Английская Википедия:Bajo Pivljanin

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Bajo Pivljanin (Шаблон:Lang-sr-cyr Шаблон:Circa – 7 May 1685), born Dragojlo Nikolić, was a Montenegrin and Serbian hajdukШаблон:Cref2 commander mostly active in the Ottoman territories of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia. Born in Piva, a Serbian Herzegovinian tribe, at the time part of the Ottoman Empire, he was an oxen trader who allegedly left his village after experiencing Ottoman injustice. Mentioned in 1654 as a brigand during the Venetian–Ottoman war, he entered the service of the Republic of Venice in 1656. The hajduks were used to protect Venetian Dalmatia. He remained a low-rank hajduk for the following decade, participating in some notable operations such as the raid on Trebinje. Between 1665 and 1668 he quickly rose through the ranks to the level of harambaša ("bandit leader"). After the war, which ended unfavourably for the Venetians, the hajduks were moved out of their haven in the Bay of Kotor under Ottoman pressure. Between 1671 and 1684 Pivljanin, along with other hajduks and their families, were refugees in Dalmatia. Upon renewed conflict, he was returned to the Bay of Kotor and placed in charge of defending the frontier; in 1685 he and his band fell in battle against the advancing Ottoman governor of Scutari. Regarded as one of the most distinguished hajduks of his time, he is praised in Serbian epic poetry.

Early life

Dragojlo Nikolić, nicknamed Bajo Pivljanin,Шаблон:Cref2 was born around 1630 in Piva (modern-day northwestern Montenegro), at that time part of the Ottoman Sanjak of Herzegovina. According to oral tradition he was born in the village of Rudinice (in Plužine), while there are two versions as to which family he belonged. According to one tradition, found in Kosta Radović's novel Vrtijeljka (1922), he was born in the village of Rudinice (now in Plužine) in Piva to his father Nikola and his mother Ruža, of the Ruđić brotherhood.Шаблон:Sfn Radović claims that he was born on 22 May 1622,Шаблон:Sfn while it is estimated that he was born in Шаблон:Circa 1630.Шаблон:Sfn His godfather, the monk Ivanović, named him Dragojlo, while the nickname Bajo (derived from baja, "snake", a common nickname in Piva which was thought to protect children from evil[1]) was given to him by his grandfather Simo.Шаблон:Sfn This version was also mentioned by Blagojević, who stated that Bajo Pivljanin belonged to the Nikolić family in Gornje Rudinice, descending from the old brotherhood of Ruđić.Шаблон:Sfn The Ruđić brotherhood from Rudinice, which later dispersed elsewhere, is one of two family trees in Piva from which many Pivan families descend.Шаблон:Sfn

According to the priest Toma Lješević (1897),Шаблон:Sfn Bajo was the son of Jovan Ivanović and a mother of the Tadić brotherhood;Шаблон:Sfn belonging to the Ivanović brotherhood in Donje Rudinice, in a place named after them.Шаблон:Sfn This family, as many other families in Piva, either left or was absorbed by other families.Шаблон:Sfn In the Ivanovići hamlet of Donje Rudinice, there was a kula (tower house) belonging to Pivljanin; this tower house, and the village church, were later destroyed by the Ottomans after his operations became well known.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin was an oxen trader, a common occupation in the 17th and 18th centuries, and often exported through Risan market, becoming quite wealthy.Шаблон:Sfn

According to the epic poem Sa šta Pivljanin Bajo ode u uskoke collected by Vuk Karadžić, written in the form of a confessional monologue of Pivljanin,Шаблон:Sfn he left Piva and became a hajduk (bandit) after he murdered Asan-aga Kopčić, an Ottoman leader in Drobnjaci who had assaulted him.[2] With Limo "Limun" Srdanović from Drobnjaci, another trader whom he met at the start of the Cretan war, he led a band of 30 hajduks.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Manastir Piva4.jpg
Piva Monastery, which Bajo protected from the Ottoman ravagers. Legend has it that even today the mark of the bullet can be seen, which Bajo fired as a warning above the head of one of the pillagers who was standing in the doorway

