Английская Википедия:Balinese script
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Contains special characters
The Balinese script, natively known as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, is an abugida used in the island of Bali, Indonesia, commonly for writing the Austronesian Balinese language, Old Javanese, and the liturgical language Sanskrit. With some modifications, the script is also used to write the Sasak language, used in the neighboring island of Lombok.[1] The script is a descendant of the Brahmi script, and so has many similarities with the modern scripts of South and Southeast Asia. The Balinese script, along with the Javanese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia.[2]
Though everyday use of the script has largely been supplanted by the Latin alphabet, the Balinese script has a significant prevalence in many of the island's traditional ceremonies and is strongly associated with the Hindu religion. The script is mainly used today for copying Шаблон:Lang or palm leaf manuscripts containing religious texts.[2][3]
Characteristics
There are 47 letters in the Balinese script, each representing a syllable with inherent vowel Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA at the end of a sentence, which changes depending on the diacritics around the letter. Pure Balinese can be written with 18 consonant letters and 9 vowel letters, while Sanskrit transliteration or loan words from Sanskrit and Old Javanese utilizes the full set. A set of modified letters are also used for writing the Sasak language. Each consonant has a conjunct form called gantungan which nullifies the inherent vowel of the previous syllable.[4][5]
Punctuation includes a comma, period, colon, as well as marks to introduce and end section of a text. Musical notation uses letter-like symbols and diacritical marks in order to indicate pitch information. Text are written left to right without word boundaries (Scriptio continua).[1]
There is also a set of "holy letters" called Шаблон:Lang which appears in religious texts and protective talismans. Most of them are constructed using diacritic Шаблон:Lang with corresponding characters. A number of additional characters, known to be used inline in text (as opposed to decoratively on drawings), remains under study and those characters are expected to be proposed as Balinese extensions in due course.[1]
Letters
A basic letter in Balinese is called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), and each letter stands for a syllable with inherent vowel /a/.
Consonants
Consonants are called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang). Balinese script has 33 consonants, of which only 18 called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) are used for writing basic vocabulary in Balinese language. The other 15, known as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), are mainly used for writing Sanskrit and Kawi loanwords in Balinese language. The consonants can be arranged into Sanskrit order and Шаблон:Lang traditional order.
Шаблон:Lang traditional order
The consonants can be arranged in Шаблон:Lang traditional order. The sequence forms a poem of 4 verses narrating the myth of Aji Saka. However, the Шаблон:Lang sequence only has the 18 consonants of Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) and exclude Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang). However, this table below include Шаблон:Lang as the current romanization have no diacritics for the consonants.
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Consonants | ||||||||||||||||||
| Poem | First Line | Second Line | Third Line | Fourth Line | ||||||||||||||
| IPA | [ha] | [na] | [tʃa] | [ra] | [ka] | [da] | [ta] | [sa] | [wa] | [la] | [ma] | [ga] | [ba] | [ŋa] | [pa] | [dʒa] | [ja] | [ɲa] |
| Aksara Latin Latin Transcription |
ha | na | ca | ra | ka | da | ta | sa | wa | la | ma | ga | ba | nga | pa | ja | ya | nya |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | ||||||||
Sanskrit order
As other Brahmic scripts, consonants in Balinese script can be arranged into Tamil / Sanskrit order. Thus, Balinese script had been influenced by Kalvi / Shiksha. The table below uses the order.
Шаблон:NoteШаблон:Lang. They are, in traditional order: ha na ca ra ka / da ta sa wa la / ma ga ba nga / pa ja ya nya.
Шаблон:Note The consonant Шаблон:Lang is sometimes not pronounced. For example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (lit. rain) is pronounced Шаблон:Lang.[6]
Шаблон:Note The exact form of Шаблон:Lang is unknown because only the appended (Шаблон:Lang) form is left.[7] However, the independent form is included in Unicode.[8]
Шаблон:Note Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Note Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Note Actually an alveolar consonant, but classified as dental by tradition
Шаблон:Note The former of the two letter forms is more frequently used.
Vowels
Vowels, called Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), can be written as independent letters when vowels appear in initial position. They are described in the following list:
Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) (appended letters) and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) (attached letters) should be used to represent the consonant cluster, as zero vowel signs (Шаблон:Lang) are not used in the middle of sentences in general. Thus, as other members of the Brahmic family (Javanese), the consonant cluster is written cursively. Each consonant letter has a corresponding either Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (for Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang only) form, and the presence of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang eliminates the inherent vowel Шаблон:IPA of the letter it is appended to. For example, if the letter Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) is appended with Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), the pronunciation becomes Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).
Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang can be applied with Шаблон:Lang (diacritic) to a letter. However, attaching two or more Шаблон:Lang to one letter is forbidden; this condition is known as Шаблон:Lang (three layers). Шаблон:Lang may be used in the middle of a sentence to avoid such situation. For example, Шаблон:Lang with consonant cluster Шаблон:Lang is written as Шаблон:Lang.[9]
The forms of Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are as follows:
Diacritics
Diacritics (Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), pronounced Шаблон:IPA, also known as Шаблон:Lang when referring to the Javanese script) are symbols that cannot stand by themselves. When they are attached to the independent letters, they affect the pronunciation. The three types of diacritics are Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (pronounced Шаблон:IPA) and Шаблон:Lang.
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) change the inherited vowel of a consonant letter. For example, the letter Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) with Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) becomes Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang); Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) with Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) becomes Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang). The diacritics in this category are summarized in the following list:
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang | |||||
| Шаблон:LangШаблон:Br(Place of articulation) | Balinese script | Transliteration | IPA | Name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (Guttural) |
Шаблон:Lang | e / ê / ě Шаблон:Ref | [ə] | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ā | [ɑː] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (Palatal) |
Шаблон:Lang | i | [i] | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ī | [iː] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (Labial) |
Шаблон:Lang | u | [u] | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ū | [uː] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (Palato-guttural) |
Шаблон:Lang | e / é Шаблон:Ref | [e] [ɛ] |
Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | ai | [aːi] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang (Labio-guttural) |
Шаблон:Lang | o | [o] [ɔ] |
Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | au | [aːu] | Шаблон:Lang | ||
Шаблон:Note As first romanization of Balinese Language was developed during Dutch Colonial Era, letter e represents sound Шаблон:IPA and letter é represents sound Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA as in Van Ophuijsen Indonesian and Dutch orthography. After 1957, sounds Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are represented with e as in current Indonesian orthography with exception for new learner and dictionary usage.[10][11]
Many consonants can form ligatures with tedung:
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang), except Шаблон:Lang, adds a final consonant to a syllable. It can be used together with Шаблон:Lang. For example, the letter Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) with Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) becomes Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang); Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) with Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) becomes Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang). Compared to Devanagari, Шаблон:Lang is analogous to visarga, Шаблон:Lang to anusvara, and Шаблон:Lang to virama.
Шаблон:Lang is zero vowel diacritics as in other Brahmic scripts in Balinese script. Шаблон:Lang, as virama in Devanagari, suppress the inherent vowel Шаблон:IPA in the consonant letter. Шаблон:Lang is used on impossibility of gantungan and gempelan usage such as succeeded by punctuation marks, attachment of two or more gantungan to one letter (Шаблон:Lang, lit. three layers), preservation of combination (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang rather than Шаблон:Lang) and disambiguation.[10]
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang) is appended below consonant letters. Шаблон:Lang are the appended (Шаблон:Lang) forms of the Шаблон:Lang (semivowel) consonants. Шаблон:Lang is the appended form of the vowel Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang).
| Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| Balinese script | IPA | Translit. | Name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | [ra] | ra | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | [rə] | rě | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | [ʋa] | ua | Шаблон:Lang | |
| Шаблон:Lang | [ja] | ia | Шаблон:Lang | |
Numerals
Шаблон:Main Balinese numerals are written in the same manner as Arabic numerals. For example, 25 is written with the Balinese numbers 2 and 5.
