Английская Википедия:Barin uprising
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use shortened footnotes Шаблон:Infobox military conflict
The Barin uprising (see also § Names) was an armed conflict between Uyghur militants and Chinese government forces from 4 to 10 April 1990 in the township of Barin (or Baren) in Xinjiang, China. Violence began on the evening of 4 April, when a group of 200 to 300 Uyghur men attempted to breach the gates of the local government office in a protest against forced abortions of Uyghur women and Chinese rule in Xinjiang. The arrival of 130 armed police to quell the unrest was immediately met with armed resistance by militants among the crowd. Initial clashes that evening left six policemen dead and 13 wounded. The militants also captured five policemen, while the armed police captured 19 militants.
The armed police called for reinforcements from the People's Liberation Army (PLA) the next day, following two failed attempts at negotiations and a prisoner exchange. The uprising ended shortly after the arrival of Chinese reinforcements, with most militants surrendering but some fleeing to the Kunlun Mountains. The escaped militants were all eventually captured by the PLA from 6 to 10 April. Analysts and scholars generally consider the Barin uprising to be a watershed moment in Xinjiang's history which caused the Chinese government to tighten its policies in the region.
Names
Supporters of the East Turkistan independence movement generally prefer the name "Barin uprising" (Шаблон:Lang-ug), while supporters of the Chinese government prefer the name "Barin Township riot" (Шаблон:Lang-zh).Шаблон:Sfn The Chinese government's official name for the conflict is the "Counter-revolutionary armed riot in Barin Township, Akto County" (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn The East Turkistan Government-in-Exile describes the events as the "Barin revolution" (Шаблон:Lang) or "Barin massacre" (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn A seldom used neutral name for the conflict in Chinese is the "Barin Township incident" (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn
Prelude
Because of the Chinese state's restrictions on the flow of information out of Xinjiang, detailed accounts of the Barin uprising have relied heavily or entirely on sources published by the Chinese government.Шаблон:Sfn A Chinese government editorial published in 2004 claims that the East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP),Шаблон:Efn a clandestine organisation founded in Barin in 1989, held four major planning meetings in the months prior to the uprising, one of which was devoted to the procurement of supplies, including weapons and uniforms.[1] At the fourth meeting held on 25 March 1990, Zeydun Yusup was designated as the group's commander-in-chief, Abduhani Tursun as the deputy commander-in-chief, and Jamal Mehmut as the military commander.Шаблон:Sfn The ETIP allegedly ran a training camp for militants toward the end of March 1990, and raised funds for weapons and vehicles by robbing local Bingtuan.[1]
The editorial, as well as an internal report written by the Chinese government immediately after the uprising, identified Zeydun Yusup as the ETIP's leader.[1]Шаблон:Sfn The Chinese government claims that Yusup and the ETIP wanted to seize Barin to set up a militant stronghold from which they could establish a third East Turkistan Republic.[1]
Timeline
The following timeline is based on an internal report by the Chinese government written immediately after the uprising and subsequently leaked to the foreign press.Шаблон:Sfn
4 April
On the evening of 4 April 1990, Yusup led a group of 200 to 300 Uyghur men to the local government office in Barin, initially to protest against the forced abortions of local Uyghur women.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The group then began to shout anti-communist and pro-independence slogans,Шаблон:Sfn such as "Down with socialism", "Marxism suppressed Islam, now it is our turn to suppress Marxism", and "Take Barin, establish Eastern Turkistan".Шаблон:Sfn At 6:30 pm (Xinjiang Time) armed militants among the group began attacking the gates of the office in an attempt to breach them. A detachment of 130 armed police was deployed to quell the unrest; it was immediately ambushed by the militants upon arriving in the vicinity of Barin.Шаблон:Sfn The militants killed six policemen, wounded 13, and captured five; a number of rifles and rounds of ammunition were also taken.Шаблон:Sfn The armed police meanwhile captured 19 militants.Шаблон:Sfn
