Английская Википедия:Bardi people

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English

Файл:Traditional lands of Australian Aboriginal Tribes around Derby.png
Map of the traditional lands of Australian Aboriginal tribes around the BardiШаблон:Efn

The Bardi people, also spelt Baada or Baardi and other variations,Шаблон:Efn are an Aboriginal Australian people, living north of Broome and inhabiting parts of the Dampier Peninsula in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. They are ethnically close to the Jawi people, and several organisations refer to the Bardi Jawi grouping, such as the Bardi Jawi Niimidiman Aboriginal Corporation Registered Native Title Body (RNTBC) and the Bardi Jawi Rangers.

Language

The Bardi language is a non-Pama-Nyungan tongue, the most northerly variety of the Nyulnyulan language family. It is mutually intelligible with Jawi.Шаблон:Sfn It is the best known Nyulnyulan language, and a detailed grammar of the language exists, written by Claire Bowern.Шаблон:Sfn

The Pallotine priest and linguist, Father Hermann Nekes, who worked with Ernst Alfred Worms in compiling dictionaries of Baardi and related languages, found his informants to be extremely linguistically astute. In an interview in 1938, a journalist writes of him and the Baardi/Jawi area informants as follows

In a little stone house at Beagle Bay, with a creek running beside it and the sea only five miles away, he has been living and working with nine aborigines, studying their tongues. Every day he and the aborigines sat in a circle round the one big table in the house. Dr. Nekes asked them questions, and from their replies was able to compare their answers on the spot. The strangest feature of these linguistic knights of the round table was that no two of them spoke the same tongue. As the days became weeks and the weeks months, Dr. Nekes became the central figure in one of the oddest language experiments in scientific history. The aborigines began to understand every word that every other aborigine said. At first some of them had used what Dr. Nekes calls a kind of 'pidgin-black.' Now they were all coming to terms. At this stage, some of the brightest of them gave Dr. Nekes a shock. They began to use grammatical terms and hold almost scientific discussions on syntax. Some further months at the round table, and they were dealing with phonetic symbols, explaining fine points of pronunciation, elucidating the differences between dialects that were generally similar, and even giving Dr. Nekes a hand with his job of finding the best written representation of the different tonguesШаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn

Some words and expressions

Country

The Bardi's traditional land, estimated by Norman Tindale to encompass about Шаблон:Convert, was in the Cape Leveque peninsula, extending eastwards from Cape Borda to Cygnet Bay and Cunningham Point.Шаблон:Sfn There are problems with this estimate, in particular with the southern borders assigned to the Bardi.Шаблон:Sfn The Kooljaman resort at Cape Leveque is run by Bardi people.Шаблон:Sfn

Seasons

The Bardi divide their year up into six seasons (lalin) whose time length varies:

  1. mankal is the monsoonal wet period,Шаблон:Efn usually a few weeks in January or early February, when food is scarce but turtle eggs can be gathered.
  2. ngaladany follows, a windless humid period from late February through to early March.
  3. iralboo is the hot season of swelling tides in April and May, with fruit burgeoning, and reefing possible. Mosquitos thrive, and influence where one will camp.
  4. barrgan is marked by cold and strong southeasterlies blowing in, from May to August. The onset marks the best time for hunting odoor (dugong).
  5. jalalay from September to October is characterized by westerlies, the end of dugong hunts and the best time to catch the fattened barnamb(oo) or stingray
  6. lalin the season when turtles (goorlil) mate, and can be hunted, begins with November, which also affords an abundance of wild bush apple. It is hot, as humidity rises, and northwesterlies blow in, with tropical storms (janjal) towards the end.Шаблон:Sfn

Religion and spirituality

The heartland of Baardi (and Jawi) religious thought and practice lies in an area some 3 miles southwest of Cape Leveque, called Ngamagun (at the water)/Urgu (water).Шаблон:Sfn It is there that many of the key moments of the primordial creation of their world, in what they call būar or the dreaming, are grounded.Шаблон:Sfn

The oldest supernatural beings in the Dampier peninsula thought-world were, firstly, Galalaṇ, followed by Minau.Шаблон:Sfn At some time, a young culture hero, Djamar emerged from the sea at BulginШаблон:Efn and, after resting against a paperbark tree for three days, struck out, whirling his bullroarer, for the south, then dived back into the sea after turning west, only to emerge at Ngamagun creek. Going into the bush he cut down a bilāl (silver-blood tree), and split boards from it, which he fashioned into bullroarers that, as he went back at his campsite on the shore, he shoved into the stone-beds of the creek, forming a line of Шаблон:Lang. He then walked on to Djarindjin where, while seated on a rock, his hand was stung by a rock-fish he had caught underneath it. He found the blood tasty as he licked the wound, and stopped it with a wooden plug (banan).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn Returning to Ngamagun, he let the blood from his arm drip into a trough of stone. This blood became his food (warb), which he shared with his three unmothered sons: Nalja, Winindjibi and Glabi,Шаблон:Sfn and the ritual drink of Baardi men to this day.Шаблон:Sfn The three sons took different directions, with Nalja travelling east with the tjuringa, Winindjibi went south introducing initiation rituals and dancing, while Glabi introduced the Law.Шаблон:Sfn