| Balinese numeral | Balinese numeral | Arabic numeral | Name | Balinese numeral | Balinese numeral | Arabic numeral | Name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | 0 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | 5 | Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | 1 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | 6 | Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | 2 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | 7 | Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | 3 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | 8 | Шаблон:Lang | |||
| Шаблон:Lang | 4 | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | 9 | Шаблон:Lang |
If the number is written in the middle of a text, carik has to be written before and after the number to differentiate it from the text. Below is an example of how a date is written using Balinese numerals (date: 1 July 1982, location: Bali): Шаблон:Br
| Balinese script | Transliteration |
|---|---|
Шаблон:Lang |
Bali, 1 Juli 1982. |
Other symbols
There are some special symbols in the Balinese script. Some of them are punctuation marks, and the others are religious symbols. The symbols are described in the following list:
| Symbol | Symbol | Name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Written in the middle of a sentence, like a comma (,). Also, written surrounding numerals to differentiate them from the text. | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang |
Written at the end of a sentence, like a full stop (.). | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Functions like a colon (:). | |
| Center | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Used at the end of a prose, letter, or verse. |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang | Used at the beginning of a prose, letter, or verse. | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Used at the beginning of religious texts. This symbol is a ligature of the letters Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, and Шаблон:Lang, forming the word Шаблон:Lang, which roughly means "praying for safety". | |
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Sacred symbol of Hinduism. This symbol is pronounced "Ong" or "Om". |
Orthography
Balinese language
Loanword from Sanskrit and Old Javanese
Balinese have many loanwords from Sanskrit and Old Javanese. In general, the Balinese orthography in Balinese script preserve the original orthography. The preservation of original orthography result on several rules:
- assimilation rule, which based on articulation rule (Kalvi / Shiksha),
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) rule, which the word is spelled based on the source,
- Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transl) rule, which several words has doubled consonant.
Assimilation
Assimilation in Balinese occurs within the conjuncts/consonant clusters. Balinese script represents assimilation occurred, however Latin script sometimes may not represent this. In general, alveolar consonants are assimilated into palatal, retroflex or labial. There are more specific descriptions in assimilation combination:[11]
- Шаблон:Lang [n] assimilated into Шаблон:Lang [ɲ] if succeeded by palatal consonants, such as consonant cluster nc Шаблон:Lang and nj Шаблон:Lang. For example, word Шаблон:Lang is written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), not written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
- Шаблон:Lang [s] assimilated into Шаблон:Lang [ɕ] if succeeded by palatal consonants, such as consonant cluster sc Шаблон:Lang. For example, word Шаблон:Lang is written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), not written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
- Шаблон:Lang [d] assimilated into Шаблон:Lang [dʒ] if succeeded by palatal consonants, such as consonant cluster dny Шаблон:Lang. For example, word Шаблон:Lang is written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), not written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
- Шаблон:Lang [n] assimilated into Шаблон:Lang [ɳ] if preceded by retroflex consonants, such as consonant cluster rn Шаблон:Lang. For example, word Шаблон:Lang is written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), not written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
- Шаблон:Lang [s] assimilated into Шаблон:Lang [ʂ] if succeeded by retroflex consonants, such as consonant cluster st (ṣṭ) Шаблон:Lang and sn (ṣṇ) Шаблон:Lang. For example, word Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, lie) is written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), not written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
- Шаблон:Lang [n] assimilated into Шаблон:Lang [m] if succeeded by labial consonants. For example, word Шаблон:Lang is written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA), not written as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA).
Liquid Consonant-Schwa Combination
Liquid consonant, Шаблон:Lang [r] and Шаблон:Lang [l], may not be combined with Шаблон:Lang (pepet, schwa) [ə] as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. These combination, rě [rə] and lě [lə], should be written as Шаблон:Lang (re repa) and Шаблон:Lang (le lenga). Word kěrěng (lit. eat a lot) and lekad are written as Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang. While combination of Шаблон:Lang (gantungan [l]) and Шаблон:Lang (pepet) is possible as in Шаблон:Lang (bleganjur), combination of Шаблон:Lang (cakra or gantungan [r]) and Шаблон:Lang pepet is not allowed. If the combination follows a word which ends in a consonant, Шаблон:Lang (gempelan re repa) may be used as in Шаблон:Lang (Pak Rěrěh, Mr. Rěrěh). If the combination is in a word, Шаблон:Lang (guwung macelek) may be used instead as in Шаблон:Lang (Krěsna, Krishna).[11][12]
Latin Script Transliteration
Latin script transliteration into Balinese script is based on phonetics. As vocabulary expands, foreign sounds are introduced and have no equivalent on Balinese script. In general, transliteration of foreign sounds is shown as below.[13]
| Foreign Sound Transliteration | |||||||
| IPA | Foreign Sound Latin Script |
Balinese Language | Example | ||||
| Latin Script | Balinese Script | Foreign Word | Balinese Language | Meaning | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin Script | Balinese Script | ||||||
| [f] | f | p | Шаблон:Lang | telefon | telepon | Шаблон:Lang | telephone |
| [v] | v | p | Шаблон:Lang | vitamin | pitamin | Шаблон:Lang | vitamine |
| [kw], [k], [q] | q | k | Шаблон:Lang | quantum | kuantum | Шаблон:Lang | quantum |
| [z] | z | j | Шаблон:Lang | ||||
| [z] | z | s | Шаблон:Lang | ijazah | ijasah | Шаблон:Lang | ijaza |
Sasak language
The Sasak language, spoken in Lombok Island east of Bali, is related to Balinese, is written in a version of the Balinese script known as Aksara Sasak, which is influenced by the Javanese script[14] and is given additional characters for loanwords of foreign origin.