5 April
At midnight on 5 April 1990, the militants proposed a prisoner exchange, but the armed police only agreed to open a dialogue with Yusup.Шаблон:Sfn Negotiations ultimately failed and, at approximately 4:10 am, the militants began throwing grenades and firing at the armed police.Шаблон:Sfn The armed police returned fire, killing Yusup at 4:44 am.Шаблон:Sfn
Chinese reinforcements began arriving after 5 am.Шаблон:Sfn Over a hundred armed police from No. 6 Squadron of Kashgar Prefecture, as well as 40 from the Akto Border Defence Brigade, arrived within the hour.Шаблон:Sfn At 5:23 am, the militants again proposed dialogue and a prisoner exchange. However, the captured militants feared they would be killed in subsequent clashes with the armed police following their release, and refused the exchange.Шаблон:Sfn Consequently, the armed police instead requested reinforcements from the People's Liberation Army (PLA), who arrived at 8:15 am with two militia companies (of the No. 41 Regiment of the No. 3 Agricultural Division, and of the Kashgar Cotton Mill).Шаблон:Sfn
The uprising was completely suppressed by 9:50 am.Шаблон:Sfn Six militants had been killed and several dozen had fled to the Kunlun Mountains. The remaining militants surrendered peacefully.Шаблон:Sfn
The PLA dispatched a 23-man cavalry team to capture the escaped militants. It was led by a local Uyghur squadron leader named Mehmut Eli.Шаблон:Sfn
6–10 April
By the early morning of 6 April, the PLA had captured 23 of the escaped militants.Шаблон:Sfn
PLA soldiers found and besieged the hideout of 16 escaped militants on 8 April, at 11 am. The two groups exchanged fire, resulting in the deaths of six militants and the capture of three.Шаблон:Sfn
On 9 April, a local guide and interpreter for the PLA was killed by escaped militants. Two PLA soldiers were wounded and three militants were killed in the subsequent shootout.Шаблон:Sfn
The conflict ended on 10 April, at 3:30 am, with the capture of the remaining militants.Шаблон:Sfn The PLA claimed that it had arrested a total of 232 militants in connection with the uprising.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Official figures put the total number of dead at 23 and wounded at 21.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Of the dead, seven were policemen or soldiers, while 16 were militants.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Among the Chinese side's dead were Xu Xinjian, deputy instructor of the Akto Border Defence Brigade; and Tian Chongfeng, deputy squadron leader of No. 6 Squadron of Kashgar Prefecture's armed police detachment.Шаблон:Sfn No. 6 Squadron's captain Eli Yasin and squadron leader Wu Yong were wounded in the same ambush that left Tian dead.Шаблон:Sfn
The uprising shocked regional Chinese Communist Party officials in Xinjiang, who were surprised at the organisation, scale, and openly political nature of the initial protest.Шаблон:Sfn Analysts and scholars generally agree that the Barin uprising was the impetus for tightening policies in Xinjiang.Шаблон:Sfn In an unprecedented move, Chinese authorities arrested 7,900 people, labelled "ethnic splittists" and "counter-revolutionaries", from April to July 1990.Шаблон:Sfn
Legacy
The East Turkistan Government-in-Exile celebrates 5 April annually as the anniversary of the "Barin revolution".Шаблон:Sfn
On 5 April 2021, the 31st anniversary of the Barin uprsing, Turkish politicians Meral Akşener (leader of the Good Party) and Mansur Yavaş (mayor of Ankara) released statements commemorating the Uyghurs killed in the conflict.Шаблон:Sfn Akşener said, "[Turkey] will not remain silent on [the Uyghurs'] persecution and martyrdom," while Yavaş said, "[Turkey] still feels the pain of the massacre."Шаблон:Sfn The Chinese embassy in Ankara responded with a statement which read in part: "The Chinese side determinedly opposes any person of power that in any way challenges China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and strongly condemns this. The Chinese side reserves its legitimate right to respond."Шаблон:Sfn Turkey's Ministry of Foreign Affairs subsequently summoned Liu Shaobin, the Chinese ambassador to Turkey.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Books
Journal articles
News and magazine articles
- Шаблон:Cite magazine
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
- Шаблон:Cite news
Reports
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Harvnb, citing Шаблон:Harvnb.