He speared another fish at high tide and sang his way back to Ngamagun, collecting his Шаблон:Lang and, on climbing the Burumar sandhill, swung it round while kneeling. The hair-string broke as he did so, and the bullroarer shot skyward, to rest at a celestial zone called 'With the Fleshless' (Шаблон:Lang), i.e., at the realm of the dead, in the Coalsack Nebula,Шаблон:Sfn a dark spot near the Southern Cross.Шаблон:Sfn After his death, Djamar himself went to the Coalsack Nebula, and his presence may be represented by BZ Crucis.Шаблон:Sfn

Galalaṇ (perhaps "belonging to the long-ago"),Шаблон:Sfn was the primordial figure who endowed the landscape with names from the Bardi language as he traipsed all over what became their territory.Шаблон:Sfn He was an upright being, easily incensed by signs of greed in the allotment of food. He died when, angered by such behavior, he channeled inland lake waters to the sea to allow fish and turtles to escape into the ocean and was speared by the outraged people at Gumiri, a waterhole located at Swan Point on the northernmost sector of the Dampier peninsula, and then thrown into the sea where he floated, and is known by the name of Lulul/Lular (sharkman).Шаблон:Sfn He ascended to the realm of the dead (Baugaranjara) where it covers and arc of 33°. The exact celestial coordinates are as follows:

His figure can still be seen in the darker parts of the Milky Way, on both sides of a line drawn from Alpha Centauri to Alpha Scorpionis, Antares. His right foot rests near 113 G of Lupus, and his left foot near Lambda and Upsilon Scorpionis. He bears on his head the feather of white cockatoo, identified with the bright star, Alpha Centauri, and that of an owl represented by the darker Beta Centauri. The whole figure extends over an arc of 33°.'Шаблон:Sfn

Minau (perhaps "old timer"), the second creator figure, is associated with innovations that are viewed as negative compared the customs laid down by the predecessor Galalaṇ. He was polygamous, invented obscene dances, and introduced painful practices like circumcision and subincision into initiatory rituals (ololoṇ). The changes he wrought were associated with the transformation of Baardi parkland estates into mulga scrub, perhaps with the advent of colonial cattle grazers.Шаблон:Sfn

A fourth figure that came into prominence in Baardi lore is Djamba. Worms found the cult dominant among the nearby Yawuru by the early 1930s, yet all absent among the Nyulnyulan speaking groups such as the Jabirr Jabirr, Nyulnyul and the Baardi, and hazarded the conjecture, with some evidence, that it came from the central Australian group, the Arrernte, via the Gugadja.Шаблон:Sfn

This Djamba, a prototypical figure in widespread Aboriginal lore characterized by crippled feet,Шаблон:Sfn is associated with the introduction of Шаблон:Lang (ritual intercourse with exchanged womenШаблон:Sfn matters, Шаблон:Lang and instruments like the love bullroarer, Шаблон:Lang; magic daggers and spindle-shaped sticks used as points (wadaṇara/durun), many associated with innovative sexually explicit corroborees and rites.Шаблон:Efn All this bears strong resemblances to key features of the Kunapipi ceremonies swept over northern Australia.Шаблон:Sfn Among the Baardi, there were those who assimilated these innovations to the Djamar cult, and others who, in deference and fealty to the moral example of the primal Dreaming spirit Galalaṇ.Шаблон:Sfn

Bardi people could trace their connection to figures in the Dreaming via the presence of their Шаблон:Lang (child-soul),Шаблон:Efn which is a contemporary witness to the primordial period.Шаблон:Sfn

Social organisation and economy

In the Dreaming, Galalan split people into two reciprocal groups, the Шаблон:Lang and the (Y)nar.Шаблон:Sfn According to Worms, Bardi marriage classes later came to accept the following division: Шаблон:Efn

Male Marries Children are
(M) Banaga (F)
(M) Burun (F)
(M) Bardjari (F)
(M) Garimb (F)

According to elderly informants however these divisions were recent, and were introduced from Lagrange by the mytho-cultural protagonist Djamba, perhaps alluding to a shift in customs that took place around the 1870s.Шаблон:Sfn

Claire Bowern states that the Baardi, unlike many Kimberley groups, do not employ to this purpose the section and subsection names almost ubiquitous elsewhere in the region.Шаблон:Sfn Generally the kinship classificatory system among them conforms to the Arrernte type, which is that also used among the Nyigina and Nyulnyul. In such a system there are 4 distinct terms for the grandparents' generation, and cross-cousin marriage, with some exceptions in second-cousin marriages, is prohibited.Шаблон:Sfn

