Английская Википедия:Baiuvarii
The Baiuvarii, Bavarii, or Bavarians (Шаблон:Lang-de) were a Germanic people. The Baiuvarii had settled in modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol by the 6th century AD, and are considered to be the ancestors of modern-day Bavarians, Austrians and South Tyroleans. It is believed that they spoke an early version of the Bavarian language.
Name
The name of the Baiuvarii is also spelled Baiuvari.Шаблон:Sfn It probably means "men from Bohemia".Шаблон:Sfn The placename Bohemia is believed to be connected to that of the Boii, a Celtic people who partly left the region before the Roman era and then dominated by Germanic peoples. The Baiuvarii gave their name to the region of Bavaria.Шаблон:Sfn
Language
The language of the Baiuvarii is classified as Germanic.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is uncertain whether they originally spoke an East Germanic or West Germanic language.Шаблон:Sfn Early evidence on the language of the Baiuvarii is limited to personal names and a few Runic inscriptions. By the 8th century AD, the Baiuvarii were speakers of an early form of the Austro-Bavarian language within the West Germanic family.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
History
The name is first attested in Latin sources in the 6th century AD.
- Notably, the early 6th century biography of Severinus of Noricum describes the region without mentioning them.Шаблон:Sfn
- One of the earliest references to the Baiuvarii is the Frankish Table of Nations from about 520, which describes them as a people with kinship to the Burgundians, Thuringians and Lombards.Шаблон:Sfn
- In his Getica (551), Jordanes wrote that the Suebes people under the rule of the 5th century Hunimund had lived across the Danube from Dalmatia and Pannonia with the Franks on their west, Thuringians to their north, and Burgundians to their south, and the Baibaros to their east, who may have been the Bavarians.[1]
- In a poem about a pilgrimage to Augsburg in 565, Venantius Fortunatus mentions the land Baioaria on the river Lech, which north flows from the Austrian alps to the German Danube.Шаблон:Sfn They were between the Allemanni on the Danube and the Breones who were based near the river Inn.
Evidence from the etymology of their name implies that the Baiuvarii, being named after Bohemia, can not have existed under that name before the 1st century AD. During this period Maroboduus, king of the Germanic Marcomanni, lead his people into their area which had previously been inhabited by the Celtic Boii.Шаблон:Sfn Whether the Baiuvarii settled Bavaria in a specific later migration, after Maroboduus, either from the north (Bohemia) or from Pannonia, is uncertain.Шаблон:Sfn
According to Karl Bosl, Bavarian migration to present-day Bavaria is a legend.Шаблон:Sfn The early Baiuvarii are often associated with the Friedenhain-Přešťovice archaeological group, but this is controversial.Шаблон:Sfn During the time of Attila in the 5th century, the entire Middle Danube region saw the entry of many new peoples from north and east of the Carpathians, and the formation and destruction of many new political entities.
It is thus more probable that the Baiuvarii emerged in the provinces of Noricum ripense and Raetia secunda following Odoacer's withdrawal of population to Italy in 488, and the subsequent expansion of Italian Ostrogothic, and Merovingian Frankish influence into the area.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They are believed to have incorporated elements from several Germanic peoples, including the Sciri, Heruli, Suebi, Alemanni, Naristi, Thuringi and Lombards. They might also have included non-Germanic Romance people (romanized Celtic people).Шаблон:Sfn
The region was under the influence of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Theodoric the Great. During this period, the Frankish king Theudebert I (died 548) claimed control from the North Sea to Pannonia. After his death, his uncle Chlothar I appointed Garibald I as dux of Bavaria.Шаблон:Sfn He established the Agilolfings dynasty with his power base at Augsburg or Regensburg.Шаблон:Sfn By the 8th century, many Baiuvarii had converted to Christianity.Шаблон:Sfn
Through their ruling Agilolfings dynasty, they were closely connected with the Franks.
Culture
A collection of Bavarian tribal laws was compiled in the 8th century. This document is known as Lex Baiuvariorum. Elements of it possibly date back to the 6th century.Шаблон:Sfn It is very similar to Lex Thuringorum, which was the legal code of the Thuringi, with whom the Baiuvarii had close relations.Шаблон:Sfn
The funerary traditions of the Baiuvarii are similar to those of the Alemanni, but quite different from those of the Thuringi.Шаблон:Sfn
Exogamy and migrant women
The Baiuvarii are distinguished by the presence of individuals with artificially deformed craniums in their cemeteries. These individuals were predominantly female; there is no undisputed evidence of males with artificially deformed skulls in Bavaria.[2] Genetic and archeological evidence shows that these women were migrants from eastern cultures, who married Bavarii males, suggesting the importance of exogamy within the Bavarii culture.[3] The migrant women were fully integrated in to Bavarii culture.[4]
In 2018, genomic research showed that these foreign women had southeastern European and East Asian ancestry. The presence of these women among the Bavarii people indicates that men from the Bavarii culture practiced exogamy, preferentially marrying women from eastern populations.[5]Шаблон:Efn[6]
Genetics
A genetic study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 2018 examined the remains of 41 individuals buried at a Bavarian cemetery ca. 500 AD. Of these, 11 whole genomes were generated. The males were found to be genetically homogeneous and of north-central European origin. The females were less homogeneous, and carried less Northern European ancestry, particularly those with artificially deformed craniums, who were found to combine Southeast European and East Asian ancestry.[5]
There were significant gender differences in skin, hair and eye pigmentation in the sample. While 80% of the Bavarii males had blond hair and blue eyes, the women had much higher rates of brown eyes and darker hair colors. The foreign women with East Asian and Southern European-related ancestry, generally had brown eyes, and 60% were dark haired, it is also implied that their skin color was darker than the local population.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Efn
No significant admixture with Roman populations from territories further south of the area was detected.Шаблон:Efn Among modern populations, the surveyed individuals with normal skulls were found to be most closely related to modern-day Germans.Шаблон:Efn
See also
References
Notes
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
Further reading
External links
Шаблон:Germanic peoples Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Getica in Latin: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/iordanes1.html; in English: http://people.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal "In Bavaria, ACD is mainly observed in women, and there is only disputed evidence for ACD in men or children"
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal "Further studies based on other archaeobiological proxies supported the hypothesis that female exogamy played an important role at the time (Knipper et al. 2017; Stewart 2022; Veeramah et al. 2018)."
- ↑ Hakenbeck, Susanne. (2011). Roman or barbarian? Shifting identities in early medieval cemeteries in Bavaria. Postclassical Archaeologies. 1. p. 49. "Both the manner of their burial and the positions of their graves indicate that the different life-histories suggested by their modified skulls and possibly foreign childhood was subsumed into the local group identity by the time of their death. Regardless of whether these women may have had a foreign identity during their lifetime, in death they were treated as local women with no evidence of their possible migration other than that which was inscribed on their bodies during childhood."
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal "Medieval blue-eyed and blond ‘Bavarians’, meanwhile, seem to have fancied brown-eyed women from south-east Europe (Veeramah et al. 2018)"
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