Английская Википедия:Bardo Thodol

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title

Файл:BardoThodolChenmo.jpg
Manuscript of the Bardo Thodol.

Шаблон:Tibetan-Chinese-box Шаблон:Contains special characters Шаблон:Tibetan Buddhism The Bardo Thodol (Шаблон:Bo, 'Liberation through hearing during the intermediate state'), commonly known in the West as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, is a terma text from a larger corpus of teachings, the Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful Ones,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Refn revealed by Karma Lingpa (1326–1386). It is the best-known work of Nyingma literature.Шаблон:Sfn In 1927 the text was one of the first examples of both Tibetan and Vajrayana literature to be translated into a European language and arguably continues to this day to be the best known.Шаблон:Sfn[1]

The Tibetan text describes, and is intended to guide one through, the experiences that the consciousness has after death, in the bardo, the interval between death and the next rebirth. The text also includes chapters on the signs of death and rituals to undertake when death is closing in or has taken place. The text can be used as either an advanced practice for trained meditators or to support the uninitiated during the death experience.

Etymology

Bar do thos grol (Шаблон:Bo) translates as: “Liberation (grol) through Hearing (thos) in the Intermediate State (bardo)”

  • The Tibetan bar and its Sanskrit equivalent antarā mean ‘between.’ The Sanskrit bhava means a place of existence. Thus antarābhava means ‘an existence between,’ translated into Tibetan as bardo.
  • thos grol: thos means hearing.[2] Grol means ‘liberation,’ which may be understood in this context as being synonymous with the Sanskrit bodhi, "awakening", "understanding", "enlightenment", as well as with the term nirvāṇa, "blowing out", "extinction", "the extinction of illusion".Шаблон:Sfn Grol has connotations of freeing, liberating, unravelling, becoming undone.Шаблон:Sfn

Original text

Origins and dating

Файл:Zhi-Khro Bardo Thodol.jpg
Centuries old Zhi-Khro mandala, a part of the Bardo Thodol's collection, a text known in the West as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, which comprises part of a group of bardo teachings held in the Nyingma (Tibetan tradition) originated with guru Padmasambhava in the 8th century.

According to Tibetan tradition, the Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State was composed in the 8th century by Padmasambhava, written down by his primary student, Yeshe Tsogyal, buried in the Gampo hills in central Tibet and subsequently discovered by a Tibetan terton, Karma Lingpa, in the 14th century.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

bar do thos grol

The Tibetan title is bar do thos grol,Шаблон:Sfn Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State.Шаблон:Sfn It consists of two comparatively long texts:Шаблон:Sfn

  • "Great Liberation through Hearing: The Supplication of the Bardo of Dharmata" (chos nyid bar do'i gsol 'debs thos grol chen mo), the bardo of dharmata (including the bardo of dying);
  • "Great Liberation through Hearing: The Supplication Pointing Out the Bardo of Existence" (strid pa'i bar do ngo sprod gsol 'debs thos grol chen mo), the bardo of existence.

Within the texts themselves, the two combined are referred to as Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo, Great Liberation through Hearing, or just Liberation through Hearing.Шаблон:Refn

kar-gling zhi-khro

Шаблон:Main It is part of a larger terma cycle, Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation through the Intention of the Peaceful and Wrathful OnesШаблон:Sfn (zab-chos zhi khro dgongs pa rang grol, also known as kar-gling zhi-khro),Шаблон:Sfn popularly known as "Karma Lingpa's Peaceful and Wrathful Ones."Шаблон:Sfn

The Profound Dharma of Self-Liberation is known in several versions, containing varying numbers of sections and subsections, and arranged in different orders, ranging from around ten to thirty-eight titles.Шаблон:Sfn The individual texts cover a wide range of subjects, including meditation instructions, visualizations of deities, liturgies and prayers, lists of mantras, descriptions of the signs of death, indications of future rebirth, and texts such as the bar do thos grol that are concerned with the bardo-state.Шаблон:Sfn

Three bardos

Шаблон:Main The Bardo Thodol differentiates the intermediate state between lives into three bardos:

  1. The chikhai bardo or "bardo of the moment of death", which features the experience of the "clear light of reality", or at least the nearest approximation of which one is spiritually capable;
  2. The chonyid bardo or "bardo of the experiencing of reality", which features the experience of visions of various Buddha forms, or the nearest approximations of which one is capable;
  3. The sidpa bardo or "bardo of rebirth", which features karmically impelled hallucinations which eventually result in rebirth, typically yab-yum imagery of men and women passionately entwined.

The Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State also mentions three other bardos:Шаблон:Refn

  1. "Life", or ordinary waking consciousness;
  2. "Dhyana" (meditation);
  3. "Dream", the dream state during normal sleep.

Together these "six bardos" form a classification of states of consciousness into six broad types. Any state of consciousness can form a type of "intermediate state", intermediate between other states of consciousness. Indeed, one can consider any momentary state of consciousness a bardo, since it lies between our past and future existences; it provides us with the opportunity to experience reality, which is always present but obscured by the projections and confusions that are due to our previous unskillful actions.

