Английская Википедия:Baltimore/Washington International Airport

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Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Шаблон:Airport codes, commonly referred to as Baltimore/Washington International Airport, BWI, and BWI Marshall, is an international airport in Anne Arundel County, Maryland,[1] located Шаблон:Convert south of downtown Baltimore and Шаблон:Convert northeast of Washington, D.C.[2][3]

BWI is one of three major airports, including Dulles International Airport (IAD) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA), that serves the Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area.[4]

The airport, which serves as one of several operating bases for Southwest Airlines, is the 22nd-busiest airport in the United States and the busiest in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area as of 2021.[5] BWI covers Шаблон:Convert of land.[6][7]

The airport is named after Thurgood Marshall, a Baltimore native who was the first African American to serve as a U.S. Supreme Court justice.

History

20th century

Файл:BWI Overhead.jpg
An aerial view of BWI Marshall Airport with downtown Baltimore in the background in September 2009

Planning for a new airport on Шаблон:Convert to serve the Baltimore–Washington area began just before the end of World War II. In 1944, the Baltimore Aviation Commission announced its decision that the best location to build a new airport would be on a Шаблон:Convert tract of land near Linthicum Heights.[8][9] The cost of building the airport was estimated at $9 million.[9] The site was chosen because it was a 15-minute drive from downtown Baltimore; close to the Pennsylvania Railroad line, the Baltimore and Annapolis Railroad line and the proposed Baltimore–Washington Parkway; and visibility was generally good.[9] An alternate site along Gov. Ritchie Highway at Furnace Branch was rejected by the United States War Department, and another possible site at Lipin's Corner was deemed too far from Baltimore.[9] The State Aviation Commission approved of the Linthicum Heights site in 1946.[10]

Much of the land was purchased from Friendship Methodist Church in 1946,[11] and ground was broken on May 2, 1947.[12][13] Friendship Methodist Church held its last service on Easter Sunday in 1948.[14] Friendship Methodist Church was razed to make room for the new airport.[14] In addition, several pieces of land were bought,[15] and 170 bodies buried in a cemetery were moved.[16] Baltimore–Fort Meade Road was moved to the west to make way for the airport's construction.[17]

Friendship International Airport was dedicated on June 24, 1950, by President Harry S. Truman. Truman arrived in the then official presidential plane Independence from nearby Washington National Airport carrying the Governor of Maryland, William Preston Lane Jr., as well as Baltimore Mayor Thomas D'Alesandro Jr. on his first aircraft flight.[18] The total cost to construct the airport totaled $15 million.[19] The following month the airlines moved to the new airport from the old Baltimore Municipal Airport (Harbor Field in southeast Baltimore at Шаблон:Coord). Eastern Airlines flew the first scheduled flight, a DC-3, into the airport at 12:01 am on July 23, 1950.[19] Seven minutes later, the same plane was also the first flight to depart from the airport.[19] 300 people came to watch the first flight arrive and depart.[19]

The Official Airline Guide for April 1957 shows 52 weekday departures: 19 Eastern, 12 Capital, 8 American, 4 National, 3 TWA, 3 United, 2 Delta, and 1 Allegheny. Miami had a couple of nonstop flights, but westward nonstop flights did not reach beyond Ohio; Baltimore's reach expanded when jet service started. The early Boeing 707s and Douglas DC-8s could not use Washington National Airport and Dulles International Airport did not open until 1962, so Baltimore became Washington's jet airport in May–June 1959 when American and TWA began transcontinental 707 flights.[20]

The Maryland Department of Transportation purchased Friendship International Airport from the City of Baltimore for $36 million in 1972.[21] Under MDOT, the Maryland State Aviation Administration took over airfield operations and grew from three employees to more than 200. Plans to upgrade, improve, and modernize all Maryland airport facilities were announced almost immediately by the Secretary of Transportation, Harry Hughes.