Folk tradition has it that Bajo first left Piva for Drobnjaci, and eventually Drobnjaci for Morača. Bajo was originally engaged to Milica, daughter of a local knez Bogdan Papović from Kazanci. Bogdan was, however, pressured by the recently appointed Pasha of Gacko to hand his daughter to him. Pasha, originally Tepavčević, was taken through devshirme, islamized, educated and served in Constantinople and Travnik. They arranged for a meeting on which Milica was supposed to break the engagement, and choose Pasha instead of Bajo. Bajo, who prepared himself for the wedding, came to the meeting, and after questioning the girl about her choice, asked for his ring back. Milica handed it to him, at which moment Bajo killed her as well as Pasha and two of his bodyguards. Knez Bogdan took shelter in his house, which Bajo burned, together with a mosque Pasha erected not long ago, killing with his kinsmen and grooms all the Ottomans who served the Pasha in the process. This action forced him to abandon his tribe, losing all his wealth, and relocate to Drobnjaci, where he planned to lay low for a certain amount of time. There, he presented himself as Spasoje Sokolović, and found a job as an employee of Knez Tomić. Since it was the mowing part of the year, Hasan-Aga Kopčić ordered all of the local knez's to send him their workforces to Bukovica. Bajo was among these people, and he broke his mowing blade one day while working. Taking a break to fix it, he enraged the Agha, who started hitting him with a whip. Bajo then decapitated him with his fixed blade, took his horse and weapons and ran to Morača, which at the time was hajduk's nest and the most defiant of all the Montenegrin Highland tribes towards the Ottomans.[3] Bajo lived in Morača for several years, his exploits from this period (like the killing of Hafiz-bey, saving his sister Jela from Muslim marauders and protecting his cousin Sekula from wealthy and vain Pejović family) are preserved in collective memory of the population of North Montenegro. Morača was razed by the Ottomans sometime in the late 1640s, after which Bajo took shelter in Venetian controlled territories.

Cretan War

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Bajo Pivljanin ubija Turčina.jpg
Bajo Pivljanin kills a Turk (1878), by Serbian painter Aksentije Marodić (1838–1909)

The hajduks, who were Ottoman subjects, were recruited by the Republic of Venice as guerilla forces to co-operate in the defence of the Venetian–Ottoman frontier in Dalmatia during the Cretan War (1645–69). They crossed into Venetian territory from which they conducted raids into Ottoman-controlled lands.Шаблон:Sfn

Pivljanin was first mentioned in 1654 as one of 1,500 hajduks operating from Venetian territory. During the Cretan War he mostly fought in the southern parts of Dalmatia and Herzegovina,Шаблон:Sfn where the population was predominantly anti-Ottoman.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin was a close friend and favourite of Serbian Orthodox metropolitan (bishop) Vasilije (Basil) Jovanović during the war.Шаблон:Cref2 He is believed to have begun organizing his own band in Шаблон:Circa; according to an epic poem, Pivljanin, Cvjetko Vlastelinović and Đurko Kapetanović established a band which operated in Herzegovina.Шаблон:Sfn

