Английская Википедия:Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates

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U.S. Supreme Court building.

President Barack Obama made two successful appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States. The first was Judge Sonia Sotomayor[1] to fill the vacancy created by the retirement of Justice David H. Souter.[2] Sotomayor was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 6, 2009, by a vote of 68–31. The second appointment was that of Solicitor General Elena Kagan to replace the retired John Paul Stevens. Kagan was confirmed by the Senate on August 5, 2010, by a vote of 63–37.

During his final year in office, Obama had an opportunity to fill a third Supreme Court vacancy, following the February 13, 2016, death of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. On March 16, 2016, he nominated Merrick Garland, the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit to the Court.[3] However, Republican leaders in the Senate announced that they planned to withhold voting on any potential nominee until a new president was elected. Senate Democrats responded that there was sufficient time to vote on a nominee before the election.[4] Consequently, no action was taken on the nomination, which expired in January 2017.

During most of Obama's presidency, there had been speculation about the potential retirement of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg,[5][6] who turned 80 in 2013 and was previously diagnosed with colon cancer and pancreatic cancer.[7][8] Justice Ginsburg died on September 18, 2020, during Donald Trump's presidency, and was replaced by Amy Coney Barrett on October 27, 2020.

Court composition under Obama

Name Appointed Appointed by Law school (JD or LLB)
Шаблон:Sortname
(Chief Justice) 		2005 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Шаблон:Sort Harvard University
Шаблон:SortnameШаблон:Efn 1986 rowspan="2" Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Шаблон:Sort Harvard University
Шаблон:Sortname 1988 Harvard University
Шаблон:Sortname 1991 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Шаблон:Sort Yale University
Шаблон:Sortname 1993 rowspan="2" Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Шаблон:Sort Columbia University
Шаблон:Sortname 1994 Harvard University
Шаблон:Sortname 2006 Шаблон:Party shading/Republican | Шаблон:Sort Yale University
Шаблон:Sortname 2009 rowspan="2" Шаблон:Party shading/Democratic | Шаблон:Sort Yale University
Шаблон:Sortname 2010 Harvard University

Politics

Файл:Then President-elect Barack Obama and Vice President-elect Joe Biden with Justices during a visit to the U.S. Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. .jpg
Barack Obama and Joe Biden with Supreme Court justices in the court's conference room, on January 14, 2009, the week before the inauguration. Shown are Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Stevens, Thomas, Ginsburg, and Souter

Obama opposition to Bush nominees

During the 109th Congress, then-Senator Obama voted against both of President George W. Bush's nominees to the Supreme Court. In a speech announcing his opposition to John Roberts, Obama stated: Шаблон:Blockquote

In explaining his opposition to Samuel Alito, Obama further evaluated the qualities he found important in a Supreme Court justice: Шаблон:Blockquote

Obama comments during 2008 presidential campaign

In a speech on July 17, 2007, before the Planned Parenthood Action Fund, he elaborated even more: Шаблон:Blockquote

In November 2007, Obama was asked about the kind of justices he would appoint to the Supreme Court. He responded: Шаблон:Blockquote

Later in March 2008, while on the campaign trail in Ohio, Obama again addressed the traits he would look for in a Supreme Court justice, suggesting he might leaven legal scholarship with practical political experience. He held up Earl Warren, a former governor of California who later became Chief Justice, as an example. Mr. Warren, he said, had had the wisdom to recognize that segregation was wrong less because of precise sociological effects and more so because it was immoral and stigmatized blacks: Шаблон:Blockquote

Later, however, Obama seemed to step away from the example of Warren. In an interview with the editorial board of the Detroit Free Press on October 2, 2008, Obama said: Шаблон:Blockquote

Instead, Obama mentioned then current justices David Souter and Stephen Breyer as examples of people he would like to nominate to the Supreme Court in the future: Шаблон:Blockquote

In the third and final presidential debate with Republican nominee John McCain on October 15, 2008, Obama also implied that he would look for a Supreme Court nominee with previous judicial experience: Шаблон:Blockquote

Court demographics

Шаблон:Main Demographic considerations have played into the appointment of Supreme Court justices since the institution was established. Starting in the 20th century, these concerns shifted from geographic representation to issues of gender and ethnicity.[9]

