Английская Википедия:Banjara

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:About Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use Indian English Шаблон:Use dmy dates The Banjara are an Ethnic Trading Group which may have origins in the Mewar region of what is now the state of Rajasthan, India.

Etymology

The Gor usually refer to themselves as Banjaras and outsiders as Kor but this usage does not extend outside their own community. A related usage is Gor Mati or Gormati, meaning Own People.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Motiraj Rathod believes that the community became known as banjara from around the fourteenth century AD and but previously had some association with the Laman, who claim a 3000-year history.Шаблон:Sfnp

Irfan Habib believes the origin of banjara lies in the Sanskrit word variously rendered as vanij, vanik and banik, as does the name of the Bania caste, which historically was India's "pre-eminent" trading community.Шаблон:Sfnp However, According to B. G. Halbar, the word Banjara is derived from the Sanskrit word vana chara.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn

Despite the community adopting a multitude of languages, Banjara is used throughout India, although in Karnataka the name is altered to Banijagaru.Шаблон:Sfnp A survey conducted in 1968 by the All India Banjara Seva Sangh, a caste association, recorded 27 synonyms and 17 sub-groups.Шаблон:Sfnp

History

According to author J. J. Roy Burman, Banjaras have settled across Rajasthan and other parts of India.[1] Together with the Bhopa, Domba and Kalbelia, they are sometimes called the "Gypsies of India".[2] Professor D. B. Naik says that, "There are so many cultural similarities in the Roma Gypsies and the Banjara Lambanis".[3]

Together with the Bhopa, Domba and Kalbelia, they are sometimes called the "Gypsies of India".[4] Professor D. B. Naik says that, "There are so many cultural similarities in the Roma Gypsies and the Banjara Lambanis".[5]Шаблон:Clarify

Author B. G. Halbar says that, Most of nomadic communities believe that they are descended from Rajput ancestry. All these nomadic tribal groups who claim Rajput ancestry says that during the time of Mughal domination they were retreated to the forests and vowed to return only when the foreign influence had gone. B. G. Halbar says they appear to be of mixed ethnicity, possibly originating in north-central India.Шаблон:Sfnp However, Habib notes that their constituent groups may not in fact share a common origin, with the theories that suggest otherwise reflecting the systemic bias of nineteenth-century British ethnographers who were keen to create simple classifications.Шаблон:Sfnp Laxman Satya notes that "Their status as Banjaras was circumscribed by the colonial state disregarding the rich diversity that existed among various groups".Шаблон:Sfn

Although not referred to as Banjara until the sixteenth century, Habib believes that the royal court chroniclers Ziauddin Barani and Shaikh Nasiruddin documented them operating in the Delhi Sultanate some centuries earlier, around the time of the rule of Alauddin Khalji.Шаблон:Sfnp Halbar dates things earlier, suggesting that Dandin, a Sanskrit writer who lived in the sixth century, refers to them but, again, not by name.Шаблон:Sfnp

Activities

Banjaras were historically pastoralists, traders, expert breeders and transporters of goods on the inland regions of India, for which they used boats, carts, camels, oxen, donkeys and sometimes the relatively scarce horse, hence controlling a large section of trade and economy. The mode of transport depended upon the terrain; for example, camels and donkeys were better suited to the highlands which carts could not negotiate, whilst oxen were able to progress better through wet lowland areas.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Their prowess in negotiating thick forests was particularly prized.Шаблон:Sfnp They often travelled in groups for protection, this tandaШаблон:Efn being led by an elected headman variously described as a muqaddam, nayak or naik.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Such tandas usually comprised carriage of one specific product and thus were essentially a combined trade operation.Шаблон:Sfnp They could be huge assemblies, some being recorded as comprising 190,000 beasts, and they also serviced the needs of armies, whose movements naturally followed the same trade and caravan routes. The Duke of Wellington used them for that purpose in his campaign against the Maratha Confederacy around the late 1790sШаблон:Sfnp and Jahangir, a Mughal emperor who reigned in the early seventeenth century, described them as Шаблон:Blockquote