The hajduk bands carried out one of their most successful operations in Herzegovina in March 1655, raiding Trebinje, taking many slaves and carrying away considerable loot.Шаблон:Sfn This raid was commanded by Terzić from Nikšić, and left Herzegovina through Cavtat (part of the Republic of Ragusa).Шаблон:Sfn The raids led to conflict between Ragusa and the Beys of Novi led by Omer-beg Begzadić, whose villages had suffered the most.Шаблон:Sfn In February 1656 the hajduk bands broke through Rijeka Dubrovačka into Herzegovina and returned with more loot.Шаблон:Sfn In the same year, Pivljanin began to work for the Venetians.Шаблон:Sfn After their defeat at Morača in 1649, and the building of the Kolašin fortress (1647–51) by the Ottomans, the Venetians brought offensive operations to a halt.Шаблон:Sfn From 1655 to 1657, the Ottomans made several attacks on the Venetian territory around Grbalj.Шаблон:Sfn The main hajduk centre became Perast in the Bay of Kotor, which they used as base to raid Ottoman territory.Шаблон:Sfn By 1658, the hajduks had mastered Herzegovina to the extent that they "forced taxes on all villages towards Gacko".Шаблон:Sfn Taxes were collected by groups of 10–12 hajduks, while disobedience was punished.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin and his hajduks also operated in Popovo and Romanija.Шаблон:Sfn Refugees from Ottoman Herzegovina were gladly accepted into the Republic of Venice.Шаблон:Sfn According to the historian Ljubo Mihić, the most distinguished of the hajduks in this period were Pivljanin and Stevo Popović.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Perast and Bay of Kotor from Saint Nicholas' Church.jpg
View of the Bay of Kotor from Perast

Pivljanin rose quickly in the hajduk ranks; in 1664 and 1665 he was mentioned simply as "Bajo hajduk" in Ragusan documents, but by 1666 he was referred to as a "buljubaša" (captain), and by 1668 as a "viši (higher) harambaša" (bandit leader).Шаблон:Sfn

Pivljanin's tactics included quick raids and destroying bridges as he retreated.Шаблон:Sfn For example, the stone bridge on the Tara in Šiplje was destroyed after his band had raided Kolašin.Шаблон:Sfn In 1664, Pivljanin is mentioned as a hajduk commander active in the Republic of Ragusa.Шаблон:Sfn At the beginning of August 1664, hajduk leaders Stevo and Nikola Popović, Vukosav Puhalović, Pivljanin, Dijete, Čauš, and others, destroyed a merchant caravan on the border with Ragusa, and took 150 cargoes of very expensive goods; Armenian merchants, to whom the goods belonged, complained to the Doge of Venice.Шаблон:Sfn The Venetian government warned the hajduks against further provocations of the Ottomans, fearing new attacks from Sohrab Mehmed Pasha, the sanjak-bey of Herzegovina.Шаблон:Sfn In ca. 1665, Pivljanin suffered a great defeat by the Ottomans at the village of Grdijevići, losing most of his band and being forced to leave his home region.Шаблон:Sfn One hundred and fifty years later, rebels on the Tara used this event, among others, as justification for a revolt.Шаблон:Sfn At the beginning of May 1666, Pivljanin raided a Ragusan ship off the coast of Koločep that was bound for Venice with merchandise, unloading eight wagons of wax and freeing captured merchants, among whom were four Turks, in return for a high payment and a written statement that the wax and money had been given to him voluntarily.Шаблон:Sfn The Ragusans claimed that at the time of the raid, Pivljanin had shouted that the provveditore (district governor) of Venetian Dalmatia had given him the order to take all that he came across, both on the sea and the land.Шаблон:Sfn Five days later, Pivljanin raided a large and unusually rich caravan carrying Venetian merchandise through Ottoman territory.Шаблон:Sfn In September 1666, Pivljanin and Mato Njegošević attacked an Ottoman caravan in Mosko then retreated to Banjani.Шаблон:Sfn

On 25 March 1669, Pivljanin, living in Stoliv (near Kotor), was recorded in Kotor as having acknowledged a debt of 62.5 real (40 groschen being 1 real) to Gierolamo Cazalieri.Шаблон:Sfn In early April 1669 Pivljanin and Puhalović raised and looted in Herzegovina, and retreated towards Šipan.Шаблон:Sfn According to legend, he burnt down a mosque in Nevesinje, and another one in Počitelj.[4] There are accounts recorded by the anthropologist Jevto Dedijer that several Muslim families left their homes after cruel treatment by Pivljanin; the Šehović left Korjenići and moved to south Herzegovina after he and Limun burnt down their house;Шаблон:Sfn the Kajtaz and Rorić left Nevesinje and moved to Mostar,Шаблон:Sfn and a large number of the families of Slivlja left their homes.Шаблон:Sfn The war ended with Ottoman victory in 1669, with Venice being forced to relinquish all of the territory taken over by the uskoks and hajduks during the war, with only Klis becoming a new Venetian possession.Шаблон:Sfn The Venetian–Ottoman border delineation act was signed on 30 October 1671.Шаблон:Sfn