Prior to the 2008 presidential election, many court watchers suggested that the next president would be under significant pressure to appoint another woman or ethnic minority to the court.[10][11] The calls for naming more women were particularly widespread given the recent retirement of Sandra Day O'Connor and the rapidly changing demographics of the legal community, with women now accounting for about a fifth of all law partners and law school deans, a quarter of the federal bench, and nearly half of all law school graduates.[8][12] Shortly before the election, for example, NPR reported, "Most observers of the Supreme Court agree about one thing: The next nominee is likely to be a woman".[13] Furthermore, after Obama's presidential election victory, Hispanic legal interests groups such as the Hispanic National Bar Association began urging Obama to nominate a Hispanic justice.[14]

Given the relative youth of the most recent Republican appointments, it was also noted that Democrats had "a strong incentive to pick younger justices this time around".[11] Age proved to be an important consideration for Obama, who was "looking for a justice who will be an intellectual force on the court for many years to come".[15] As a result, Obama did not seriously consider candidates such as José A. Cabranes, Amalya Kearse, Diana Gribbon Motz, David Tatel, and Laurence Tribe, all of whom he respected but were older than 65 when Obama was looking to replace David Souter.[15]

With the retirement of Justice Stevens, some commentators directed focus on the religious make-up of the court.[16] Upon Justice Stevens' retirement, the Court lacked any Protestant members, marking the first time in its history that it will be exclusively composed of Jewish and Catholic Justices.[17]

Sonia Sotomayor nomination

Шаблон:Main On May 26, 2009, Obama announced Second Circuit appeals court judge Sonia Sotomayor as his choice to replace retiring Associate Justice David H. Souter.[1] Sotomayor's nomination was submitted to the United States Senate on June 1, 2009, when the 111th Congress reconvened after its Memorial Day recess. Sotomayor was confirmed by the Senate on August 6, 2009, by a vote of 68–31,[18] and was sworn in as an Associate Justice on August 8, 2009.[19]

David Souter retirement

Long before the election of President Obama, Associate Justice David H. Souter had expressed a desire to leave Washington, D.C., and return to his native New Hampshire.[20][21] The election of a Democratic president in 2008 made Souter more inclined to retire, but he did not want to create a situation in which there would be multiple vacancies at once.[20] Souter apparently became satisfied that no other justices planned to retire at the end of the Supreme Court's term in June 2009.[20] As a result, in mid-April 2009 he privately notified the White House of his intent to retire from the Supreme Court at the conclusion of its business for that term.[22] Souter submitted a resignation letter to Obama on May 1, who later that day made an unscheduled appearance during the daily White House press briefing to publicly announce Souter's retirement.[2]

Short list

Obama began the process of identifying potential Supreme Court nominees shortly after his election in 2008, before a Supreme Court vacancy was actually known.[22] White House Counsel Greg Craig helped assemble an early list of possible names.[22] Once the White House had learned of Souter's plans to retire, two members of the Vice President's staff, Chief of Staff Ron Klain and Counsel Cynthia Hogan, ran the daily operations of the selection process.[22]

Within a week of Souter's announcement the White House had formalized its short list of candidates to replace Souter, with Judge Sonia Sotomayor of the Second Circuit, Judge Diane Pamela Wood of the Seventh Circuit, and Solicitor General Elena Kagan reportedly leading contenders for the nomination.[23] Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, California Supreme Court Justice Carlos Moreno, and Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm were also reportedly on the short list of candidates under serious consideration by the White House.[24] Chief Justice Leah Ward Sears of the Georgia Supreme Court, Judge Merrick B. Garland of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and Judge Ruben Castillo of the Federal District Court for the Northern District in Illinois were also on the final list of nine candidates.[25] Joanne A. Epps, dean at Temple University Beasley School of Law was a contender according to NPR.[26]

Interviews

Obama had not interviewed any of the candidates before May 18,[27] but that week saw a flurry of activity and speculation surrounding possible interviews of candidates. Jennifer Granholm attended a CAFE standards meeting at the White House on May 19 and spoke with Obama, but officials would not comment on whether the two discussed a potential court appointment.[27] On May 20, Diane Wood and Elena Kagan attended a conference on judicial independence at Georgetown University hosted by retired Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor.[28] Ultimately, Obama winnowed his list to four individuals, all of them women: Sotomayor, Wood, Kagan, and Napolitano.[29] Obama conducted hour-long one-on-one interviews with the four finalists, meeting with Wood and Kagan on May 19, and Sotomayor and Napolitano on May 21.[30] Vice President Joe Biden also interviewed the four finalists.[30]

Obama telephoned Judge Sotomayor at 9 pm EST on May 25 to alert her that she was his choice.[30] Later that night, he called the other three finalists and informed them of his decision.[30] Obama announced the nomination the next morning in the East Room of the White House in a press conference alongside Sotomayor and Joe Biden.[1]