English translations

Evans-Wentz's The Tibetan Book of the Dead

Файл:Bardo. Vision des divinités sereines.jpg
Tibetan Thanka of Bardo. Vision of Serene Deities, 19th century, Guimet Museum

The bar do thos grol has become known in the English speaking world as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, a title popularized by Walter Evans-Wentz's edition, after the Egyptian Book of the Dead, though the English title bears no relationship with the Tibetan's, as outlined above.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Evans-Wentz edition was first published in 1927 by Oxford University Press.

According to John Myrdhin Reynolds, Evans-Wentz's edition of the Tibetan Book of the Dead introduced a number of misunderstandings about Dzogchen.Шаблон:Sfn In fact, Evans-Wentz collected seven texts about visualization of the after-death experiences and he introduced this work collection as "The Tibetan Book of Death." Evans-Wentz was well acquainted with Theosophy and used this framework to interpret the translation of The Tibetan Book of the Dead, which was largely provided by two Tibetan lamas who spoke English, Lama Sumdhon Paul and Lama Lobzang Mingnur Dorje.Шаблон:Sfn Evans-Wentz was not familiar with Tibetan Buddhism,Шаблон:Sfn and his view of Tibetan Buddhism was "fundamentally neither Tibetan nor Buddhist, but Theosophical and Vedantist."Шаблон:Sfn He introduced a terminology into the translation which was largely derived from Hinduism, as well as from his Theosophical beliefs.Шаблон:Sfn

The third revised and expanded Evans-Wentz edition of The Tibetan Book of the Dead contains a psychological commentary by Carl Jung in an English translation by R. F. C. Hull. Шаблон:Sfn The same analysis appears in Jung’s Collected Works.Шаблон:Sfn Jung applied his extensive knowledge of eastern religions to craft a commentary aimed at western audiences unfamiliar with Tibetan Buddhism which highlights the karmic phenomena described in the Bardo and shows how they parallel unconscious contents (both personal and collective) in the context of analytical psychology.Шаблон:Sfn

Other translations and summaries

Popular influence

The Psychedelic Experience

Шаблон:See also

The Psychedelic Experience, published in 1964, is a guide for LSD trips, written by Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (later known as Ram Dass), loosely based on Evan-Wentz's translation of the Tibetan Book of the Dead.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Aldous Huxley introduced the Tibetan Book of the Dead to Timothy Leary.Шаблон:Sfn According to Leary, Metzner and Alpert, the Tibetan Book of the Dead is Шаблон:Quote

They construed the effect of LSD as a "stripping away" of ego-defenses, finding parallels between the stages of death and rebirth in the Tibetan Book of the Dead, and the stages of psychological "death" and "rebirth" which Leary had identified during his research.Шаблон:Sfn According to Leary, Metzner and Alpert it is: Шаблон:Quote

Musical, cinematic, and literary works

  • French composer Pierre Henry based his pioneering 1963 electroacoustic ballet work Le Voyage on the narrative of the text. A recording of the work was released by Philips in 1967.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In 1974 Finnish composer Erik Bergman composed a work titled Bardo Thödol for a speaker, mezzo-soprano, baritone, mixed choir and orchestra; the text was based on a German translation of the Book of the Dead.Шаблон:Sfn
  • 1985 2-part documentary filmed in Ladakh and the States, first part entitled "The Tibetan Book of the Dead: A Way of Life"; the second part "The Tibetan Book of the Dead: The Great Liberation" was a co-production between NHK (Japan), Mistral (France) and FBC (Canada). Narration in the English version is by Leonard Cohen.[3]
  • Between 1983 and 1993 French composer Éliane Radigue created her three-hour work of electronic music, Trilogie de la Mort. Her Tibetan Buddhist meditation practise, including engagement with the Bardo Thodol after the deaths of her son and her meditation teacher, are central to this piece, in particular the first section entitled "Kyema (Intermediate States)".Шаблон:Sfn
  • Screenwriter and film producer Bruce Joel Rubin, who once lived in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery, considers his 1990 film Jacob's Ladder a modern interpretation of the Bardo Thodol.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
  • Space rock band Bardo Pond, formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1991, take their name in part from the Bardo Thodol.[4]
  • In 1991 The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying by Sogyal Rinpoche was published as an updated version of the Bardo Thodol.Шаблон:Sfn
  • In 1999, avant-garde composer and performer Laurie Anderson, Tibetan musicien Tenzin Choegyal and activist and composer Jesse Paris Smith recorded Songs from the Bardo: Illuminations on the Tibetan Book.Шаблон:Cn
  • Enter the Void, a 2009 French film written and directed by Gaspar Noé, is loosely based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Шаблон:Lacking ISBN Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Buddhism topics Шаблон:Death and mortality in art

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ The Tibetan Book of the Dead: A Way of Life
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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