Inter-war period

After the war, the southeastern Venetian possessions (the Bay of Kotor) were destituted.Шаблон:Sfn War, hunger and frequent epidemics had decreased the population.Шаблон:Sfn As soon as the peace had been signed, the uskoks and hajduks became a nuisance to Venice; up until then frontiersmen defending Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor from Ottoman invasion, they were now a potential cause to new conflicts with the Ottomans, which Venice wanted to avoid.Шаблон:Sfn The hajduks were accustomed to living on war booty, thus they had a hard time coping with peacetime.Шаблон:Sfn The provveditore generale Antonio Priuli, who was very favourable towards the frontiersmen, called uskok and hajduk leaders to Zadar to discuss ways to "create conditions for a normal life".Шаблон:Sfn

In December 1669 Antonio Priuli brought from Perast to Venice hajduk leaders including Bajo Pivljanin, Grujica Žeravica, Vukosav Puhalović and buljubaša Milošević.Шаблон:Sfn Earlier, in June, the Venetian provveditore issued the termination of duty of the "chiefs that protect the Kotor area", the first three mentioned, and had them included in the list of soldiers having the right of pay and bread.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin's bravery and sacrifice to the Republic of Venice is especially outlined.Шаблон:Sfn The four leaders asked the Doge if the hajduks could be granted Vrana in Ravni Kotari or Risan in the Bay of Kotor as a district for them to settle, and benefits already given to Paštrovići, Grbalj and Perast, due, among other issues, to the fact that "the number of hajduks that fled to the Perast area in 1654 had risen to 1,500, of whom 500 were militarily able, and now, in peacetime, their livelihood was under threat".Шаблон:Sfn The issue was finally settled after several months with the arrival of Antonio Barbaro as the new generale provveditore.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1670, Barbaro decided that the hajduks would be permitted to settle in Risan and a number of neighbouring villages. Soon after the decision was made, the hajduks and frontier Ottomans came into conflict, resulting in many Ottoman casualties. The Ottoman government then demanded that the Venetian official (bailo) in Constantinople remove the hajduks from Risan.Шаблон:Sfn The Venetian government decided to move the hajduks of the Bay of Kotor to Istria on the northern Adriatic coast. Colonisation began in May 1671, with the Venetian captain in charge of Istria being informed of the pending arrival of 1,300 hajduks.Шаблон:Sfn By the beginning of June 1671, all hajduks from Risan had been transported by sea to Istria.Шаблон:Sfn Istria had been depopulated by epidemics and the Uskok War (1615–18); and it therefore made sense to relocate the hajduks to eliminate the frontier clashes between the hajduks and Ottomans, which were disturbing the peace between Venice and the Ottoman Empire. The Venetians also wanted to repopulate Istria, so the Venetian Senate made the decision to resettle the hajduks there.Шаблон:Sfn Barbaro guaranteed the hajduks tax exemptions and appropriations, the appointment of four judges to mediate their disputes, and the allocation of livestock and agricultural tools.Шаблон:Sfn Apart from Puljština in southern Istria, the hajduks requested grants of land on the Buzet karst.Шаблон:Sfn Friction between the hajduks and Venetians was evident in the negotiations between the hajduk leaders and captain Lunardo Mercella; as a significant part of the promised benefits were not forthcoming, four hajduk representativesШаблон:SndsNikola Popović, buljubaša Milošević, Pivljanin and Petar BabićШаблон:Sndsappealed directly to the Doge of Venice to confirm Barbaro's chapters. Barbaro calmed the hajduks down by regulating their status.Шаблон:Sfn The Venetian government initially sought to disperse the hajduks across the Venetian–Ottoman frontier in order to prevent conflict with other Venetian subjects, but they were temporarily settled at Pula in Istria.Шаблон:Sfn