Elena Kagan nomination

Шаблон:Main On May 10, 2010, Obama nominated Elena Kagan, the Solicitor General of the United States, to replace retiring Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. Solicitor General Elena Kagan was confirmed by the Senate by a 63–37 vote.[31]

John Paul Stevens retirement

On April 9, 2010, Associate Justice John Paul Stevens announced that he would retire at the conclusion of the Supreme Court's term in June 2010.[32] This announcement had been widely anticipated since September 2009 when Stevens confirmed that he had hired only a single law clerk for the Supreme Court term beginning in October 2010.[33] (Full-time associate justices are allowed up to four law clerks while retired justices have only one.[33])

Short list

Before the announcement, the White House had been preparing for another possible Supreme Court vacancy, with White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs responding to speculation about a possible Stevens retirement by saying "We'll be ready."[34] After Stevens announced his retirement, an anonymous White House official said that about ten people were under consideration.[32] The leading contenders to replace Stevens were said to include Seventh Circuit Judge Diane Pamela Wood and Solicitor General Elena Kagan, both of whom had been interviewed for the David Souter vacancy, and D.C. Circuit Judge Merrick B. Garland, who had also been considered for the Souter vacancy.[32] Others mentioned include Ninth Circuit Judge Sidney Runyan Thomas, former Georgia Chief Justice Leah Ward Sears, Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano.[35]

Interviews

Early in April 2010, Obama conducted a White House interview with Merrick Garland.[36][37] On April 29, 2010, Obama and Vice President Joe Biden each met separately with Sidney Thomas at the White House to discuss the vacancy.[36] Elena Kagan was interviewed the following day,[38] and Diane Wood the following week on May 4.[39]

Merrick Garland nomination

Шаблон:Main On March 16, 2016, Obama nominated Merrick Garland, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to replace Antonin Scalia.[40] On February 23, 2016, the 11 Republican members of the Senate Judiciary Committee signed a letter to Senate majority leader Mitch McConnell stating their intention to withhold consent on any nominee made by President Obama, and that no hearings would occur until after January 20, 2017, when the next president takes office.[41] The 11 members were Committee Chair Chuck Grassley of Iowa,[42] Orrin Hatch and Mike Lee of Utah, Jeff Sessions of Alabama, Lindsey Graham of South Carolina, John Cornyn and Ted Cruz of Texas, Jeff Flake of Arizona, David Vitter of Louisiana, David Perdue of Georgia, and Thom Tillis of North Carolina. After Garland's nomination, McConnell reiterated his position that the Senate would not confirm any Supreme Court nomination from Obama.[40] Garland's nomination expired on January 3, 2017.[43]

Antonin Scalia death

On February 13, 2016, Associate Justice Antonin Scalia was found dead while vacationing at Cibolo Creek Ranch near Marfa, Texas.[44] President Obama stated that he planned to nominate someone to replace Scalia on the Supreme Court.[3] Scalia's death marked just the second time in sixty years that a sitting justice died.[45]

Short list

The White House vetted a number of candidates that had previously received broad support from Republicans, including D.C. Circuit Judges Merrick Garland and Sri Srinivasan,[46] Eighth Circuit Judge Jane L. Kelly,[47] Ninth Circuit Judge Paul J. Watford,[48] and Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.[49] On March 11, Reuters reported that Obama had narrowed his list down to three candidates: Srinivasan, Garland, and Watford.[50]

Names mentioned as likely nominees

Following is a list of individuals who have been mentioned in various news accounts as the most likely potential nominees for a Supreme Court appointment under Obama:

United States Courts of Appeals

Файл:US Court of Appeals and District Court map.svg
Courts of Appeals

United States District Courts

State Supreme Courts

Executive Branch

United States Senators

United States Governors

State Executive Branches

Supreme Court litigators

Academics

See also

References

Шаблон:Notelist Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:U.S. Presidents and the Judiciary Шаблон:Barack Obama