To attract passengers from the Washington metropolitan area, particularly Montgomery and Prince George's counties,[22] the airport was renamed Baltimore/Washington International Airport, effective November 16, 1973.[23] Its IATA code, originally BAL, didn't reflect its new name for seven years until the International Air Transport Association assigned BWI to the airport on April 20, 1980, with the change becoming official six months later on October 26. The BWI code had previously been used by an airport in Bewani, Papua New Guinea.[24]

The first phase of the airport's modernization was completed in 1974 at a cost of $30 million. Upgrades included improved instrument landing capabilities and runway systems, and construction of three new air cargo terminals, expanding the airport's freight capacity to Шаблон:Convert.[23]

The terminal renovation program was complete in 1979, the most dramatic work of the airport's modernization, which was designed by DMJM along with Peterson & Brickbauer.[25] The BWI terminal more than doubled in size to Шаблон:Convert; the number of gate positions increased from 20 to 27. The total cost was $70 million. To continue the work, the BWI Development Council was established to support initiatives for airport development.[23]

The BWI Rail Station opened in 1980, providing a connection for passengers on the Northeast Corridor through Amtrak. BWI was the first airport in the U.S. with a dedicated intercity rail station.[26] In particular, the station provided rail transit access to Washington, D.C., something that Dulles did not achieve until late 2022. In 1997 a new international terminal (Concourse E), designed by STV Group and William Nicholas Bodouva & Associates,[27] was added,[28] though Dulles continues to hold the lion's share of the region's international flights, and BWI has not attracted many long-haul international carriers.[29] The first transatlantic nonstops were on World Airways about 1981; British Airways arrived at BWI a few years later. Aer Lingus,[30] Air Jamaica,[31] Air Aruba,[32] Air Greenland, El Al, Icelandair, KLM, Air Canada, Ladeco, and Mexicana previously flew to BWI. Military flights, operated by the U.S. Air Force's Air Mobility Command, continue to have a significant presence at BWI.[33][34]

In the first half of the 1990s runway 15L/33R was extended Шаблон:Convert from Шаблон:Convert to its current length of Шаблон:Convert, allowing it to be used by small passenger jets like the Boeing 737.Шаблон:Cn

Beginning in the 1980s and for much of the 1990s BWI was a hub for Piedmont Airlines and successor US Airways, but that airline's financial problems in the wake of the dot-com bust, the September 11 attacks, and low fare competition forced it to cut back. The airport has been a haven for low-cost flights in the Baltimore/Washington Metropolitan Area since Southwest Airlines' arrival in September 1993[35] and subsequent expansion in the early 2000s. Southwest is the airport's largest carrier, accounting for 56.12% of passengers carried in 2011.[36] Southwest Airlines currently serves on average 245 daily departures to the US, Mexico and the Caribbean.

21st century

Файл:Southwest tails at BWI.jpg
Southwest Airlines planes at Concourses A-B

Ghana Airways began service to Accra in July 2000.[37] The airline operated the flight with McDonnell Douglas DC-10s and sought to serve the many people of West African origin residing in the region.[38][39][40] In July 2004, the American government prohibited Ghana Airways from flying to the country. According to officials, the company was operating on an expired license and had disobeyed orders to stop flying an unsafe plane.[39][41] To accommodate Southwest's extensive presence at the airport, in 2005 Concourses A and B were expanded, renovated, and integrated with one another to house all of that airline's operations there for their major operating base. This new facility, designed by URS Corporation, opened on May 22, 2005. On October 1 of that year, the airport was renamed again, becoming "Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport", to honor former US Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall, who grew up in Baltimore.[42][43]

North American Airlines introduced a link to Accra via Banjul in June 2006, marking the return of direct flights between Baltimore and Africa.[44][45] The carrier employed Boeing 767s on the route.[46] Afterward, it made the Accra flight nonstop and added a route to Lagos. North American ended all scheduled service in May 2008.[44][47] In 2008, Health magazine named BWI the second healthiest airport in the United States.[48] In 2009 the airport had a six percent increase in air travelers due to the proliferation of discount flights.[49] In a 2009 survey of airport service quality by Airports Council International, BWI was the world's top ranking airport in the 15-to-25-million-passenger category.[50] BWI also ranked seventh, in medium-sized airports, based on customer satisfaction conducted by J.D. Power and Associates.[51]

On August 5, 2014, the airport's little-used runway 04-22 was permanently closed.[52] It was Шаблон:Convert long and used primarily when the main runways needed to be closed for repairs. The last operation on the runway was a Southwest Airlines flight from Chicago Midway that arrived at 4:18 AM.[53]

In 2015, Norwegian Air Shuttle announced they would start flights from the airport to Guadeloupe and Martinique. In an interview with The Baltimore Sun, Norwegian Air Shuttle CEO Bjorn Kjos said "Baltimore is high on the list for long-haul destinations", hinting at further expansion into Europe. In mid-2018, however, the airline ceased all flights out of Baltimore due to heavy financial losses.