In the summer of 1671 a malaria epidemic broke out, leading to additional complications.Шаблон:Sfn The epidemic was devastating to numerous hajduk families, the natives being more resistant to malaria; thus, part of the settlers moved to Ližnjan and Premantura, while others left to return to Dalmatia.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin and Njegošević lived in Premantura.[5] In 1673, Pivljanin and his followers included 34 households, 18 of which lived in towns; 8 in Premantura (Promontore), 8 in Mutvoran (Momorano) and one in Peroj (Peroi); his followers consisted of a total of 157 individuals, 89 adults and 68 minors, 75 males and 82 females.[6]

Financial aid and incentives did not deliver the expected results for the hajduks, as they did not wish to settle in the assigned lands.Шаблон:Sfn Conflicts ensued between the hajduks and local people in Puljština, with kidnappings, hajduk attacks on fishermen and boats, and also revenge killings.Шаблон:Sfn The hajduks were enraged, and could not cope with the Istrian climate.Шаблон:Sfn Many of them moved to Senj, where the Uskoks were still active.Шаблон:Sfn During this time, Pivljanin and Njegošević were the most active in moving hajduks into the Habsburg monarchy, and they travelled to Karlovac to negotiate.Шаблон:Sfn Some hajduks independently returned to the Bay of Kotor, where the provveditore of Kotor put some on galleys, imprisoned some at Klis, and exiled some, after killing others using old convictions as a pretext.Шаблон:Sfn When harambaša Njegošević was persecuted, the hajduks again sent Pivljanin to Venice as their envoy.Шаблон:Sfn In his plea to the Doge of Venice, dated 27Шаблон:NbspMarch 1673, Pivljanin asked that the persecution of hajduks cease, stating that they had all been pardoned by an amnesty issued by Barbaro.Шаблон:Sfn The request was partly met, and some hajduks were freed.Шаблон:Sfn

Pivljanin, Jovo Sikimić, and Njegošević settled Zadar in 1674, where they "came into contact with Serb leaders of the [Ravni] kotari uskoks (rebels)",Шаблон:Sfn but many hajduks remained in Istria.Шаблон:Sfn During 1675 the issues in Istria decreased, and by the next year, as more hajduks left the area, there are no further records regarding hajduks in Istria.Шаблон:Sfn While in Zadar, Pivljanin befriended Stojan Janković, a veteran hajduk from Ravni Kotari, who had been active in Dalmatia during the Cretan War.Шаблон:Sfn On 17Шаблон:NbspJanuary 1675, Pivljanin's brother Dimitrije married Ana (Anna Giacovichi, also called AnkaШаблон:Sfn and JanjaШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn), Stojan Janković's sister.Шаблон:Sfn In a letter to the Venetian government dated 3Шаблон:NbspDecember 1675, Pivljanin offered to receive and hold the goods of Omer Mustafa Čehajić, which were part of a dispute with Vučić Kajić, and suggested Stojan Janković as a guarantor.[7] On 5Шаблон:NbspFebruary 1676, the birth of Pivljanin's son Simeon by his wife Manda was registered in the Orthodox parish.[8] According to the historian M.Шаблон:NbspJačov, Pivljanin's wife was another sister of Stojan Janković.Шаблон:Sfn The godmother of Pivljanin's son Simeon was Mato Njegošević's wife Ana.[9] Dimitrije's baby son Nikola was baptized on 1Шаблон:NbspOctober 1677.Шаблон:Sfn On 3 May 1680, provveditore G. Cornaro prohibited some Venetian subjects to cause damage to the meadow in Suhovare rented by Pivljanin from Turks.Шаблон:Sfn On 9 January 1680, Dimitrije's wife Ana fell and broke her neck, being 25 years old at the time of death.Шаблон:Sfn