Bowern states that the primary division, alluded to by Worms – djando and the (Y)nar, – now transcribed as Шаблон:Lang and inar(a) – refer to two generational moieties. If one is jarndoo, all members of one's harmonic generation (brothers/sisters/cousins/second cousins, together with those of one's grandparents' and grandchildren's generation) are also within that typology. Likewise, inar(a) groups those people within one's parents' or children's generation. Marriage is only lawful between those who are Шаблон:Lang to each other.Шаблон:Sfn

Only medicine men had a totem animal (Шаблон:Lang), whose presence was thought to carry the implication that one would die earlier that most other Bardi people.Шаблон:Sfn The ideal was to take only one wife ideally, with polygamy (as allowed by the Шаблон:Lang custom) frowned on.Шаблон:Sfn

The Bardi were a maritime, coastal people, composed of five groups. They crafted pegged mangrove logs from a light buoyant variety which they got in trade from the Jawi people of Sunday Island to form raftsШаблон:Sfn to venture out to the sea to hunt, and to visit the outlying islands.Шаблон:Sfn

As with the Jawi, the Bardi defined land rights in terms of four kinds of relationship:Шаблон:Sfn

  1. Ownership of a patrilineal estate (Шаблон:Lang) by virtue of patrilineal descent
  2. A right of access to the patrilineal estate of one's mother (Шаблон:Lang)
  3. Rights stemming from the site associated with one's conception totem (Шаблон:Lang)
  4. Rights that derive from customary usage and intermarriage

Ceremonies

Шаблон:AnchorIlma

The term "Шаблон:Lang" refers both to a type of Bardi ceremonies, or performance, and to the objects used to teach stories, songs and customary law in these ceremonies.Шаблон:Sfn The objects have been described as "performance symbols of Bardi law and custom, which tell stories of the lands and seas of the Dampier Peninsula". Шаблон:Lang ceremonies are for public performance.Шаблон:Sfn

The Australian National Maritime Museum has over 1,000 Шаблон:Lang, although these were still unavailable for public viewing in 2018.Шаблон:Sfn

Initiation

Initiations must be conducted in the wet season, and are announced by a messenger who announces to each group there is a Шаблон:Lang (ceremony to make man).Шаблон:Sfn

The ceremony's first ritual phase is called Шаблон:Lang, in which, over several evenings the Шаблон:Lang novice or initiand has his body smeared with charcoal and turtle oil by his tribal sister's husband (Шаблон:Lang), who acts as his guardian and supporter. Songs taught to the tribe by Minau are sung, to the rhythm of boomerang beating, as various dances are performed, and women joke and sometimes dress up, even as men. They are ignored by the male choir. Some male affines (relatives by marriage) visit the circumcision site and draw blood from their subincised penises, which must trickle down their thighs to the ground.Шаблон:Sfn The latter is repeated on several occasions thereafter; the reason given is that the men must hurt themselves because shortly they must hurt the boy.Шаблон:Sfn

The second stage consists of tooth avulsion, in which the corroboree ground is marked out by three parallel lines, Шаблон:Convert apart, and a rug placed before the third, behind which is the Шаблон:Lang (medicine man) and the boy's tribal mother's brother. The hunched novice, each time a waddy (club) is thumped, must hop from one line to the next, and then sit, his arms bent from the elbow so the hands reach his shoulders, a position his guardian clasps him in. The Шаблон:Lang would use native possum twice to bind the teeth and separate them from the gums. The two front teeth, against which a stick was placed, were then knocked out by hammering the other end of the stick with a stone. The mother and other women present weep, and run away. He is then painted all over with red ochre, with white strips on his chest and stomach, black ones on his back. He is now known as a Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

History of contact

Norman Tindale thought that the Bardi were probably those described by William Dampier.Шаблон:Sfn Dampier arrived in the privateer Cygnet off this coast on 5 January 1688, and remained there doing repairs until 12 March. This has been identified as, in all probability, Karakatta Bay in King Sound, now Ardyaloon (also known as One Arm Point). The ancestors of the Bardi were thus probably the first native Australian people described by Western explorers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Toby Metcalfe, a linguist who has studied the Bardi language, suggested that Dampier's report of his encounter with the natives of the bay contained a word which was still recognisable from the Bardi lexicon.

