Английская Википедия:Bai language

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Infobox language

The Bai language (Bai: Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Zh) is a language spoken in China, primarily in Yunnan Province, by the Bai people. The language has over a million speakers and is divided into three or four main dialects. Bai syllables are always open, with a rich set of vowels and eight tones. The tones are divided into two groups with modal and non-modal (tense, harsh or breathy) phonation. There is a small amount of traditional literature written with Chinese characters, Bowen (Шаблон:Lang), as well as a number of recent publications printed with a recently standardized system of romanisation using the Latin alphabet.

The origins of Bai have been obscured by intensive Chinese influence of an extended period. Different scholars have proposed that it is an early offshoot or sister language of Chinese, part of the Loloish branch or a separate group within the Sino-Tibetan family.

Varieties

Шаблон:Location map+ Xu and Zhao (1984) divided Bai into three dialects, which may actually be distinct languages: Jianchuan (Central), Dali (Southern) and Bijiang (Northern).Шаблон:Sfn Bijiang County has since been renamed as Lushui County.Шаблон:Sfn Jianchuan and Dali are closely related and speakers are reported to be able to understand one another after living together for a month.

The more divergent Northern dialects are spoken by about 15,000 Laemae (Шаблон:IPA, Lemei, Lama), a clan numbering about 50,000 people who are partly submerged within the Lisu.Шаблон:Sfn They are now designated as two languages by ISO 639-3:

Wang Feng (2012)[3] provides the following classification for nine Bai dialects:

Bai

Wang (2012)[4] also documents a Bai dialect in Xicun, Dacun Village, Shalang Township, Kunming City (昆明市沙朗乡大村西村).[5]

Classification

The affiliation of Bai is obscured by over two millennia of influence from varieties of Chinese, leaving most of its lexicon related to Chinese etyma of various periods.Шаблон:Sfn To determine its origin, researchers must first identify and remove from consideration the various layers of loanwords and then examine the residue.Шаблон:Sfn In his survey of the field, Wang (2006) notes that early work was hampered by a lack of data on Bai and uncertainties in the reconstruction of early forms of Chinese.Шаблон:Sfn Recent authors have suggested that Bai is an early offshoot from Chinese, a sister language to Chinese, or more distantly related (though usually still Sino-Tibetan).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

There are different tonal correspondences in the various layers.Шаблон:Sfn Many words can be identified as later Chinese loans because they display Chinese sound changes from the last two millennia:Шаблон:Sfn

Some of these changes date back to the first centuries AD.Шаблон:Sfn

The oldest layer of Bai vocabulary with Chinese cognates, of which Wang lists some 250 words,Шаблон:Sfn includes common Bai words that were also common in Classical Chinese, but are not used in modern varieties of Chinese.Шаблон:Sfn Its features have been compared with current ideas on Old Chinese phonology:

  • The voiceless nasals and lateral postulated for Old Chinese are absent,Шаблон:Sfn though in some cases the reflexes match those in western dialects of Han Chinese, rather than those of eastern dialects from which Middle Chinese and most modern varieties are descended.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Where Middle Chinese has l-, believed to be a reflex of Old Chinese *r, Bai varieties have Шаблон:IPA before Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA before a nasal final, and Шаблон:IPA elsewhere.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn However, in words where Middle Chinese l- corresponds to Шаблон:IPA in inland Min dialects, Bai often has a stop initial, providing support for Baxter and Sagart's suggestion that such initials derive from clusters.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Old Chinese *l- generally has similar palatal and dental reflexes in Bai and Middle Chinese, but seems to be preserved in a few Bai words.Шаблон:Sfn
  • The Old Chinese finals *-aw and *-u merged in Middle Chinese syllables without a palatal medial by the 4th century AD, but are still distinguished in Bai.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Several words with Old Chinese *-ts, which developed to -j with the departing tone in Middle Chinese, produce tonal reflexes in Bai corresponding to an original stop coda.Шаблон:Sfn

Sergei Starostin suggests that these facts indicate a split from mainstream Chinese around the 2nd century BC, corresponding to the Western Han period.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Wang argues that a few of the correspondences between his reconstructed Proto-Bai and Old Chinese cannot be explained by the Old Chinese forms, and that Chinese and Bai therefore form a Sino-Bai group.Шаблон:Sfn However, Gong suggests that at least some of these cases can be accounted for by refining the Proto-Bai reconstruction to take account of complementary distribution within Bai.Шаблон:Sfn