Some Banjara subgroups engaged in trading specific goods but most traded in anything that might make them moneyШаблон:Sfnp - the range was vast, encompassing plains produce such as oilseed, sugarcane, opium, fruits and flowers, forest products (for example, gums, chironji, mhowa, berries, honey) and items from the hills, including tobacco and grass.Шаблон:Sfnp Some traded in specific goods, such as the Mukeri (wood and timber).Шаблон:Sfnp One common Banjara practice in Berar before the British colonial period was the movement of cotton out of the region and then a return journey with groceries, salt, spices and similar consumptibles into the region.Шаблон:Sfnp In that area, the Deccan Plateau and the Central Provinces, the Banjaras had a monopoly on the movement of salt prior to the arrival of the East India Company.Шаблон:Sfnp More generally, they also traded in cattle, moving the beasts around the country's bazaars, and they rented out their carts.Шаблон:SfnpAlthough some older sources have suggested that they did not use credit, Habib's analysis of historic sources suggests that they did and that some were reliant on it.Шаблон:Citation needed

The peripatetic nature of Banjara life significantly affected their societal behaviours. Satya notes that it Шаблон:Blockquote

Movement of goods around the country meant that the Banjaras had to be, and were, trusted by merchants, moneylenders and traders. Any disruption caused by the grazing of their livestock along the trade routes was tolerated because the same beasts provided manure to fertilise the land.Шаблон:Sfnp However, many Europeans historically thought the Banjaras to be similar to Gypsies, although this was unjustified as there were significant differences. Habib notes that "Superstitions of all kinds, including suspected witch killings and sacrifices, reinforced the Gypsy image of the class".Шаблон:Sfnp

In 19th century, and despite some British officials such as Thurston praising their trustworthiness as carriers, the British colonial authorities brought the community under the purview of Criminal Tribes Act of 1871.Шаблон:Sfn Edward Balfour noted in his On the migratory tribes of natives in Central India (1843) that the reduction in the number of wars by that time had contributed to their economic deprivation,Шаблон:Sfnp whilst East India Company encroachment on monopolies such as salt also affected them.Шаблон:Sfnp Many also lost their work as carriers due to the arrival of the railways and improved roads. Some tried to work the forests for wood and produce,Шаблон:Sfn some settled to be farmers, and others turned to crime.Шаблон:Sfnp Earlier than this there had been British people who considered them to be undesirable because of their role in passing messages and weapons to armies as they went about their travels,Шаблон:Sfnp and there was also a general trend among the British to treat criminality as something that was normal among communities without fixed abode.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn They were sometimes associated by the British with ThugeeШаблон:Sfnp and by the 1830sШаблон:Sfnp had gained some notoriety for committing crimes such as roadside robbery, cattle lifting, and theft of grain or other property. The women took a leading role in such criminality, led by the headman of the gang, and if someone was convicted then the other members of the gang would take care of their families.[6] Poor, mostly illiterate and unskilled, the Banjaras were also resistant to improvement through education, which the British felt left no recourse other than tight control through policing. Their reputation for misdeeds persisted into the early twentieth century.Шаблон:Sfn

The status of the Banjaras as a designated criminal tribe continued until after the independence of India, when the repeal of the Criminal Tribes Act caused them to be classified as one of the Denotified Tribes.Шаблон:Sfn

Banjara language

As the Banjara language has no script, it is either written in Devanagari script or in the script of the local language such as Telugu or Kannada.Шаблон:Sfnp Many Banjaras today are bilingual or multilingual, adopting the predominant language of their surroundings, but those that continue to live in areas of dense Banjara population persist with their traditional language.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

There have been calls for the traditional language to be recognised in the Constitution of India; the state of Telangana state has introduced two textbooks in the language for primary school children.[7][8]

