Английская Википедия:Bakeneko
The Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang, "changed cat") is a type of Japanese Шаблон:Transl, or supernatural entity; more specifically, it is a Шаблон:Transl, or supernatural cat.[2] It is often confused with the Шаблон:Transl, another cat-like Шаблон:Transl.[3] The distinction between them is often ambiguous, but the largest difference is that the Шаблон:Transl has two tails, while the Шаблон:Transl has only one.
There are legends of Шаблон:Transl in various parts of Japan, but the tale of the Nabeshima Шаблон:Transl Disturbance in Saga Prefecture is especially famous.
Origin
The reason that cats are seen as Шаблон:Transl in Japanese mythology is attributed to many of their characteristics: for example, the pupils of their eyes change shape depending on the time of day, their fur can seem to cause sparks when they are petted (due to static electricity), they sometimes lick blood, they can walk without making a sound, their wild nature that remains despite the gentleness they can show, they are difficult to control (unlike dogs), their sharp claws and teeth, nocturnal habits, and their speed and agility.[4][5]
Many other animals appear as Шаблон:Transl in old tales and display similar attributes: the deep tenacity of snakes, the ability of foxes (Шаблон:Transl) to shapeshift into women, and the brutality of Шаблон:Transl in eating humans depicted in the Kachi-kachi Yama folktale from the Edo period. However, cats figure in a great number of tales and superstitions because they live with humans yet retain their wild essence and air of mystery.[5]
One folk belief about the Шаблон:Transl is that they lick lamp oil.[6] In the Edo period encyclopedia Wakan Sansai Zue, it is said that a cat licking this oil is an omen of an impending strange event.[7] People in the early modern period used cheap fish oils in lamps, e.g. sardine oil; that could explain cats wanting to lick them.[8][9] Also, at that time the Japanese diet was based on grains and vegetables, and while the leftovers were fed to the cats, as carnivores, the cats would have lacked for protein and fat and therefore been even more attracted to lamp oils.[10] Moreover, the sight of a cat standing on its hind legs to reach a lamp, its face lit with anticipation, could have seemed eerie and unnatural, like a Шаблон:Transl.[10] The stealing of household objects is commonly associated with many Japanese ghosts, and thus the disappearance of lamp oil when a cat was present helped to associate the cat with the supernatural.[11]
The mysterious air that cats possess was associated with prostitutes who worked in Edo-period red-light districts. This was the origin of a popular character in kusazōshi (among other publications), the bakeneko yūjo.[12]
Folk legends
As with the Шаблон:Transl, another cat-like Шаблон:Transl which is said to evolve from a cat whose tail split into two when it grew old, there are folk beliefs across Japan about aged cats turning into Шаблон:Transl. There are tales of cats that became Шаблон:Transl after being raised for twelve years in Ibaraki Prefecture and Nagano Prefecture, and for thirteen years in Kunigami District, Okinawa Prefecture. In Yamagata District, Hiroshima Prefecture, it is said that a cat raised for seven years or longer will kill the one that raised it. There are also many regions where, due to this superstition, people decided in advance for how many years they would raise a cat.[13] Depending on the area, there are stories in which cats that were brutally killed by humans would become Шаблон:Transl and curse that human. Шаблон:Transl stories are not only about aged cats, but also sometimes about revenge against cruel humans.[14]
The abilities attributed to Шаблон:Transl are various, including shapeshifting into humans,[15][16] wearing a towel or napkin on the head and dancing,[15][17] speaking human words,[15][17] cursing humans,[13] manipulating dead people,[13] possessing humans,[13] and lurking in the mountains and taking wolves with them to attack travelers.[5] As an unusual example, on Aji island, Oshika District, Miyagi Prefecture and in the Oki Islands, Shimane Prefecture, there is a story of a cat that shapeshifted into a human and wanted to engage in sumo.[16]
The legend that cats could speak may have arisen from misinterpreting the cat's meowing as human language; for this reason some would say that the cat is not a type of Шаблон:Transl. In 1992 (Heisei 4), in the Yomiuri newspaper, there was an article that argued that when people thought they had heard a cat speak, upon listening a second time, they realized that it was simply the cat's meowing and that it was only coincidence that it resembled a human word.[4]