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Mark Silva, Sonia Sotomayor is Obama's Supreme Court nominee, Los Angeles Times (May 26, 2009).
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Jeff Zeleny, Obama Announces Souter’s Retirement Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (May 1, 2009).
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 "President Obama Delivers a Statement on the Passing of Supreme Court Justice Scalia", Rancho Mirage, CA, Feb. 13, 2016, available at [1]Шаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cbignore
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Ariane de Vogue, White House Prepares for Possibility of 2 Supreme Court Vacancies Шаблон:Webarchive, ABC News (February 4, 2010).
  6. ↑ At Supreme Court, no one rushes into retirement Шаблон:Webarchive, USA Today (July 13, 2008).
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 7,4 7,5 7,6 Adam Liptak, Ginsburg Has Surgery for Pancreatic Cancer Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (February 5, 2009).
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Carrie Johnson, Ginsburg illness puts focus on Obama's choices Шаблон:Webarchive The Washington Post (February 6, 2009).
  9. ↑ Jeffrey Toobin, Diverse Opinions Шаблон:Webarchive, The New Yorker, (June 8, 2009).
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 10,3 10,4 10,5 Greg Stohr, Obama, McCain Would Look to Women, Hispanics for Supreme Court, Bloomberg (July 15, 2008).
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Jeffrey Rosen, Short Bench: Why the Dems lack Supreme Court nominees Шаблон:Webarchive, The New Republic (March 12, 2008).
  12. ↑ Charlie Savage, Wider World of Choices to Fill Souter’s Vacancy Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (May 1, 2009).
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Nina Totenberg, Law School Past Shapes Obama's View On Justices Шаблон:Webarchive, National Public Radio (November 2, 2008).
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Tony Mauro, Pressure Is on Obama to Name First Hispanic Supreme Court Justice Шаблон:Webarchive, Legal Times (December 1, 2008).
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Bill Mears, Sources: High court selection process down to finalists Шаблон:Webarchive, CNN (May 13, 2009).
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ Nina Totenberg, "Supreme Court May Soon Lack Protestant Justices," NPR, Heard on Morning Edition, April 7, 2010, found at NPR website Шаблон:Webarchive and transcript found at NPR website Шаблон:Webarchive. Cited by Sarah Pulliam Bailey, "The Post-Protestant Supreme Court: Christians weigh in on whether it matters that the high court will likely lack Protestant representation," Christianity Today, April 10, 2010, found at Christianity Today website Шаблон:Webarchive. Also cited by "Does the U.S. Supreme Court need another Protestant?" USA Today, April 9, 2010, found at USA Today website Шаблон:Webarchive. All accessed April 10, 2010.
  18. ↑ Charlie Savage, Sotomayor Confirmed by Senate, 68-31 Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (August 6, 2009).
  19. ↑ Greg Storh, Sonia Sotomayor Sworn In as Supreme Court Justice, Bloomberg (August 8, 2009).
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 21,5 21,6 Robert Barnes, Souter Reportedly Planning to Retire From High Court Шаблон:Webarchive, The Washington Post (May 1, 2009).
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 Jan Crawford Greenburg, White House Formalizes Supreme Court Short List Шаблон:Webarchive, ABC News (May 7, 2009).
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Ben Feller, White House: No interviews of court candidates yet, Associated Press (May 15, 2009).
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 https://www.npr.org/2009/05/17/104222039/supreme-court-choices-you-havent-heard-of
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Associated Press, Court candidate Granholm visits White House Шаблон:Webarchive (May 19, 2009).
  28. ↑ Edwin Chen and Greg Stohr, Obama Said to Have Met With High Court Candidate Wood Шаблон:Webarchive, Bloomberg (May 20, 2009).
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 Peter Baker, Favorites of Left Don’t Make Obama’s Court List Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (May 25, 2009).
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 30,2 30,3 Peter Baker and Jeff Zeleny, Obama Hails Judge as ‘Inspiring’ Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (May 26, 2009).
