, and the Levant—Near East.
Development
In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir al-Muazzam Turanshah, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt. She married the Atabeg (commander in chief) Emir Aybak and abdicated, Aybak becoming Sultan. He ruled from 1250 to 1257.[8]Шаблон:Efn
The Mamluks consolidated their power in ten years and eventually established the Bahri dynasty. They were indirectly helped by the Mongols' sack of Baghdad in 1258, which effectively destroyed the Abbasid caliphate. Cairo became more prominent as a result and remained a Mamluk capital thereafter.Шаблон:Citation needed
The Mamluks were powerful cavalry warriors mixing the practices of the Turkic steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication and horsemanship of the Arabs. In 1260 the Mamluks defeated a Mongol army at the Battle of Ain Jalut in present-day Israel and eventually forced the invaders to retreat to the area of modern-day Iraq.[11] The defeat of the Mongols at the hands of the Mamluks enhanced the position of the Mamluks in the southern Mediterranean basin.[12]Шаблон:Efn Baibars, one of the leaders at the battle, became the new Sultan after the assassination of Sultan Qutuz on the way home.[13]Шаблон:Efn
In 1250 Baibars was one of the Mamluk commanders who defended Mansurah against the Crusade knights of Louis IX of France, who was later definitely defeated, captured in the Battle of Fariskur and ransomed. Baibars had also taken part in the Mamluk takeover of Egypt. In 1261, after he became a Sultan, he established a puppet Abbasid caliphate in Cairo,Шаблон:Efn and the Mamluks fought the remnants of the Crusader states in Palestine until they finally captured Acre in 1291.Шаблон:Efn
Tatars and Mongols
Many Tatars settled in Egypt and were employed by Baibars.Шаблон:Efn[14] He defeated the Mongols at the battle of Elbistan[15] and sent the Abbasid Caliph with only 250 men to attempt to retake Baghdad, but was unsuccessful. In 1266 he devastated Cilician Armenia and in 1268 he recaptured Antioch from the Crusaders.[16]Шаблон:Efn In addition, he fought the Seljuks,Шаблон:Efn and Hashshashin; he also extended Muslim power into Nubia[14] for the first time, before his death in 1277.
Sultan Qalawun defeated a rebellion in Syria that was led by Sunqur al-Ashqar in 1280,[17]Шаблон:Efn and also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 that was led by Abaqa outside Homs.[18] After the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli from the Crusaders in 1289.[19] His son Khalil captured Acre, the last Crusader city, in 1291.[20]
The Mongols renewed their invasion in 1299,[21] but were again defeated in 1303 in the Battle of Shaqhab.[22] The Egyptian Mamluk Sultans entered into relations with the Golden Horde who converted to IslamШаблон:Efn and established a peace pact with the Mongols[23] in 1322.
Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad married a Mongol princess in 1319. His diplomatic relations were more extensive than those of any previous Sultan, and included Bulgarian, Indian, and Abyssinian potentates, as well as the pope, the king of Aragon and the king of France.[24] Al-Nasir Muhammad organized the re-digging of a canal in 1311 which connected Alexandria with the Nile.[23] He died in 1341.
Decline
The constant changes of sultans that followed led to great disorder in the provinces. Meanwhile, in 1349 Egypt and the Levant in general were introduced to Black Death, which is said to have killed many inhabitants.[25]Шаблон:Efn
In 1382 the last Bahri Sultan Hajji II was dethroned and the Sultanate was taken over by the Circassian Emir Barquq. He was expelled in 1389 but returned to power in 1390, setting up an era where the sultanate was controlled by the Burji Mamluks.[26]
Military organization
On a general level, the military during the Bahri dynasty can be divided into several aspects:
- Mamluks: The core of both the political and military base, these slave soldiers were further divided into Khassaki (comparable to imperial guards), Royal Mamluks (Mamluks directly under the command of the Sultan) and regular Mamluks (usually assigned to local Amirs).
- Al-Halqa: These primarily free born professional forces were also directly under the sultan's command.
- Wafidiyya: Turks and Mongols that migrated to the dynasty's border after the Mongol invasion, typically given land grants in exchange for military service; they were well regarded forces.
- Other levies: Primarily Bedouin tribes, but also on different occasions also different groups of Turkomans and other settled Arabs.