In the Edo period (1603–1867), there was a folk belief that cats with long tails like snakes could bewitch people. Cats with long tails were disliked, and there was a custom of cutting their tails. It is speculated that this is the reason that there are so many cats in Japan with short tails now, natural selection having favored those with short tails.[18]
Folk beliefs that cats can cause strange phenomena are not limited to Japan. For example, in Jinhua, Zhejiang, in China, it is said that a cat that had been raised by humans for three years would start bewitching them. Because cats with white tails are said to be especially good at this, refraining from raising them became customary. Since their ability to bewitch humans is said to come from taking in the spiritual energy of the Moon, it is said that when a cat looks up at the Moon, it should be killed on the spot, whether its tail has been cut or not.[19]
The tale of Takasu Genbei
One famous Шаблон:Transl story is about a man named Takasu Genbei, whose mother's personality changed completely after his pet cat went missing for many years. His mother avoided the company of friends and family and would take her meals alone in her room. When the family peeked in on her, they saw a cat-like monster in the mother's clothes, chewing on animal carcasses. Takasu, still skeptical, slew what looked like his mother, and after one day his mother's body turned back into his pet cat that had been missing. Takasu then tore up the floorboards of his mother's room to find her skeleton hidden there, her bones gnawed clean of all flesh.[11]
Writings and literature
Nabeshima Шаблон:Transl disturbance
There is a Шаблон:Transl legend that takes place in the time of Nabeshima Mitsushige, the second Шаблон:Transl of the Saga Domain, Hizen Province. Mitsushige's retainer Ryūzōji Matashichirō, who served as the Шаблон:TranslШаблон:'s opponent in the game of Go, displeased Mitsushige and was put to the sword. Ryūzōji's mother, while recounting her sorrows to her cat, committed suicide. The cat licked the mother's blood, became a Шаблон:Transl, went into the castle, and tormented Mitsushige every night until his loyal retainer Komori Hanzaemon finally killed it and saved the Nabeshima family.[20]
Historically, the Ryūzōji clan was older than the Nabeshima clan in Hizen. After Ryūzōji Takanobu's death, his assistant Nabeshima Naoshige held the real power, and after the sudden death of Takanobu's grandchild Takafusa, his father Masaie also committed suicide. Afterwards, since the remnants of the Ryūzōji clan created disturbances in the public order near the Saga castle, Naoshige, in order to pacify the spirits of the Ryūzōji, built Tenyū-ji (now in Tafuse, Saga). This has been considered the origin of the disturbance and it is thought that the Шаблон:Transl was an expression of the Ryūzōji's grudge in the form of a cat.[20][21] Also, the inheritance of power from the Ryūzōji clan to the Nabeshima clan was not an issue, but because of Takanobu's death, and Nabeshima Katsushige's son's sudden death, some point out that this Шаблон:Transl (ghost story) arose from a dramatization of this series of events.[22]
This legend was turned into a Шаблон:Transl (play). In the Kaei period (1848–1854), it was first performed in Nakamura-za as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang). The "Sagano" in the title is a place in Tokyo Prefecture, but it was actually a pun on the word Шаблон:Transl. This work became very popular throughout the country, but a complaint from the Saga domain brought the performances to a quick stop. However, since the Шаблон:Transl (a samurai official of the shogunate) who filed the complaint for the performances to be stopped was Nabeshima Naotaka of the Nabeshima clan, the gossip about the Шаблон:Transl disturbance spread even more.[22][23]
After that, the tale was widely circulated in society in the Шаблон:Transl Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) and the historical record book Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang). In the Шаблон:Transl (a style of traditional oral Japanese storytelling), because Ryūzōji's widow told of her sorrow to the cat, it became a Шаблон:Transl, and killed and ate Komori Hanzaemon's mother and wife. It then shapeshifted and appeared in their forms, and cast a curse upon the family. In the historical record book, this was completely unrelated to the Ryūzōji event, however, and a foreign type of cat, which had been abused by Nabeshima's feudal lord Komori Handayū, sought revenge and killed and ate the lord's favorite concubine, shapeshifted into her form, and caused harm to the family. It was Itō Sōda who exterminated it.[24]
