Английская Википедия:Bailey–Morshead exploration of Tsangpo Gorge
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates The Bailey–Morshead exploration of the Tsangpo Gorge was an unauthorised expedition by Frederick Bailey and Henry Morshead in 1913 which for the first time established the definite route by which the Tsangpo River reaches the sea from north of Himalaya, through the Tsangpo Gorge.
Background
North of Himalaya, the Yarlung Tsangpo River flows east through the Tibetan Plateau and then turns south into a series of massive gorges in Himalayan mountains. Until the 1880s it was unknown by which route it eventually reached the sea.[1] It could have been any of the Yangtze, Mekong, Salween, Irrawaddy or Brahmaputra rivers all of which have headwaters this region.Шаблон:Refn Kinthup, a Lepcha man from Sikkim employed as a pundit, had provided some evidence that the Tsangpo flowed into the Dihang (which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra) but he was not widely believed.[1]Шаблон:Sfnp By 1911 the connection was widely accepted.Шаблон:Sfnp Another mystery remained: the river dropped from Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert in a distance of perhaps Шаблон:Convert which is extremely steep for a river of this size.Шаблон:Sfnp It seemed there must be a massive waterfall and, indeed, Kinthup had reported one Шаблон:Convert high.[1]
Abor Expedition
In 1911–12 as part of the Abor Expedition, the Survey of India conducted widespread surveying of the tributaries of the Brahmaputra.Шаблон:Sfnp Morshead was in a team surveying the Dibang River while Frederick Bailey was surveying the Dihang.Шаблон:Sfnp[note 1] Oakes and Field of the Dihang team were first to measure the height of the Шаблон:Convert Namcha Barwa and, from Dibang, Morshead confirmed the height – the separate measurements were able to provide a very accurate location.Шаблон:Sfnp
1913 expedition
In 1913 Bailey, an intelligence officer with the Indian Army, invited Morshead to be the surveyor in an expedition to explore the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (Tsangpo Gorge), now known to be the world's deepest gorge.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn Bailey and Morshead explored from the south with Morshead surveying the entire route and calculating the results as they went so as not to delay progress. By ascending the Dibang river and crossing the Yonggyap Pass (Шаблон:Coord[2]) and the Himalayan watershed into Tibet, they reached the Dihang and started up the Gorge.Шаблон:Sfnp
When they were at Lagung, just east of Namcha Barwa, they were arrested by the Nyerpa of Pome who took them to Showa on the Po Tsangpo river. After they had been imprisoned for several days they were released. By following this river downstream to the west and then north they reached the Rong Chu valley where Bailey discovered a tall blue poppy – now known as Meconopsis baileyi – at a forest edge. They headed south to reach the Dihang river again, this time upstream of the Gorge and just south of Gyala Peri. Hence they penetrated the massive sweep of the Tsangpo Gorge, north east of Namcha Barwa. They were able to go downstream as far as Pemakoi-chen where they found the immense Tsangpo Gorge impassible. They were only about Шаблон:Convert upstream of Lagung but they had to turn to the north to follow the Tsangpo upstream to Tsetang where they left the river and headed south through eastern Bhutan to Trashigang, eventually to arrive at Rangiya back in India.[3]Шаблон:Sfnp The expedition covered Шаблон:Convert on foot and lasted from 16 May to 14 November 1913.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Discoveries and outcome
In doing this they proved that the Dibang tributary of the Brahmaputra flows around rather than through the Himalayan mountains and does not connect with the Tsangpo.Шаблон:Sfnp They also proved conclusively that the Tsangpo–Dihang–Brahmaputra was a single river and for the first time established its accurate course along what became known as the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon.Шаблон:Sfnp The highest waterfall they found was Шаблон:Convert and they considered there was unlikely to be a higher fall – this came as a disappointment even to the professionals.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn For his work Morshead was awarded the Macgregor Medal by the United Service Institution of India. At the time the expedition was regarded as a great feat of exploration and it drew international acclaim.[3]
Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
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