| Sasak letter |
Name[14] | IPA[14] | Derived from |
Javanese equivalent |
Arabic equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | qaf | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
| Шаблон:Lang | xot | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
| Шаблон:Lang | tsir | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
| Шаблон:Lang | ef | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
| Шаблон:Lang | ve | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
| Шаблон:Lang | zal | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
| Шаблон:Lang | asyura | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Script | Шаблон:Script |
Fonts
There are some fonts for Balinese script as of 2016. Bali Simbar, Bali Galang, JG Aksara Bali, Aksara Bali, Tantular Bali, Lilitan, Geguratan and Noto Sans Balinese are some fonts that included Balinese script. The fonts have different degree of compatibility each other, and most contain critical flaws.[15]
Bali Simbar is first font for Balinese script by I Made Suatjana Dipl Ing at 1999.[16] Bali Simbar is not compatible for Mac-OS and Unicode.[16][15] JG Aksara Bali, was designed by Jason Glavy, has over 1400 Balinese glyphs, including a huge selection of precomposed glyph clusters.[15] The latest version of JG Aksara Bali was released on 2003, thus has no compatibility with Unicode.[15] Bali Simbar and JG Aksara Bali, in particular, may cause conflicts with other writing systems, as the font uses code points from other writing systems to complement Balinese's extensive repertoire as Balinese script was not included in Unicode at the creation time.[16][15]
Aksara Bali by Khoi Nguyen Viet is the first hacked Unicode Balinese font with a brute-force OpenType implementation. The results depend on how well other OpenType features are implemented in the renderer. The font has about 370 Balinese glyphs, but does not display the vowel Шаблон:Angle bracket correctly.[15] The team of Aditya Bayu Perdana, Ida Bagus Komang Sudarma, and Arif Budiarto has created a small series of Balinese fonts: Tantular Bali, Lilitan, and Geguratan, all using hacked Unicode and a brute-force OpenType implementation. Tantular has about 400 Balinese glyphs.[15] These all have serious flaws.[15]
Another Unicode font is Noto Sans Balinese from Google.[17] However, Noto Sans Balinese exhibits several critical flaws, such as an inability to correctly display more than one diacritic per consonant.[15]
The free font Bali Galang, maintained by Bemby Bantara Narendra, displays correctly apart from the consonant-spanning vowels Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket. However, those vowels can be manually substituted by their graphic components, Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket followed by the length sign (tedung), which together display as Шаблон:Angle bracket and Шаблон:Angle bracket. It also automatically assimilates some consonants within words. It displays corresponding Balinese glyphs instead of Latin letters.
Unicode
Шаблон:Main Balinese script was added to the Unicode Standard in July, 2006 with the release of version 5.0.
The Unicode block for Balinese is U+1B00–U+1B7F:
Examples
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:
Шаблон:Lang
[All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.][18]
Kakawin Bhāratayuddha Pasalin 1 Verse 1 (wirama jagaddhita):
Gallery
-
Page from a Bible printed with Balinese script
-
Balinese palm-leaf manuscript
-
Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, Batuan, Bali
-
Street sign in Singaraja, written in Latin and Balinese script
-
Klungkung Regent's Office sign
-
A date in Latin and Balinese script
References
Further reading
External links
- Outline of Balines script Шаблон:Webarchive at BASAbali.org
- Entry on Balinese at Omniglot.com -- A guide to writing systems
- Computerization of Balinese Script
- Unicode block
- Balinese character picker
- Balinese script converter
Шаблон:Kawi family Шаблон:List of writing systems
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Kuipers, Joel (2003). Indic Scripts of Insular Southeast Asia: Changing Structures and Functions Шаблон:Webarchive. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
- ↑ Fox, Richard (2013). Rival Styles of Writing, Rival Styles of Practical Reasoning. Heidelberg: Institut für Ehtnologie.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Tinggen, p. 16
- ↑ Tinggen, p. 23
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Tinggen, p. 27
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 15,3 15,4 15,5 15,6 15,7 15,8 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
