Английская Википедия:Barwari
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Barwari (Шаблон:Lang-syr,[1] Шаблон:Lang-ku)Шаблон:Sfnp is a region in the Hakkari mountains in northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. The region is inhabited by Assyrians and Kurds, and was formerly also home to a number of Jews prior to their emigration to Israel in 1951.Шаблон:Sfnp It is divided between northern Barwari in Turkey, and southern Barwari in Iraq. The Assyrian people who inhabit this speak dialects of Suret, a modern form of the Aramaic language.
Etymology
The name of the region is derived from "berwar" ("slope [of a hill]" in Kurdish).Шаблон:Sfnp
History
The British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard visited Barwari Bala in 1846 and noted that some villages in the region were inhabited by both Assyrians and Kurds.Шаблон:Sfnp Assyrians of Barwari Bala were rayah (subjects) of the Kurdish emirate of lower Barwari,Шаблон:Sfnp whilst Assyrians in Barwari Shwa'uta were partly semi-independent and partly rayah.Шаблон:Sfnp In the 1840s, a series of massacres of Assyrians in Barwari Bala were perpetrated by Kurdish tribes under the leadership of Bedir Khan Beg, Mir of Bohtan, resulting in the death or expulsion of half of the population.Шаблон:Sfnp The region was estimated by American Presbyterian missionaries to contain 32 Assyrian villages, with 420 Nestorian families, in 1870.Шаблон:Sfnp
Amidst the Assyrian genocide in the First World War, in 1915, most Assyrian villages in Barwari Bala were destroyed and their inhabitants slaughtered by Turkish reservists and Kurdish tribesmen led by Rashid Bey, Mir of lower Barwari, whilst the survivors took refuge in the vicinity of Urmia and Salamas in Iran.Шаблон:Sfnp Assyrian villages in northern Barwari were similarly pillaged and their inhabitants massacred.Шаблон:Sfnp Until the genocide in 1915, northern Barwari was inhabited by approximately 9000 Assyrians, whilst there were c. 5000 Assyrians in southern Barwari.Шаблон:Sfnp Survivors were transferred under British protection from Iran to the refugee camp at Baqubah in Iraq in 1918, where they remained until most families attempted to return to their villages in 1920.Шаблон:Sfnp
As a consequence of the partition of the Ottoman Empire, most of Hakkari was allocated to Turkey, which prevented Assyrians from returning,Шаблон:Sfnp whilst Assyrians in southern Barwari in Iraq were permitted to return to their original villages.Шаблон:Sfnp The Assyrians of southern Barwari suffered major upheaval with the eruption of the First Iraqi–Kurdish War in 1961, forcing a sizeable number to flee and seek refuge in Iraqi towns until most returned at the war's conclusion in 1970, during which time a few Assyrian villages were seized and settled by Kurds.Шаблон:Sfnp In accordance with the 1975 Algiers Agreement between Iraq and Iran, the Iraqi government carried out border clearings in 1977-1978,Шаблон:Sfnp destroying a number of Assyrian and Kurdish villages, and displacing their population.Шаблон:Sfnp
Villages that had been spared in the late 1970s were destroyed by the Iraqi Army in the Al-Anfal campaign in 1987-1988, and all Assyrians in the region were moved to refugee camps, from which they moved to Iraqi towns or emigrated abroad to Europe, North America, or Australia.Шаблон:Sfnp In total, all 82 villages in the sub-district of Barwari Bala were destroyed in the campaign,Шаблон:Sfnp of which 35 villages were entirely inhabited by Assyrians.Шаблон:Sfnp Assyrians returned to rebuild their villages after the establishment of the Iraqi no-fly zones in 1991, however, the majority have remained in the diaspora.Шаблон:Sfnp
Geography
Iraq
Southern or lower Barwari corresponds to the part of the region now located within northern Iraq, and encompasses Barwari Bala and Barwari Žēr. Barwari Bala ("upper Barwari" in Kurdish) is a sub-district in Amadiya District within the Dohuk Governorate,Шаблон:Sfnp and is located alongside the Iraq–Turkey border.Шаблон:Sfnp The sub-region of Barwari Bala is separated from the Sapna valley to the south by the Matina mountains, and from the historical region of Lower Tyari in Hakkâri Province in Turkey by the Širani mountains to the north.Шаблон:Sfnm Its eastern border is defined by the Great Zab, beyond which lies Nerwa Rekan, and the Khabur serves as the western boundary of Barwari Bala.Шаблон:Sfnp Barwari Žēr ("lower Barwari" in Kurdish) is located further to the south of Barwari Bala.Шаблон:Sfnp
The following villages in Barwari Bala are currently inhabited by Assyrians:[2]Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Div col
- Tarshīsh
- Jdīdā
- Beṯ Kolke[3]
- Tūṯā Shamāyā
- Māyā
- Derishke[4]
- Aïnā d'Nūne
- Hayyat
- Beṯ Shmiyāye
- Dūre
- Helwā
- Malakṯā
- Aqrī[5]
- Beṯ Balōkā
- Hayyis
- Mūsākān
- Merkaje
- Qasrka
- Baz
- Betanure
- Sardasht
- Cham Dostina
- Khwara[6]
- Kani Balavi
- Jelek
- Iden
- Chaqala
The following villages in Barwari Bala were formerly inhabited by Assyrians: Шаблон:Div col
- AlqōshtāШаблон:Sfnp
- AvsarkeШаблон:Sfnp
- BazifШаблон:Sfnp
- BeluzanШаблон:Sfnp
- ButaraШаблон:Sfnp
- DargeliШаблон:Sfnp
- MaghribiyaШаблон:Sfnp
- TirwanishШаблон:Sfnp
Turkey
The districts of Barwari Sevine,Шаблон:Refn Barwari Shwa'uta,Шаблон:Refn Barwari Qudshanes, and Bilidjnaye were located in southeastern Turkey,Шаблон:Sfnp and constituted northern or upper Barwari.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
The following villages in Barwari Sevine were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Div col
The following villages in Barwari Qudshanes were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Div col
- Qūdshānīs
- Beṯ Nānō
- Nerwā
- Tīrqōnīs
- Kīgar
- Sōrīnes
- Tarmel
- Beṯ Ḥājīj
- Peḥḥen
- Chāros
The following villages in Bilidjnaye were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Div col
The following villages in Barwari Shwa'uta were formerly inhabited by Assyrians:Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Div col
References
Notes Шаблон:Reflist Citations Шаблон:Reflist
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite thesis
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- Шаблон:Cite book
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