In the beginning of the Shōwa period (1926–1989), Шаблон:Transl films such as Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang) became quite popular. Actresses like Takako Irie and Sumiko Suzuki played the part of the Шаблон:Transl and became well known as "bakeneko actresses."[19]
Other
Cats as Шаблон:Transl in literature date back to the Kamakura period (1185–1333). In the collection of Шаблон:Transl (oral tradition of folktales before the 14th century), the Kokon Chomonjū, from this period, there can be seen statements pointing out cats that do strange and suspicious things, noting that "these are perhaps ones that have turned into demons."[25] Old stories about Шаблон:Transl from that time period are often associated with temples, but it is thought that the reason for this is that when Buddhism came to Japan, in order to protect the sutras (sacred texts) from being chewed on by rats, cats were brought along too.[18]
During the Edo period (1603–1867), tales about Шаблон:Transl began to appear in essays and Шаблон:Transl collections in various areas. Tales of cats transforming into humans and talking can be seen in publications like the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang),[19] the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang),[26][27] the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang),[28] and the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang).[29] Similarly, tales of dancing cats can be seen in the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang),[30] and the Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang).[31] In the fourth volume of "Mimibukuro", it is stated that any cat anywhere that lives for ten years would begin to speak as a human,[32] and that cats born from the union of a fox and a cat would begin speaking even before ten years had passed.[33] According to tales of cats that transform, aged cats would very often shapeshift into old women.[4] The Edo period was the golden age for Шаблон:Transl about Шаблон:Transl, and with Шаблон:Transl like the "Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance" being performed, these became even more famous.[25]
In Makidani, Yamasaki, Shisō District, Harima Province (now within Shisō, Hyōgo Prefecture), a tale was passed down about a person in Karakawa who was a Шаблон:Transl. The same kind of tale was also found in Taniguchi, Fukusaki village, Jinsai District, of the same province, where it is said that in Kongōjō-ji, a Шаблон:Transl who troubled a villager was killed by someone from the temple. This Шаблон:Transl was protected from arrows and bullets by a Шаблон:TranslШаблон:'s lid and an iron pot. These, like the legend of Susanoo's extermination of Yamata no Orochi, have a commonality in that the local old families of the area played a role.[5]
In 1909, articles about cats that broke into dance in tenement houses in the Honjo neighbourhood of Tokyo were published in newspapers such as the Sports Hochi, the Yorozu Chōhō, and the Yamato Shimbun.[34]
Landmarks
- Myōtaratennyo – Yahiko-jinja, Niigata Prefecture
- The origin of this landmark is in the Bunka period (1804–1818) essay Шаблон:Transl (Шаблон:Lang), which contains passages about strange events concerning cats. In this book, giving the character "Шаблон:Lang" the reading "myō", it was written as "Шаблон:Lang".[35] According to another tale in the Шаблон:Transl of the Hokuriku region, the tale of the Шаблон:Transl or mountain witch, a cat killed and ate an old woman and then became that old woman in her place, but later had a change of heart and became worshipped as a deity, the Myōtaraten. In Hokkaido and the northern Ōu region among other places, similar tales are passed down throughout the country.[5][36]
- Neko no Odoriba – Izumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture
- It is said that in a soy sauce shop long ago, in Totsuka-juku of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō (now Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture), it sometimes happened that napkins would disappear in the night one by one. One night, when the proprietor of the soy sauce shop went out on a job, he heard some bustling music from a place where there should have been no people around. When he looked, there were several cats gathered, and there in the center was a strange sight: the shopkeeper's pet cat, wearing a napkin on its head and dancing. That explained why his napkins had been going missing.
- The place where this cat is said to have danced is called Odoriba (Шаблон:Lang, meaning "dancing place"), and it left behind its name afterwards in places like the Odoriba intersection, as well as the Odoriba Station in the Yokohama Municipal Subway. In 1737 (Genbun 2), at the Odoriba intersection, a memorial tower was built in order to pacify the spirit of the cat,[37] and the Odoriba station was decorated all over with the motif of a cat.