Art

Файл:Blouse (kanchali) and skirt (ghaghara), Banjara community, Saurashtra, Gujarat, India, view 1, mid 20th century, cotton, glass mirrors - Textile Museum of Canada - DSC00975.JPG
Traditional Banjara dress consisting of kanchali (blouse) and phetiya (skirt)

Banjara art includes performance arts such as dance and music as well as folk and plastic arts such as rangoli, textile embroidery, tattooing and painting.Шаблон:Sfnp Banjara embroidery and tattooing are especially prized and also form a significant aspect of the Banjara identity. Lambani women specialise in lepo embroidery, which involves stitching pieces of mirror, decorative beads and coins onto clothes.Шаблон:Sfnp Sandur Lambani embroidery is a type of textile embroidery unique to the tribe in Sanduru, Bellary district, Karnataka. It has obtained a GI tag.[9]

Festivals

Banjara people celebrate the festival of Teej during Shravana (the month of August). In this festival young unmarried Banjara girls pray for a good groom. They sow seeds in bamboo bowls and water it three times a day for nine days and if the sprouts grow "thick and high" it is considered a good omen. During Teej the seedling-baskets are kept in the middle and girls sing and dance around them.[10]

Dance and music

Fire dance, Ghumar dance and Chari dance are the traditional dance forms of the Banjaras. Banjaras have a sister community of singers known as Dadhis or Gajugonia.Шаблон:Sfnp They traditionally travelled from village to village singing songs to the accompaniment of sarangi.Шаблон:Sfnp

Файл:Lambadi Dance.jpg
Lambadi Dance

Religion

Banjara people are known to worship deities such as Balaji and Jagadamba. They also hold Guru Nanak in great respect.Шаблон:Sfnp

Sevalal or Sevabhaya is the most important saint of the Banjaras. Colonial British administrators quote his stories, place him in the 19th century and identify his original name as Siva Rathor.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Society

Although the Banjaras were traditionally a migratory people, they did historically mostly settle each year in fixed village accommodation during the monsoon months of June - August and their elderly people are usually permanently Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Clarify Although the introduction of modern modes of transport largely made the community redundant from their traditional occupation, forcing them into economic distress from which they sought relief by turning to agriculture and other unskilled labour, V. Sarveswara Naik notes that as recently as 1996 many still retain a nomadic lifestyle on a seasonal basis to supplement their income. They also retain common traits among their exogamous clans, including strict tribal endogamy, use of the Gor-Boli language, referencing themselves as Gor, settling in tanda groups, using tribal councils called Gor panchayats to resolve disputes and, in the case of the women, dressing in their traditional clothing. However, the men have largely given up their traditional attire of a white dhoti (skirt) and a red turban, along with the wearing of ear-rings, finger rings and kanadoro (silver strings worn around the waist).Шаблон:Sfnp

Marriage

Aside from retaining their practice of endogamy, V. Sarveswara Naik records of Banjara customs in 1990s Andhra Pradesh that they follow forms of marriage that include monogamy, serial monogamy. widows are allowed to remarry and divorce is accepted provided it has the consent of the Gor panchayat.Шаблон:Sfnp The marriages are usually between people who live fairly close together, within the same taluka or, occasionally, district; the exception to this is the relatively rare case when the man has some education, in which case it is becoming more common to see them making arrangements that involve a longer distance.Шаблон:Sfnp