In early 2016, a partnership between the airport and Towson University's WTMD Radio Station announced a new concert series that will take place at the terminal's baggage claim on the lower level.[54] The local bands of Wye Oak, Arboretum, and Super City. This new series follows the release event of Animal Collective's new album Painting With on November 25, 2015, where the new album was streamed throughout the airport.

In late 2018, construction began on a $60 million, five-gate expansion of terminal A for Southwest Airlines.[55] The new expansion began operations in 2021.[56] 2018 also marked a new annual record for passenger traffic at BWI Marshall Airport with over 27.1 million passengers.[57]

In 2021, commuter airline Southern Airways Express ended its hub at BWI and switched its East Coast hub to Washington Dulles International Airport.[58] In addition, the airport's international growth continued with the addition of a twice-weekly flight by Air Senegal to Blaise Diagne International Airport in Dakar, Senegal, via a stop in New York (JFK). However, in January 2023, Air Senegal ceased the New York to Baltimore portion of this route, dropping Baltimore back down to only two year-round transatlantic flights.[59] In 2022, Play Airlines began daily nonstop flights from Baltimore to Reykjavík, Iceland, which was quickly followed a few weeks later by Icelandair also resuming flights from BWI to Reykjavík.

On January 26, 2023, Copa Airlines announced they would start operating direct flights to Panama City, making them the first Central American airline to operate out of BWI. Those flights began as scheduled in late June 2023.[60]

Facilities

Runways

BWI Airport has three active runways:[61]

  • 10/28: Шаблон:Convert. Runway 28 is the main takeoff runway, unless wind conditions require takeoffs from Runway 15R. Runway 10 is equipped with ILS category IIIB, and runway 28 is equipped with ILS category I.
  • 15R/33L: Шаблон:Convert: Runway 33L is the main landing runway, unless wind or fog conditions require landings on Runway 10 with its higher ILS rating. Thomas A. Dixon Aircraft Observation Area at Friendship Park overlooks Runway 33L. Equipped with ILS category I in both directions.
  • 15L/33R: Шаблон:Convert. Main runway for general aviation and smaller commercial aircraft. Originally Шаблон:Convert, it was extended in the 1990s and is able to handle emergency landings by Boeing 737 aircraft, by far the most popular plane at the airport. Equipped with ILS category I in both directions.
  • Runway 4/22 (defunct): Шаблон:Convert. Closed in 2014, this runway is now part of taxiways and aprons.

Terminal

Файл:Kbwi.jpg
BWI's international terminal at Pier E

Baltimore/Washington International Airport has five concourses with 78 gates. Of these, 14 are international (all 11 gates in Concourse E are international gates, four of E's gates are arrival-only, and three gates in Concourse D are also international gates).[62]

  • Concourse A/B has 30 gates. Both are of exclusive use for Southwest.[62]
  • Concourse C has 14 gates. Used by Southwest, American and Contour.[62]
  • Concourse D has 23 gates. Used by all non-Southwest and American domestic flights, and Air Canada.[62]
  • Concourse E has 11 gates. Used for all international flights; international flights from Southwest and Spirit arrive here.[62]

Cargo concourse

The airport's cargo concourse covers a Шаблон:Convert area. Its facilities include a Шаблон:Convert cargo building in the Midfield Cargo Complex, including a 200,000 square feet warehouse used for Amazon Air, a foreign trade zone, a Шаблон:Convert air cargo ramp, and ramp parking for 17 aircraft with direct nose-in access for eight freighters.

Ground transportation

Файл:Baltimore light rail at BWI.agr.jpg
A Baltimore Light Rail train at BWI Rail Station

BWI is located at the southeast terminus of Interstate 195, a spur route providing connections to the Baltimore–Washington Parkway and Interstate 95.