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 Mark Sherman, Summer battle ahead for Stevens' court replacement Шаблон:Webarchive, Associated Press (April 9, 2010).
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 David G. Savage, Speculation rises that Supreme Court Justice Stevens will retire Шаблон:Webarchive, Los Angeles Times (September 3, 2009).
  34. ↑ Associated Press, Who would replace Justice John Paul Stevens?, (April 5, 2010).
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Ben Feller, Source: Judge Sidney Thomas on Supreme Court list Шаблон:Webarchive, Associated Press (April 12, 2010).
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 Ben Feller, Obama interviews Thomas, Garland for high court Шаблон:Webarchive, Associated Press (April 30, 2010).
  37. ↑ Sheryl Gay Stolberg, Obama Interviews Potential Supreme Court Nominees Шаблон:Webarchive, The Caucus Blog – The New York Times (April 30, 2010).
  38. ↑ Obama Interviews Solicitor General Elena Kagan for Supreme Court Шаблон:Webarchive, Fox News (May 1, 2010).
  39. ↑ Ben Feller, Obama interviews Diane Wood for Supreme CourtШаблон:Dead linkШаблон:Cbignore, Associated Press (May 4, 2010).
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ Scotus letter Шаблон:Webarchive
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Jess Bravin, President Obama’s Supreme Court Nomination of Merrick Garland Expires Шаблон:Webarchive, The Wall Street Journal (January 3, 2017).
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  51. ↑ 51,00 51,01 51,02 51,03 51,04 51,05 51,06 51,07 51,08 51,09 51,10 51,11 51,12 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 52,2 52,3 52,4 Stuart Taylor Jr., In the Balance Шаблон:Webarchive, National Journal (July 26, 2008).
  53. ↑ 53,0 53,1 53,2 53,3 53,4 53,5 53,6 53,7 53,8 Justin Jouvenal, Ten picks for Obama's Supreme Court Шаблон:Webarchive, Salon.com, (November 19, 2008).
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 54,2 Jess Bravin, Democrats Divide on Voice of Possible Top-Court Pick Шаблон:Webarchive The Wall Street Journal (February 8, 2010).
  55. ↑ 55,0 55,1 55,2 55,3 55,4 55,5 Jess Bravin, Barack Obama: The Present Is Prologue Шаблон:Webarchive, The Wall Street Journal (October 7, 2008).
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 56,2 56,3 56,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ 57,0 57,1 Dimitra Kessenides, Does D.C. Circuit Court Judge Merrick Garland Have Supreme Potential? Шаблон:Webarchive, The Am Law Daily (November 17, 2008).
  58. ↑ 58,0 58,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  59. ↑ 59,0 59,1 59,2 59,3 59,4 59,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 60,2 60,3 60,4 60,5 Christine Coleburn, "Supreme Court Vacancy: Who's on President Obama's Shortlist to Replace Scalia? Шаблон:Webarchive", NBC News (February 14, 2016).
  61. ↑ 61,0 61,1 61,2 61,3 61,4 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  63. ↑ 63,0 63,1 63,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Emily Bazelon & Dahlia Lithwick, Who Should Replace Justice Stevens? Шаблон:Webarchive, "Slate," (April 12, 2010)
  66. ↑ SCOTUS NOMINEE [2] Шаблон:Webarchive, "Politico," (April 12, 2010)
  67. ↑ 67,0 67,1 67,2 67,3 67,4 Ben Smith and Josh Gerstein, Justice Souter to retire Шаблон:Webarchive, Politico (April 30, 2009).
  68. ↑ 68,0 68,1 Abdon M. Pallasch, Could Chicago's Judge Wood fill Ginsburg's seat if she resigns from Supreme Court? Шаблон:Webarchive, Chicago Tribune (February 8, 2009).
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Peter Baker and Jeff Zeleny, Souter Said to Be Leaving Court in June Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (April 30, 2009).
  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 70,2 70,3 70,4 Joan Biskupic, For divided high court, two potential legacies Шаблон:Webarchive, USA Today (October 23, 2008).
  71. ↑ 71,0 71,1 71,2 71,3 71,4 James Oliphant, Five possible nominees for Obama Шаблон:Webarchive, Chicago Tribune (November 3, 2008).
  72. ↑ 72,0 72,1 72,2 72,3 Tom Goldstein, If there is a Supreme Court appointment this summer... Шаблон:Webarchive, SCOTUSblog (January 24, 2009).
  73. ↑ Peter Baker, In Possible Retirement, the Likelihood of an Election-Year Confrontation Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (March 25, 2010).
  74. ↑ Mark Sherman, Supreme Court Prospects are Kagan, Wood, Garland, Associated Press (April 5, 2010).
  75. ↑ Bill Mears, Names floated as Stevens weighs retirement Шаблон:Webarchive, CNN (April 5, 2010).
  76. ↑ Feller, Ben & Babington, Charles (April 10, 2010), Obama Emboldened for Another Supreme Court Pick Шаблон:Webarchive, San Francisco Chronicle, (Associated Press), retrieved April 10, 2010.