After the Ottoman failure at the Battle of Vienna (11–12 September 1683), the people of Ravni Kotari and Kninska Krajina assembled under the leadership of Stojan's brother Ilija Janković and attacked the Ottomans.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin and his brother joined the band.Шаблон:Sfn The Venetians, in order to avoid a war, recalled Stojan Janković to Venice in October, calming Ilija, who is described as very restless and unmanageable.Шаблон:Sfn Dalmatian provveditore Lorenzo Dona sent colonel Ivan Radoš to the hajduks to calm them down and return them home.Шаблон:Sfn Radoš informed Dona on 10 November 1683 that he had met with Pivljanin, Vid Kalinić and Andrija Gilim at Kula Atlagića, who asked him to forward their request of forgiveness to the provveditore, then summoned Ilija Janković and Jovan Baljak.Шаблон:Sfn They all promised to follow Dona's command and stop hostility against Ottomans.Шаблон:Sfn When the hajduks calmed downШаблон:Snds by which time much of northern Dalmatia was in their handsШаблон:Sndsthe Venetians returned Stojan to Ravni Kotari in December.Шаблон:Sfn In a letter dated 8Шаблон:NbspDecember 1683, provveditore Dona forgave Pivljanin for desertion, and ordered his return in the list of cavalry bands which he had been part of, and gave him back wages for the intervening time.Шаблон:Sfn

Venice entered into an alliance with Austria and declared war on the Ottomans in the spring of 1684.Шаблон:Sfn When hostilities began,Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin was again in active Venetian service, finally returning to the Bay of Kotor.[10]

Morean War

Шаблон:See also

Return to service

Between January and the end of April 1684, the Republic of Venice accepted 4,200 families as settlers on the Venetian–Ottoman frontier, including 20,000 warriors. The Venetians provided them with food and 1,800 rifles, and their leaders were given monthly pay. The families were settled in the territory of Zadar and Šibenik, and around Klis.Шаблон:Sfn Pivljanin and his brother Dimitrije served in the cavalry bands in Zadar until Antonio Zeno, the extraordinary provveditore of Kotor, requested that they be sent for service in the Bay of Kotor. This was approved by Lorenzo Donà, the provveditore of Dalmatia, on 12Шаблон:NbspApril 1684.Шаблон:Sfn In September 1684 Pivljanin was documented as having been with his band in Herceg Novi, and in October in the area of Livno.Шаблон:Sfn The Venetian Senate thanked Pivljanin and Jovan Sikimić for their victory at Jezero, and approved Zeno's decision to reward them medals and sequins, on 12Шаблон:NbspOctober 1684.Шаблон:Sfn Marino Mikiel, a Venetian commissary, writing of the state of the Venetian cavalry in Dalmatia on 26Шаблон:NbspJanuary 1685, highlighted that Stojan Janković and Pivljanin received the wages of cavalry soldiers due to their merit and by grace of the state, without having to effectively serve as soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn In March 1685 Pivljanin informed the Venetian extraordinary provveditore about his band's operations in the territory of the Republic of Ragusa; his band numbered 130 fighters and had three harambašas: Miho Kolumbara; Miloš Lepirić; and Božo Lučić.Шаблон:Sfn In February, they had captured a caravan with wheat in Zupci, stolen some cattle and burnt down the village of Glavska, attacked Cavtat and returned to Trebinje.Шаблон:Sfn

Battle of Vrtijeljka

Шаблон:Main Süleyman, the Ottoman sanjak-bey of Scutari sent word to the Montenegrin people that, "due to their relations with Morlachs (Venetian irregular troops) and hajduks", he would exterminate them all.Шаблон:Sfn Historiography is divided as to whether the Montenegrins really betrayed the hajduks in the ensuing battle;Шаблон:Sfn some believe that in order to avoid retaliation, the Montenegrins promised the head of Pivljanin,Шаблон:Sfn then betrayed the hajduks on the battlefield.Шаблон:Sfn The Ottoman forces under Süleyman approached Cetinje, and the two forces met at the hill of Vrtijeljka on 7Шаблон:NbspMay 1685.Шаблон:Sfn