BWI was ranked one of the "Top 10 Easiest U.S. Airports to Get to" by Aviation.com in 2007 and has a light rail station located just outside its main terminal.[63]

Passenger van service to and from the Eastern Shore and Western Maryland is available through BayRunner Shuttle[64]Шаблон:Better source needed with services to and from BWI to Kent Island, Easton, Cambridge, Salisbury, Ocean Pines, and Ocean City (for the Eastern Shore) and Grantsville, Frostburg, Cumberland, Hancock, Hagerstown, and Frederick (for Western Maryland). There are also numerous private car, rental car, and cab services, as well as shuttles that go to and from BWI to local hotels; Baltimore and Washington and their suburbs; and Central and Western Maryland.

BWI Rail Station is located about a mile from the airport terminal; the free BWI Marshall Airport Shuttle connects the train station and airport terminals. The station is served by Amtrak Northeast Corridor trains, including the high-speed Acela Express, and the MARC Penn Line commuter rail service.[65] Travel time by train is about twenty minutes to Baltimore's Penn Station and thirty-five minutes to Union Station in Washington, D.C. Trains depart at least once an hour seven days a week, with significantly higher numbers of departure times during rush hours.[66]

In August 2014, BWI piloted a new bicycle-sharing system with the Boston-based company Zagster.[67] Located adjacent to the light rail station, the bike sharing service connected terminal passengers to the nearby BWI Trail, as well as other local destinations.[68] This service has been discontinued.[69]

Other facilities

Файл:Thomas A Dixon, Jr. Aircraft Observation Area sign.jpg
The airport's Thomas A Dixon, Jr. Aircraft Observation Area

In 1985, the BWI Business District was established as a way to formalize businesses and hotels operating adjacent to the airport. The district comprises two smaller districts located to the north (West Nursery Hotel District) and west (Stoney Run District) of the airport. Numerous traveler resources and employment centers are located within both districts, such as the BWI Rail Station and BWI Rental Car Facility in the Stoney Run District, and the BWI Business District Light Rail Station, the NSA Friendship Annex, and dozens of hotel facilities in the West Nursery District.

A U.S. Department of Homeland Security facility is located in the lower level of the main terminal, near the international arrivals area / Concourse E Baggage Claim. This facility also includes a Global Entry Enrollment Center, as well as a TSA PreCheck enrollment facility.

In the early 1990s, BWI Airport opened the Thomas A. Dixon Aircraft Observation Area at Friendship Park. The observation plaza features a playground and a terrace overlooking the southern approach to the airport's 15R-33L runway.[70] From this vantage point, several planes can be viewed simultaneously as they prepare for landing. The southern loop of the 13.3 mile BWI Trail travels through the park, providing cyclist and pedestrian access to the park.

In addition to the Thomas A. Dixon Aircraft Observation Area, which provides spotters with views of aircraft landing on runway 33L, spotters can use one of several parking garages to view arrivals to runway 15R, with some arrivals appearing to be below the spotter.

The Maryland Aviation Administration has its headquarters on the third floor of the terminal building.[71]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Шаблон:Airport destination list

Cargo

Шаблон:Airport destination list

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes from BWI (June 2022 – May 2023)[72]
Rank City Passengers Carriers
1 Atlanta, Georgia 826,000 Delta, Southwest, Spirit, Frontier
2 Orlando, Florida 732,000 Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
3 Fort Lauderdale, Florida 496,000 Southwest, Spirit
4 Denver, Colorado 383,000 Frontier, Southwest, Spirit, United
5 Boston, Massachusetts 380,000 Delta, JetBlue, Southwest
6 Charlotte, North Carolina 356,000 American, Southwest, Spirit
7 Tampa, Florida 355,000 Southwest, Spirit
8 Miami, Florida 314,000 American, Frontier, Southwest
9 Las Vegas, Nevada 297,000 Southwest, Spirit
10 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 295,000 American, Southwest, Spirit, United
Busiest international routes from BWI (October 2021 – September 2022)[73]
Rank City Passengers Carriers
1 Шаблон:Flagicon Cancún, Mexico 338,251 Frontier, Southwest, Spirit
2 Шаблон:Flagicon Montego Bay, Jamaica 230,289 Southwest, Spirit
3 Шаблон:Flagicon Punta Cana, Dominican Republic 106,032 Southwest
4 Шаблон:Flagicon Oranjestad, Aruba 65,015 Southwest
5 Шаблон:Flagicon London–Heathrow, United Kingdom 62,379 British Airways
6 Шаблон:Flagicon Reykjavík–Keflavík, Iceland 58,506 Icelandair, Play
7 Шаблон:Flagicon Toronto–Pearson, Canada 30,032 Air Canada
8 Шаблон:Flagicon Nassau, Bahamas 26,374 Southwest
9 Шаблон:Flagicon Frankfurt, Germany 16,755 Condor
10 Шаблон:Flagicon Liberia, Costa Rica 12,799 Southwest