  77. ↑ Carrie Johnson, Ginsburg illness puts focus on Obama's choices Шаблон:Webarchive The Washington Post (February 6, 2009).
  78. ↑ Neil A. Lewis, "Potential Justice Offers a Counterpoint in Chicago Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (May 11, 2009).
  79. ↑ Associated Press, A look at potential Obama nominees to high court, (April 30, 2009).
  80. ↑ Greg Stohr & James Rowley, Obama May Lean Toward Centrist for First U.S. High Court Pick, Bloomberg.com (May 2, 2009)
  81. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  83. ↑ Jan Crawford, Obama Skewers Court—and Signals Change Ahead Шаблон:Webarchive, CBS News (January 28, 2010).
  84. ↑ Bill Mears, Insiders: White House quietly preps for possible high court spot Шаблон:Webarchive, CNN (February 12, 2010).
  85. ↑ Ben Feller & Charles Babington, Obama Emboldened for Another Supreme Court Pick, Associated Press (April 10, 2010).
  86. ↑ Bob Secter & Rex Huppke, Judge with Chicago Ties is on Supreme Court Short List, Chicago Tribune (April 10, 2010).
  87. ↑ 87,0 87,1 87,2 87,3 87,4 87,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  88. ↑ Ariane de Vogue and Jan Crawford Greenburg, Obama's Potential Supreme Court Nominees Шаблон:Webarchive, ABC News, (May 5, 2009).
  89. ↑ Greg Moran, Appeals judge might be on list for Souter's job Шаблон:Webarchive, The San Diego Union-Tribune, (May 11, 2009).
  90. ↑ 90,0 90,1 Greg Stohr, Obama’s Victory Creates New Chance to Mold U.S. Supreme Court Шаблон:Webarchive, Bloomberg L.P. (9 November 2012).
  91. ↑ 91,0 91,1 91,2 91,3 91,4 91,5 Howard Anglin, Judge Not: Obama’s Supreme Court appointees would not upset the balance of the bench. Шаблон:Webarchive, The American Conservative (June 2, 2008).
  92. ↑ 92,0 92,1 RAW DATA: Potential Female Supreme Court Nominees Шаблон:Webarchive, Fox News, (May 22, 2009).
  93. ↑ Bill Mears, Names added to Supreme Court short list Шаблон:Webarchive, CNN (April 12, 2010).
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  95. ↑ 95,0 95,1 Manu Raju, Feinstein pushes two Hispanic judges Шаблон:Webarchive, Politico (May 12, 2009).
  96. ↑ Jess Bravin, Win Offers President Time to Shape Court Шаблон:Webarchive, The Wall Street Journal (November 8, 2012).
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  98. ↑ 98,0 98,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  99. ↑ Judge In Colo Approached For Supreme Court Vacancy Шаблон:Webarchive, CBS4 Denver (May 18, 2009).
  100. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  101. ↑ Camila Domonoske, Who Are The Possible Candidates To Fill Scalia's Seat? Шаблон:Webarchive, NPR (February 14, 2015).
  102. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  107. ↑ An Exceptional Nominee Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times (March 27, 2010).
  108. ↑ Bill Rankin, Chief Justice Sears to exit next year Шаблон:Webarchive, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, (October 29, 2008).
  109. ↑ 109,0 109,1 Andrew Cohen, Obama, The Supreme Court And DOJ Шаблон:Webarchive, CBS News (November 5, 2008).
  110. ↑ 110,0 110,1 Joan Biskupic, Timing and luck crucial for seat on high court Шаблон:Webarchive, USA Today (December 22, 2008).
  111. ↑ 111,0 111,1 111,2 Brian Dickerson, Justice Granholm? It's possible under Obama, The Detroit Free Press (November 11, 2008).
  112. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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  114. ↑ Michael Riley, Salazar: A Supreme suggestion Шаблон:Webarchive, The Denver Post, (May 24, 2009).
  115. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  116. ↑ 116,0 116,1 116,2 Adriel Bettelheim, Supreme Court: Obama Faces Decision With Lasting Impact, CQ Politics, Yahoo News (May 1, 2009).
  117. ↑ 117,0 117,1 Tom Curry, Practical politico, and woman, sought for court Шаблон:Webarchive, NBC News (May 7, 2009).
  118. ↑ Liz Halloran, Obama Victory Ends GOP Hopes for a Much More Conservative Supreme Court Шаблон:Webarchive, U.S. News & World Report (November 11, 2008).
  119. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  120. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  121. ↑ [3] Шаблон:Webarchive, NPR (November 11, 2012).
  122. ↑ Nina Totenberg, Supreme Court Choices You Haven't Heard Of Шаблон:Webarchive, NPR (May 17, 2009).
  123. ↑ Dahlia Lithwick, Women: Truly The Fairer Sex Шаблон:Webarchive, Newsweek (April 11, 2009).
  124. ↑ https://president.temple.edu/president-joanne-epps
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