It is the boys' fathers who initiate marriage proposals, usually when the child reaches the age of 18 and is considered capable of running an independent household. Women and girls, including the prospective bride, have no say in the matter but he father takes advice from the naik of his tanda and from close relatives. The girls are usually prepared for this arranged marriage from the onset of puberty and her parents will make a show of resistance when a proposal is made before her father agrees to the advice given by his Naik and village elders. Horoscopes are consulted and information gleaned regarding the boy's prospects. Sometimes the arrangement is made earlier and may even be solemnised with a betrothal ceremony, called a sagai, but the girl will remain in the household until she does attain puberty. When agreement is reached and both sides make a promise to that effect in front of the Gor panchayat, the boy's family distribute liquor, betel leaves and nuts nuts for the tanda and girl's family. She is presented with a full set of traditional dress upon marriage, which is made by her mother.Шаблон:Sfnp Women's dress varies according to marital status, as does their ornamentation. Although the ornamentation was once made of ivory and silver, reduced economic circumstances have caused it to become plastic and aluminium. The extremely elaborate nature of their dresses, comprising glass pieces, beads and sea-shells on a mainly red material, means that they are worn for months between careful launderings.Шаблон:Sfnp

The practice of paying a bride price to the girl's father traditionally applies on betrothal, which is a community celebration, although the payment of a dowry by the bride's family is becoming evident. The value of this transaction is set by the Gor panchayat and is now a monetary figure; it was traditionally eleven rupees and either four bullocks or one bullock and three cattle unless the groom's family was particularly wealthy. The marriage is usually arranged for a time when there is little work, so the months of April and May are common as they fall just after the harvest period.Шаблон:Sfnp

Gender roles

Banjara families prefer to have both sons and daughters. The son is considered necessary because they are a patrilineal society, whilst at least one daughter is deemed desirable because she can look after the parents in their old age if the son is too pre-occupied in his marriage. Daughters also contribute greatly to the running of the family unit prior to their own marriage and are prized by their mothers for that reason, being trained in various domestic tasks that benefit both the unit and their future married life. Aside from strictly domestic tasks, they are an economic boon because they help with herding and grazing the family's cattle and with work in the crop fields.Шаблон:Sfnp

A Banjara wife is subservient to her husband and is expected to perform daily tasks for her parents-in-law. Whilst she and her husband live with her parents-in-law, she is also subservient to her mother-in-law. This period of co-habitation with the extended family usually lasts until the husband has helped to arrange the marriages of his brothers and is often the cause of arguments between the wife, the mother-in-law and any sisters-in-law. Once the husband is free of his obligation to his brothers, his wife will apply pressure to achieve a separation from the joint household, which grants her a measure of independence although she remains economically reliant upon her husband. The separating of the households causes her husband to receive some property from his parents, such as land, livestock and money, but it is a patrilineal society and so the wife has nothing.Шаблон:Sfnp

Banjara men take the lead in religious festivals, with women playing a subsidiary role. The men sing the devotional songs and perform the temple rituals but it is the women who do most of the singing and dancing. The women are also expected to work with men when groups go to enact performances in front of non-Banjara audiences to raise money for the celebration of festivals, but most of that money is then consumed by the men in the form of liquor. The one religious function in which the women are paramount is the preparations for marriage, a ceremony which usually takes place in the house of the bride's family.Шаблон:Sfnp

It is the men who also perform political functions, settling disputes and dealing with other problems through the Gor panchayat. Any matter that involves a woman is dealt with by the men and it is a man who represents her interests, an example being the dealings for marriage proposals which always require the consent of the Gor panchayat. If a woman leaves her husband and the marital abode then that, too, is a matter to be judged by the men.Шаблон:Sfnp

V. Sarveswara Naik, herself a Banjara, notes of the situation for Banjara women in Andhra Pradesh that Шаблон:Blockquote

Distribution

As of 2008, the Banjara community has been listed as a Scheduled Tribe in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Odisha. They were designated as an Other Backward Class in Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan, and as a Scheduled Caste in Karnataka, Delhi and Punjab( SC for Bazigar, Badi and Banjara and OBC for Lambana, Lambani, Vanzara and Lohana).[11]

See also

References

Notes Шаблон:Notelist Citations Шаблон:Reflist Bibliography Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Social groups of RajasthanШаблон:Social groups of Maharashtra

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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