Starostin and Zhengzhang Shangfang have separately argued that the oldest Chinese layer accounts for all but an insignificant residue of Bai vocabulary, and that Bai is therefore an early branching from Chinese.Шаблон:Sfn

On the other hand, Lee and Sagart (1998) argued that the various layers of Chinese vocabulary are loans, and that when they are removed, a significant non-Chinese residue remains, including 15 entries from the 100-word Swadesh list of basic vocabulary. They suggest that this residue shows similarities with Proto-Loloish.Шаблон:Sfn James Matisoff (2001) argued that the comparison with Loloish is less persuasive when considering other Bai varieties than the Jianchuan dialect used by Lee and Sagart, and that it is safer to consider Bai as an independent branch of Sino-Tibetan, though perhaps close to the neighbouring Loloish.Шаблон:Sfn Lee and Sagart (2008) refined their analysis, presenting the residue as a non-Chinese form of Sino-Tibetan, though not necessarily Loloish. They also note that this residue includes the Bai vocabulary relating to pig rearing and rice agriculture.Шаблон:Sfn

Lee and Sagart's analysis has been further discussed by List (2009).Шаблон:Sfn Gong (2015) suggests that the residual layer may be Qiangic, pointing out that the Bai, like the Qiang, call themselves "white", whereas the Lolo use "black".Шаблон:Sfn

Phonology

The Jianchuan dialect has the following consonants, all of which are restricted to syllable-initial position:Шаблон:Sfn

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Stop unaspirated Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
aspirated Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Affricate unaspirated Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
aspirated Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Fricative voiceless Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
voiced Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Nasal Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink
Approximant Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPAlink

The Gongxing and Tuolou dialects retain an older 3-way distinction for stop and affricate initials between voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated and voiced. In the core eastern group, including the standard form of Dali, the voiced initials have become voiceless unaspirated, while other dialects show partial loss of voicing, conditioned by tone in different ways.Шаблон:Sfn Some varieties also have an additional uvular nasal Шаблон:IPA that contrasts phonemically with Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn

Jianchuan finals comprise:Шаблон:Sfn

Jianchuan Bai Vowels
Front Back
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:IPA link
Close-mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open-mid Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPAlink
Syllabic Шаблон:IPAlink

All but Шаблон:IPAlink, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have contrasting nasalized variants. Dali Bai lacks nasal vowels.Шаблон:Sfn Some other varieties retain nasal codas instead of nasalization, though only the Gongxing and Tuolou dialects have a contrast between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn

Jianchuan has eight tones, divided between those with modal and non-modal phonation.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the western varieties have fewer tones.Шаблон:Sfn

Syntax

Bai has a basic subject–verb–object (SVO) order. However, SOV can be found in interrogative and negative sentences.

Writing system

Latin script

The old Bai script used modified Chinese characters, but was not widely used.Шаблон:Sfn A new script based on the Latin alphabet was designed in 1958, based on the speech of the urban centre of Xiaguan, even though it was not a typical Southern dialect.Шаблон:Sfn The idea of romanization was controversial among Bai elites and the system saw little use.Шаблон:Sfn In a renewed attempt in 1982, language planners used the Jianchuan dialect as a base, because it represented an area with a significant population, almost all of whom spoke Bai. The new script was popular in the Jianchuan area, but was rejected in the more economically advanced area of Dali, which also had the largest number of speakers, albeit living alongside a large number of speakers of Chinese.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The script was revised extensively in 1993 to define two variants, representing Jianchuan and Dali respectively and has since been more widely used.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Initials of the Bai writing system (1982, 1993)Шаблон:Sfn
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Stop Шаблон:Small b Шаблон:IPA d Шаблон:IPA g Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Small p Шаблон:IPA t Шаблон:IPA k Шаблон:IPA
Nasal m Шаблон:IPA n Шаблон:IPA ni Шаблон:IPA ng Шаблон:IPA
Affricate Шаблон:Small z Шаблон:IPA zh Шаблон:IPA j Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Small c Шаблон:IPA ch Шаблон:IPA q Шаблон:IPA
Fricative Шаблон:Small f Шаблон:IPA s Шаблон:IPA sh Шаблон:IPA x Шаблон:IPA h Шаблон:IPA
Шаблон:Small v Шаблон:IPA ss Шаблон:IPA r Шаблон:IPA hh Шаблон:IPA
Lateral and semivowel l Шаблон:IPA y Шаблон:IPA

The retroflex initials zh, ch, sh and r are used only in recent loanwords from Standard Chinese or for other Bai varieties.Шаблон:Sfn