List of Bahri Sultans
Regnal name(s) | Personal name | Reign |
---|---|---|
al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil Шаблон:Lang |
Shajar al-Durr Шаблон:Lang |
1250–1250 |
al-Malik al-Mu'izz Izz al-Din Aybak al-Jawshangir al-Turkmani al-Salihi Шаблон:Lang |
Izz-ad-Din Aybak Шаблон:Lang |
1250–1257 |
Sultan Al-Ashraf Шаблон:Lang |
Muzaffar-ad-Din Musa Шаблон:Lang |
1250–1252Шаблон:Efn |
Sultan Al-Mansur Шаблон:Lang |
Nur ad-Din Ali Шаблон:Lang |
1257–1259 |
Sultan Al-Muzaffar Шаблон:Lang |
Sayf ad-Din Qutuz Шаблон:Lang |
1259–1260 |
Sultan Abul-Futuh – Шаблон:Lang Al-Zahir - Шаблон:Lang Al-Bunduqdari - Шаблон:Lang |
Rukn-ad-Din Baibars I Шаблон:Lang |
1260–1277 |
Sultan Al-Sa'id Nasir-ad-Din Шаблон:Lang |
Muhammad Barakah Khan محمد برکہ خان |
1277–1279 |
Sultan Al-Adil سلطان العادل |
Badr-al-Din Solamish بدر الدین سُلامش |
1279 |
Al-Mansur – المنصور Al-Alfi - الالفی As-Salehi - الصالحی |
Sayf-ad-Din Qalawun سیف الدین قلاوون |
1279–1290 |
Sultan Al-Ashraf سلطان الاشرف |
Salah-ad-Din Khalil صلاح الدین خلیل |
1290–1293 |
Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1293–1294 (first reign) |
Al-Adil Al-Turki Al-Mughli العادل الترکی المغلی |
Zayn-ad-Din Kitbugha زین الدین کتبغا |
1294–1297 |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Husam-ad-Din Lachin حسام الدین لاچین |
1297–1299 |
Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1299–1309 (Second reign) |
Sultan Al-Muzaffar Al-Jashankir سلطان المظفرالجاشنکیر |
Rukn-ad-Din Baibars II رکن الدین بیبرس |
1309 |
Al-Nasir الناصر |
Nasir-ad-Din Muhammad ناصر الدین محمد |
1309–1340 (Third reign) |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Sayf-ad-Din Abu-Bakr سیف الدین أبو بکر |
1340–1341 |
Al-Ashraf الأشرف |
Ala-ad-Din Kujuk علاء الدین کجک |
1341–1342 |
Sultan Al-Nasir سلطان الناصر |
Shihab-ad-Din Ahmad شھاب الدین أحمد |
1342 |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح |
Imad-ad-Din Ismail عماد الدین إسماعیل |
1342–1345 |
Sultan Al-Kamil سلطان الکامل |
Sayf-ad-Din Shaban I سیف الدین شعبان اول |
1345–1346 |
Sultan Al-Muzaffar سلطان المظفر |
Sayf-ad-Din Hajji I سیف الدین حاجی اول |
1346–1347 |
Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali الناصر أبو المعالی |
Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan بدر الدین الحسن |
1347–1351 (first reign) |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح |
Salah-ad-Din bin Muhammad صلاح الدین بن محمد |
1351–1354 |
Al-Nasir Abu Al-Ma'ali Nasir-ad-Din الناصر أبو المعالی ناصر الدین |
Badr-ad-Din Al-Hasan بدر الدین الحسن |
1354–1361 (second reign) |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Salah-ad-Din Muhammad صلاح الدین محمد |
1361–1363 |
Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Ma'ali الأشرف أبو المعالی |
Zayn-ad-Din Shaban II زین الدین شعبان ثانی |
1363–1376 |
Al-Mansur المنصور |
Ala-ad-Din Ali علاء الدین علی |
1376–1382 |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی |
1382 (first reign) |
Al-Zahir الظاہر |
Sayf-ad-Din Barquq سیف الدین برقوق |
1382–1389Шаблон:Efn |
Sultan As-Saleh سلطان الصالح المظفر المنصور |
Salah-ad-Din Hajji II صلاح الدین حاجی ثانی |
1389 (second reign) |
Following As-Saleh, the Burji dynasty took over the Mamluk Sultanate under Sayf-ad-Din Barquq in 1389–90 C.E.
See also
Шаблон:History of the Turks pre-14th century Шаблон:Commons category
- Turkic peoples
- Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)
- Aybak
- Egypt in the Middle Ages
- Mamluk
- Qalawun complex
- Shajar al-Durr
- List of Sunni dynasties
Notes
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Al-Maqrizi, al-Mawaiz wa al-'i'tibar bi dhikr al-khitat wa al-'athar, Matabat aladab, Cairo 1996, Шаблон:ISBN
- Idem in French: Bouriant, Urbain, Description topographique et historique de l'Egypte, Paris 1895.
- Ayalon, D.: The Mamluk Military Society. London, 1979.
- Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
- Idem in English: History of Egypt, by Yusef. William Popper, translator Abu L-Mahasin ibn Taghri Birdi, University of California Press 1954.
- Shayyal, Jamal, Prof. of Islamic history, Tarikh Misr al-Islamiyah (History of Islamic Egypt), dar al-Maref, Cairo 1266, Шаблон:ISBN
External links
Шаблон:Turkic topics Шаблон:Muslim dynasties in Mashriq region
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Jo Van Steenbergen, "The Mamluk Sultanate as a military patronage state: Household politics and the case of the Qalāwūnid Bayt (1279-1382)." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 56.2 (2013): 189–217.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Abu Al-Fida, pp.66-87/ Taking of Aleppo's Castle by the Mongols and new events in the Levant.
- ↑ Shayyal, p. 123/vol.2
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Ibn Taghri/ vol. 7
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 697H.
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ Шаблон:Blist
- ↑ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 690H
- ↑ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ Year 699H
- ↑ Abu Al-Fida, pp. 66-87/ Year 702H
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Shayyal, p. 187/vol. 2
- ↑ Shayyal, pp. 187–188 /vol.2
- ↑ Shayyal, p.194/vol.2
- ↑ Al-Maqrizi, pp.140-142/vol.5
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