The hajduk force consisted of Шаблон:Circa fighters, including also Montenegrins, Mainjani and Primorci, commanded by over-intendant Bošković, harambaša Pivljanin, and the guvernadur of Grbalj.Шаблон:Sfn The large Ottoman force crossed the Morača and headed towards Cetinje.Шаблон:Sfn The hajduks carried a war flag with Venetian symbols.Шаблон:Sfn The hajduks were defeated by the Ottomans, and Pivljanin was killed in battle.Шаблон:Sfn Süleyman had Pivljanin's head sent to the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed IV, as a great war trophy.Шаблон:Sfn The importance of the battle is evident in the fact that the heads of Pivljanin and his hajduks decorated the entrance hall of the seraglio in Constantinople, and that Süleyman was elevated to pasha following the victory.Шаблон:Sfn The severed heads were taken to Constantinople as proof of finishing the task and that the enemy was triumphally defeated.Шаблон:Sfn Only heads of worthy, more prominent outlaws, of names and work that was well-known, had this treatment.Шаблон:Sfn Heads of hajduks were otherwise put on town palisades or on poles beside the road or crossroads.Шаблон:Sfn The fact that multiple other hajduk heads were sent to Constantinople along with Pivljanin's could primarily be explained as that the Ottomans wanted to visibly display the defeat of a notable movement, which had brought much grief to them.Шаблон:Sfn The news of the battle was recorded in Rome on 27Шаблон:NbspMay 1685, in this way: "two courageous leaders, one named Bajo, friend of captain Janko, and the other, captain Vuković the Arbanas, died"; the source states that the defeat was due to a betrayal by Montenegrins in the battle.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Файл:Гроб Баје Пивљанина на Цетињу.jpg
Drawing of the tombs where Bajo Pivljanin and his wife are allegedly buried in Cetinje (1881)

Pivljanin's importance is evident in Antonio Zeno's evaluation: "since the death of harambaša Bajo, the frontier is left without leaders able to control the hajduks bands".Шаблон:Sfn It has been claimed that Pivljanin was buried by the Vlah Church in Cetinje.Шаблон:Sfn In 1685, Pivljanin's brother Dimitrije, on behalf of Pivljanin's widow and two sons, requested that Pivljanin's pay be transferred to one of the sons. The request highlighted that Pivljanin had left his home in Herzegovina to fight for the Republic of Venice, to whom he had great value as a fighter.Шаблон:Sfn

It was decided on 20 September 1689 that his brother Dimitrije and two sons be admitted into the Venetian cavalry. Mentioning Pivljanin as having "proved himself worthy", dealt "damage to the Turks", and suffered "many received wounds", the decision was made to carry out an earlier plan that Pivljanin's sons be admitted into the cavalry.Шаблон:Sfn As Pivljanin had died, his brother Dimitrije, who had "given proofs of righteousness and loyalty on several occasions", and his two mature sons, Vuk and Sima (SimeunШаблон:Sfn), were admitted into the band of Soliman in Herceg Novi, "thus, every one of them received wages of a soldier in the cavalry".Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

There are many epic poems and stories about his life.Шаблон:Sfn Metropolitan Petar II Petrović-Njegoš included a eulogy to him in The Mountain Wreath (1847).[11] Serbian Orthodox priest and historian Ilarion Ruvarac (1832–1905) called him a "glorious knight".[12]

The village of Bajovo Polje ("Bajo's field") was named after Bajo Pivljanin, it is said, after he killed his first Turk at the field.Шаблон:Sfn The poet Vukašin Gagović used the alias Bajo Pivljanin.[13] A Yugoslav Partisan battalion was named after him.[14] There are streets in cities and towns in former Yugoslavia named after him,Шаблон:Cref2 as well as a Montenegrin futsal club, KMF Bajo Pivljanin.