Vowels of the revised Bai writing system (1993)Шаблон:Sfn
i [i] ei [e] ai/er [ɛ]/[əɹ] a [ɑ] ao [ɔ] o [o] ou [ou] u [u] e [ɯ] v [v̩]
iai/ier [iɛ]/[iəɹ] ia [iɑ] iao [iao] io [io] iou [iou] ie [iɯ]
u [ui] uai/uer [uɛ]/[uəɹ] ua [uɑ] uo [uo]

The 1993 revision introduced variants ai/er etc, with the former to be used for Jianchuan Bai and the latter for Dali Bai.Шаблон:Sfn In Jianchuan, all vowels but ao, iao, uo, ou and iou have nasalized counterparts, denoted by a suffixed n.Шаблон:Sfn Dali Bai lacks nasalized vowels.Шаблон:Sfn

Suffixed letters indicate tone contours and modal or non-modal phonation.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This was the most radical aspect of the 1993 revision:

Tone marking in the 1982 and 1993 systemsШаблон:Sfn
Pitch contour and phonation 1982 spelling 1993 spelling Notes
high level (55), modal -l -l
mid level (33), modal -x -x
mid falling (31), breathy -t -t
mid rising (35), modal -f -f
mid-low falling (21), harsh (unmarked) -d
high level (55), tense -rl -b Jianchuan only
mid-high level (44), tense -rx (unmarked)
mid-high falling (42), tense -rt -p
mid falling (32), modal -p/-z distinguished in Dali only

Bowen script

Файл:The Shanhua Tablet.jpg
Shanhua tablet (山花碑), written in Bowen script.

Bowen script (Шаблон:Lang-zh), also known as Square Bai Script (Шаблон:Lang-zh), Hanzi Bai Script (Шаблон:Lang-zh), Hanzi-style Bai Script (Шаблон:Lang-zh), or Ancient Bai Script (Шаблон:Lang-zh), was a logographic script formerly used by the Bai people, adapted from Hanzi to fit the Bai language.[6] The script was used from the Nanzhao period to the beginning of the Ming dynasty.[7]

The Shanhua tablet (山花碑), from Dali Town in Yunnan, contains a poem written using Bowen text from the Ming dynasty by the Bai poet Yang fu (杨黼),[8] 《詞記山花·詠蒼洱境》.[9]

Examples

Nge, no – I
Ne, no – you

Cai ho – red flower
Gei bo – rooster
A de gei bo – a rooster

Ne mian e ain hain? – What's your name?
Ngo mian e A Lu Gai. – My name is A Lu Gai.
Ngo ze ne san se yin a biu. – I don't recognize you.

Ngo ye can. – I'm eating.
Ne can ye la ma? – Have you eaten?
Ne ze a ma yin? – Who are you?
Ne ze nge mo a bio. – You are not my mother.
Ngo zei pi ne gan. – I'm taller than you.
Ne nge no hha si bei. – You won't let me go.

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

  • Allen, Bryan and Zhang Xia. 2004. Bai Dialect Survey. Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. Шаблон:ISBN. CLDF Dataset at Zenodo: Шаблон:Doi.
  • Шаблон:Cite journal
  • Wāng, Fēng. 2013. Báiyǔ yǔ báizú de liúbiàn: Duōjiǎodù jiéhé de shìyě 白語與白族的流變：多角度結合的視野. In Fēng Shí and Gāng Péng, editors, Dàjiāng Dōngqù: Wāng Shìyuán Jiàoshòu Bāshísuì Hèshòu Wénjí. 大江東去：王士元教授八十歲賀壽文集. City University of Hong Kong Press.
  • Xú, Lín and Yǎnsūn Zhào. 1984. Báiyǔ Jiǎnzhì 白语简志. Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
  • Yuán, Míngjūn. 2006. Hànbáiyǔ diàochá yánjiū 汉白语调查研究. Zhōngguó Wénshǐ Chūbǎnshè.
  • Zhào, Yǎnsūn and Lín Xú. 1996. Bái-Hàn Cídiǎn 白汉词典. Sìchuān Mínzú Chūbǎnshè.
  • Dali Prefecture Bai Cultural Studies Editorical Committee [大理白族自治洲白族文化研究所编]. 2008. Dali series: Bai language, vol. 3: Vocabulary of the dialects of the Bai people [大理丛书·白语篇 卷3 白族方言词汇]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南民族出版社]. Шаблон:ISBN [Contains word lists of 33 Bai language datapoints.]

External links

Шаблон:Incubator

Шаблон:Languages of China Шаблон:Sino-Tibetan branches

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Bai_language&oldid=13368936