Английская Википедия:Barbara Steel

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Lady Barbara Steel Шаблон:Postnominals (commonly known as Lady Steel; 1857 – 22 December 1943) was a Scottish social activist who actively campaigned for Women's Suffrage in both the United Kingdom and South Africa. She was the first woman to stand in an election for the Edinburgh Town Council, when she ran in the 1907 election. Steel moved to South Africa in 1911 and at the beginning of World War I founded an organization to provide aid to South African soldiers and their families. She was honored as an Officer in the Order of the British Empire for her civil service. In addition, she served as president of the Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union from 1916 until 1930, fighting for women's right to vote in South Africa.

Early life

Barbara Joanna Paterson was born in 1857 in St John's Town of Dalry, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland to Jane S. and Rev. Alexander A. Paterson.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her father was a United Presbyterian minister and her oldest brother James Alexander later became a Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Exegesis at New College, Edinburgh.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She was raised and attended school in Dalry until the 1880s,Шаблон:Sfn when she moved with her brother, James, to Newington, Edinburgh,Шаблон:Sfn where she continued her education.Шаблон:Sfn On 4 August 1883, Paterson married James Steel, a builder and property developer in Edinburgh. They made their home at 32 Colinton Road, Edinburgh, from the time of their marriage until James' death on 4 September 1904.Шаблон:Sfn

Activism

James was elected to local politics beginning in 1872, serving as the Liberal Councillor for the George Square Ward. From 1888 he served as Bailie and became Lord Provost of Edinburgh in 1900, serving until his retirement in 1903. From May 1903, when her husband was raised to the baronetcy of Murieston, Mid-Calder, Steel became known as Lady Steel.Шаблон:Sfn James was a property developer and built hundreds of buildings throughout the city. Steel was involved, like many women of her class, in social improvement projects. She encouraged James to build sanitary flats with indoor plumbing and potable water for the poor and working classes. Many of these apartments, located throughout the city in neighborhoods like Comely Bank, Dalry, Gorgie, Haymarket, Murieston Park, and Tollcross, had fixed rents.Шаблон:Sfn

After her husband's death, Lady Steel became more involved in women's issues.Шаблон:Sfn Between 1904 and 1906, she served on the executive committee of the Scottish Women's Liberal Federation (SWLF), a women's branch of the Scottish Liberal Party. She also served on the Local Government and Women's Franchise committees of the SWLFШаблон:Sfn and was a member of the Edinburgh National Society of Woman Suffrage.Шаблон:Sfn Lady Steel made international headlines from England to Australia and the United States in March 1907, when she refused to pay taxes without being allowed to vote.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her furniture was seized and sold to pay her tax bill.Шаблон:Sfn The same month, she led a protest at the Mercat Cross to demand women's suffrage.Шаблон:Sfn Later that same year, in October, she ran in the first town council meeting in which women were allowed to contest.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On the eve of the election, a poem "The Suffragette's Nut Cracked" showing the conflict over votes for women and Steel's candidacy was published in the Edinburgh Evening Dispatch.Шаблон:Sfn Though she did not win a seat in the November election, because of her militant stance on taxation,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn she is remembered as "the first woman to stand for election to Edinburgh Town Council".Шаблон:Sfn

In 1908Шаблон:Sfn and again in 1909, Lady Steel continued her stance of refusing to pay taxes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source needed By 1908, she was a member and one of the speakers for the Women's Social and Political Union's Edinburgh branchШаблон:SfnШаблон:Better source needed and participated in a discussion held at Bridge of Allan with Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy, Chrystal Macmillan and Jessie Methven about women's suffrage and higher education for women.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In June 1908, she attended the Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance held in Amsterdam, as one of the alternate delegates.Шаблон:Sfn On 9 October 1909, she participated in the Great Procession and Women's Demonstration held in Edinburgh in support of women's enfranchisement.Шаблон:Sfn

In March 1911, Lady Steel married Lt. Col. James Hyslop, D.S.O., and moved with him to his home in Pietermaritzburg, in the newly formed Union of South Africa.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Hyslop was a fellow Scotsman from Kirkcudbrightshire, who had moved to the Colony of Natal in 1881 and worked there as a pioneer in mental health and as a military physician. At the onset of World War I, he became the director of medical services in the South African Medical Corps.Шаблон:Sfn Lady Steel served as the founder and chair of the Women's Patriotic League of Natal Province during the war.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The organization served to support South African troops and provide necessary services for their families, such as medical supplies and clothing, to prevent over-taxing British organizations providing service in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn In 1918, she was honored as an Officer in the Order of the British Empire for her service.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1916, she became the second president of the Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union (WEAU), replacing Mary Emma Macintosh, who had recently died.Шаблон:Sfn The WEAU initially was formed on the advice on Carrie Chapman Catt in 1911 as an alternative to the Women's Enfranchisement League (WEL). The WEL had been divided by factionalism over the subject of race and Catt believed that the issue of race would delay granting women's suffrage. On her advice, the WEAU decided to ignore the issue of universal suffrage for all races, actively working only for the vote of white women.Шаблон:Sfn Lady Steel held the post of president from 1916 to 1930, when white women in South Africa finally secured enfranchisement.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

Lady Steel died on 22 December 1943 at Pietermaritzburg and was buried at Stellawood Cemetery, in Durban, South Africa.Шаблон:Sfn In 2009, her role in the Scottish suffrage movement was celebrated along with other activists in the reenactment "Gude Cause" of the 1909 demonstration of Edinburgh.Шаблон:Sfn

References

Citations

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Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Women's suffrage in Scotland

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