There are several brotherhoods and families that claim ancestry or kinship with him or his brothers. The Bajovići, having the slava (patron saint day) of St. Nicholas, with tens of houses in Bezuje, and one house in their original village of Rudinice (1971), have several versions of their origin: the first that they descend from a brother of Bajo Pivljanin; the second, from a villager called Čepur that took over Bajo Pivljanin's estate after the family left; the third, that the Bajovići who were really called Čepuri until 1887 descend from a branch of a family tree also including the Vračari and Taušani, closely related to the Gagovići, in line with their slava in common.Шаблон:Sfn Based on the presumed connection with Pivljanin, King Nikola I accepted member Đorđija Bajović into officer school.Шаблон:Sfn When S. Tomić did field research in Piva in 1912–13 and 1924,Шаблон:Sfn however, he recorded the Bajovići, called Čepuri in Gornje Rudinice with two houses, as hailing from Bajovo Polje and being direct descendants of Bajo Nikolić Pivljanin.Шаблон:Sfn Meanwhile, Tomić had recorded fourШаблон:Sfn or sixШаблон:Sfn houses of Bajovići in Bezuje that belonged to the Vračari brotherhood, itself descending from the Gagovići brotherhood.Шаблон:Sfn

Other families claiming descent from his nephews are spread through Stara Raška and Šumadija in Serbia.[15] There was a tale that Pivljanin put a curse on his family after seven of his brothers and cousins declined to join him in the hajduks.[15] The Markovići brotherhood in Ljuljaci, Serbia, with the slava of St. John, settled in the first half of the 18th century, descending from one of Pivljanin's children.Шаблон:Sfn[15] The Bajić brotherhood in Takovo, with the slava of St. George, numbering 30 households in 1960, also claim descent from him.[16]

Epic poetry

The Cretan War is considered an "epical period of Serb history".Шаблон:Sfn Vuk Karadžić (1787–1864), the Serbian philologist and linguist, recorded several poems which mention Pivljanin which he published in his folklore collections.[17]Шаблон:Sfn The poems fall into what is known as the "hajduk epic cycle".Шаблон:Sfn

  • Bajo Pivljanin i beg Ljubović, ("Bajo Pivljanin and Bey Ljubović", best known poem about him, recounting his victory in duel with Ljubović bey in Nevesinje, and his killing of Mato Njegošević who betrayed him).
  • Šta čini osveta, ("What does vengeance does", recounting how Bajo and Limun justifiably aid Tašo Nikolić from Vasojevići in avenging the betrayal done by his brother-in-law Knez Ivaniš).
  • Sa šta Pivljanin Bajo ode u uskoke ("Why did Pivljanin Bajo became an uskok", recounting the early episode in his life when he killed Hasan-Aga Kopčić).
  • Bajo Pivljanin i Ale Novljanin, ("Bajo Pivljanin and Ale from Novi", same topic as "Bajo Pivljanin and Pasha of Zagorje", but with different characters).
  • Pivljanin Bajo i Ferat kapetan, ("Bajo Pivljanin and captain Ferhat", Bajo retaking the flock of sheep abducted by Muslim captain Ferhat somewhere around Golija mountain, losing one of his best men in the process).
  • Bajo Pivljanin i Marić alajbeg
  • Bajo Pivljanin i paša od Zagorja ("Bajo Pivljanin and Pasha of Zagorje", recounts how Bajo and Limun assaulted the wedding of Hadžija Rizvanbegović from Risan in Korita for tricking them, and killing his bride, the daughter of Čengić Pasha of Zagorje, in the process. The other version of the song is known as Rišnjanjin Hadžija i Limun trgovac ("Hadžija from Risan and Limun the trader")).
  • Hamza Mijatović i Pivljanin Bajo ("Hamza Mijatović and Pivljanin Bajo")
  • Zulum bez Baja
  • Ženidba Grbljičića Zana ("The wedding of Zane Grbičić")
  • Boj na Vrtijeljci ("Battle of Vrtijeljka")
  • Do tri harambaše
Файл:Bajo Pivljanin map.jpg
Map of locations related to Bajo Pivljanin's life

Annotations

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References

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Sources

Books

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Journals

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Further reading

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External links

Шаблон:Serbian epic poetry

Шаблон:Authority control