- Omatsu Daigongen – Kamo Town, Anan, Tokushima Prefecture
- This landmark derives from the following legend: In the early part of the Edo period, the village headman of Kamo Village (now Kamo Town) borrowed money from a wealthy man in order to save the village when their crops failed. Although he repaid the debt, the wealthy man plotted against him and falsely accused him of not paying. In despair, the village headman died of an illness. The land which had been collateral for the debt was then confiscated by the wealthy man. When the village headman's wife, Omatsu, attempted to complain to the Шаблон:Transl (magistrate)'s office, the Шаблон:Transl gave an unfair judgement because the wealthy person bribed him. Then, when Omatsu tried to complain directly to the Шаблон:Transl, she failed again and was executed. The calico cat that Omatsu had raised became a Шаблон:Transl, and caused the wealthy person and the Шаблон:TranslШаблон:'s families to come to ruin.
- At Omatsu Daigongen lies the grave of Omatsu, where the loyal wife who put her life on the line for justice is deified. The calico cat that destroyed Omatsu's foes is also deified, as the "Шаблон:Transl" ("cat mound"), and on the grounds there is a Шаблон:Transl (guardian statue) of a cat which is very unusual.[38] Because the legend says that the cat sought revenge for an unfair judgement, it is supposed to grant favors in matters of competition or chance, and in testing season, many test-takers would pray for success in school here.[39]
- Neko Daimyōjin Shi – Shiroishi, Kishima District, Saga Prefecture
- This is a landmark that comes from a tale concerning the Nabeshima clan, similar to the "Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance." In this story, the Шаблон:Transl took the shape of Nabeshima Katsushige's wife and sought Katsushige's life, but his retainer, Chibu Honuemon, slew it. However, after that the Chibu family was unable to produce a male heir because of the cat's curse. It is said that the Шаблон:Transl was deified at the shrine of Shūrinji (now Shiroishi Town) as a Шаблон:Transl. At this shrine, a seven-tailed cat with its fangs bared has been engraved.[38]
- Historically, Hide Isemori of the Hide clan who once ruled Shiroishi, despite having befriended the Nabeshima clan, was suspected of being Christian, and was brought to ruin. Since the remnants of the Hide clan resented and fought against the Nabeshima clan at the Shūrinji, the secret maneuvers of one party of the Hide clan were compared to those of a Шаблон:Transl, and it is theorized that this became the prototype for the story of the "Nabeshima Bakeneko Disturbance."[23]
In film
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Transl have appeared in Japanese films—including more specifically the subgenre of horror films known as "monster cat" or "ghost cat" films (Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl), a subgenre derived primarily from the repertoire of kabuki theatre.[40] In such films, the Шаблон:Transl is often depicted as a vengeful spirit that manifests itself in the form of a cat-like woman.[41]
See also
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book。
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Kiej'e, Nikolas. Japanese Grotesqueries. C. E. Tuttle Co., 1973.
- Kaii-Yōkai Denshō Database (KYDD). Online bibliographical database of supernatural folklore published by the International Research Center for Japanese Studies.
- Morgan S.H. (2000). "Bake-neko"
External links
- Bakeneko – The Changing Cat at hyakumonogatari.com
- Cat Demons
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Lang1994Шаблон:Lang、125–127Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Шаблон:Lang2005Шаблон:Lang、156–161Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Lang1999Шаблон:Lang、100Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Lang1982Шаблон:Lang、446–457Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang1994Шаблон:Lang、252–271Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Lang1994、171–174Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Lang1994、194–207Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Lang1994、214–241Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Lang2000Шаблон:Lang、170–171Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Lang2008Шаблон:Lang、82–97Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Lang1986Шаблон:Lang、670Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang1986Шаблон:Lang、694Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Lang2006Шаблон:Lang、116–117Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Lang2008Шаблон:Lang、22–24Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Lang2006Шаблон:Lang、156–168Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang1991Шаблон:Lang、359-360Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang2005Шаблон:Lang、145-146Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang、Шаблон:Lang、10Шаблон:Lang（Шаблон:Lang：『Шаблон:Lang』）。
- ↑ Шаблон:Lang1991Шаблон:Lang、35–36Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 38,0 38,1 Шаблон:Lang2002Шаблон:Lang、150–161Шаблон:Lang。
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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