At our first coming, before we were acquainted with them or they with us, a company of them who lived on the main came just against our ship, and, standing on a pretty high bank, threatened us with their swords and lances by shaking them at us: at last the captain ordered the drum to be beaten, which was done of a sudden with much vigour, purposely to scare the poor creatures. They hearing the noise ran away as fast as they could drive; and when they ran away in haste they would cry Gurry, gurry, speaking deep in the throat.Шаблон:Sfn

Metcalfe argued that, indisputably, the word repeated here, as transcribed as gurri was in fact Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn the "most feared and fickle" of the Bardi malevolent spirit-beings.Шаблон:Sfn Thus, by an historical irony, it emerged that Dampier, who wrote down notoriously in his journal that the inhabitants of Bardi territory were "the miserablest people in the world", was considered in turn by the Bardi as the "miserablest" and "nastiest" of evil spirits.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Several missions were set up on the Dampier Peninsula in the late 19th century. The Sunday Island mission was established in 1899 by two pearlers, Sidney Hadley and Harry Hunter, whose fleet of luggers worked out of Bulgin, east of Cape Leveque and just north of its lighthouse.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This was later affiliated with the UAM, one of whose missionaries, Wilfrid Henry Douglas, settled there in 1946, learning the Bardi language and attempting to translate some passages in the New Testament into the local tongue.Шаблон:Sfn

After the mission was dismantled in 1962 the Bardi were shifted to Derby and Lombadina. When part of a pastoral lease of Lombardina was split off, the Bardi shifted back to take up residence at One Arm Point, where by the early 2000s, some 400 people dwell.Шаблон:Sfn

Native title and current Bardi Jawi land

After a landmark 2002 High Court decision confirmed the primacy of the Native Title Act 1993,Шаблон:Sfn the Bardi and Jawi people managed to obtain recognition of their native title claim in 2005, when a Federal Court under Justice French ruled that they were entitled to exclusive rights over some areas of the roughly Шаблон:Convert to which they had laid claim.Шаблон:Sfn They also sought to claim a small section of Brue Reef, 31 miles north of Cape Leveque.Шаблон:Sfn Justice French ruled in June 2015 affirmed part of their claim, while adding they had non-exclusive native title rights over areas below the mean high water mark. The Brue Reef claim was dismissed.Шаблон:Sfn

Many of the Bardi and Jawi peoples now live at One Arm Point (Ardyaloon),Шаблон:Sfn Djarindjin and Lombadina.

The Bardi Jawi Niimidiman Aboriginal Corporation Registered Native Title Body (RNTBC) administers land, and in consultation with several other bodies and individuals, including the Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, produced the Bardi Jawi Indigenous Protected Area Management Plan 2013–2023.Шаблон:Sfn

Bardi Jawi Marine Park

Шаблон:As of, there is a proposal for a Шаблон:Convert marine park, which will cover the Indian Ocean surrounding the Dampier Peninsula, including the many islands of the Buccaneer Archipelago. There will be three marine parks: the Lalang-gaddam Marine Park covers Camden Sound, Horizontal Falls and two other parks in Dambeemangarddee waters to the north; the Mayala Marine Park will cover the Buccaneer islands, the land and waters of the Mayala group; the Bardi Jawi Marine Park is the most southerly of the three. Each will be jointly managed by the local traditional owner groups.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Notable people

  • Stephen "Baamba" Albert (born 1950 in Broome, died in Perth 13 November 2019) was a Bardi actor and singer who was also the first chairman of the National Aboriginal Education Committee and was the director of Goolarri Media.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Jimmy Chi (born 1948 in Broome, died in Broome 26 July 2017) was a playwright of Bardi descent on his mother's side (Scottish-Bardi). His father was of mixed Chinese and Japanese descent.Шаблон:Sfn
  • Roy Wiggan (born 1930 on Sunday Island, died 2015 in Broome) was a Bardi elder and custodian of the traditional stories and songs. He was a maker of ilma, and his work has been exhibited at the Art Gallery of New South Wales.Шаблон:Sfn

Alternative names

There are several alternative spellings in the literature on Bardi:Шаблон:Sfn

  • Ba:d
  • Baada, Barda, Bardi, Bad
  • Baardi
  • Bad
  • Bard

The preferred spelling is Bardi or Baardi (which represents the long vowel of the name more accurately).

Indigenous rangers

The Bardi Jawi Rangers, an Indigenous ranger group established in 2006, are based at Ardyaloon. The ranger programme helps to sustain traditional owners' livelihoods and their connection to country. They cover Шаблон:Convert of coastline and Шаблон:Convert of land, performing valuable cultural and natural resource management activities such as managing the dugong turtle population, recording their traditional ecological knowledge and undertaking collaborative research. The group has eight full-time rangers, and in 2008 won the Banksia Environment Award.Шаблон:Sfn

A bird identified as a Nicobar pigeon, native to South East Asia and the South Pacific, was spotted by the Rangers on the Dampier Peninsula in May 2017. As part of biosecurity measures, it was reported to quarantine services was removed by Australian Department of Agriculture officials.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

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Шаблон:Refend

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