Airline market share

Largest airlines at BWI (November 2022 - October 2023)[74]
Rank Airline Passengers Share
1 Southwest Airlines 16,821,000 70.90%
2 Spirit Airlines 1,912,000 8.06%
3 Delta Air Lines 1,563,000 6.59%
4 American Airlines 998,000 4.21%
5 United Airlines 948,000 3.99%
6 Other 1,482,000 6.25%

Annual traffic

Шаблон:Airport-Statistics

Annual passenger traffic at BWI
2006–present[75][76]
Year Passengers Year Passengers
2006 20,698,967 2016 25,122,651
2007 21,044,384 2017 26,369,411
2008 20,488,881 2018 27,145,831
2009 20,953,615 2019 26,993,896
2010 21,936,461 2020 11,204,511
2011 22,391,785 2021 18,868,429
2012 22,679,987 2022 22,804,744
2013 22,498,353 2023
2014 22,312,676 2024
2015 23,823,532 2025

Accidents and incidents at or near BWI

  • On March 25, 1953, a USAF North American B-25 Mitchell, aircraft serial # 44-29864, crashed 3 miles SE of Glen Burnie, Maryland on approach to then Friendship Int'l Airport because of weather factors. All three occupants on board were killed. This was the first fatal accident at or near the airport since its opening in July 1950.[77][78][79][80][81]
  • On February 22, 1974, Samuel Byck entered BWI, shot and killed an aviation police officer and stormed onto Delta Air Lines Flight 523. He killed the first officer and severely wounded the captain. He intended to hijack the plane and crash it into the White House. A gunfight ensued, and Byck was mortally wounded by a police officer from outside the aircraft. Byck killed himself before police stormed the aircraft.[82] The attempted hijacking was later portrayed in the 2004 film, The Assassination of Richard Nixon, with Sean Penn and Naomi Watts.
  • On December 10, 1992, a Volpar Turboliner operated by Connie Kalitta Services crashed Шаблон:Convert west of BWI in Elkridge due to a shift in cargo in the aircraft during final approach. The sole occupant, the pilot, was killed.[83]
  • On May 6, 2009, a World Airways DC-10-30 with registration N139WA operating as Flight 8535 from Leipzig, Germany for the Military Airlift Command experienced a hard landing at BWI. As a result of the captain's response to the hard landing, the plane's nose wheel struck the runway hard two times. The aircraft blew one of its front tires and had to execute a go-around before landing successfully. Several passengers were injured, including the first officer, who suffered back trauma. The age of the aircraft (29 years 11 months at the time of the accident) and the extent of damage to the front landing gear and fuselage resulted in the aircraft being written off. The aircraft was parted out and is now used on-site for fire/rescue training and practice purposes.[84]

In popular culture

BWI has been a backdrop in six films, Goldfinger (1964), Broadcast News (1987), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Company Business (1991), Home for the Holidays (1995), and Twelve Monkeys (1995).

It was also featured in the reality TV series Airline (2004-2005), an episode of the TV series House of Cards, and the TV documentaries Honor Flight (2007) and Eatin' Crabs Chesapeake Style (2009).

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Portal Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:US-airport

Шаблон:Geographic Location

Шаблон:BWI Airport Шаблон:Airports in the Baltimore-Washington area Шаблон:Major US Airports Шаблон:Authority control

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