Английская Википедия:Basel German

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description

Basel German or Шаблон:Lang (Standard German: Шаблон:Lang) is the dialect of the city of Basel, Switzerland. The dialect of Basel forms a Low Alemannic linguistic exclave in the High Alemannic region.

Phonetics and phonology

Consonants

Aspirated plosives

Basel German is characterised by aspirates Шаблон:IPA which are absent or at least less common in other dialects. Compare Basel German Шаблон:Lang (usually spelled Шаблон:Lang), pronounced more or less as Standard German Шаблон:Lang, with Шаблон:Lang with initial Шаблон:IPA, used in all other Swiss German dialects, with the exception of the dialect of Chur. Thus, Basel German did not complete the second Germanic sound shift (High German consonant shift). Nowadays, many speakers pronounce the Шаблон:IPA (or [χ], to be more exact), however. There are nevertheless still words that are never pronounced with Шаблон:IPA, for example Шаблон:Lang (Standard German Шаблон:Lang, 'to know') or Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (Standard German Шаблон:Lang). Typically, words from Standard German or Latin are pronounced with aspirated Шаблон:IPA, too, which is not or only to a lesser extent done in other dialects.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (name of letter), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ('to keep'), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ('park'); Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ('tea' and name of letter), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ('great, swell'); Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang (name of letter; 'had'), Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang ('cupboard'), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang ('to fall, throw').

Affricates

Like other dialects and forms of the standard, Basel German has Шаблон:IPA as well as Шаблон:IPA.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang ('pan'), Шаблон:Lang ('tooth'), Шаблон:Lang ('German'), Шаблон:Lang ('stupid person', traditional word), Шаблон:Lang "jacket" (a traditional word), Шаблон:Lang ('to understand', from English to check).

Pronunciation of Шаблон:IPA phoneme

A French-style pronunciation of Шаблон:IPA as Шаблон:IPA is also used in Basel German, although many younger speakers—especially those with foreign parents—also use a tapped Шаблон:IPA which is more common in other Swiss German dialects. Traditionally, Шаблон:IPA is voiceless Шаблон:IPA, and it may sometimes be described as a lenis Шаблон:IPA. The pronunciation per se seems to derive from French (originally Parisian), and was probably re-interpreted as a lenis Шаблон:IPA according to Basel German phonology. Not surprisingly, French influence was for a long time dominant in Basel, with well-to-do families speaking French even at home. At least in clusters, the distinction between Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is neutralised, as is the distinction between lenis and fortis consonants in clusters.

Lenition of consonants

Basel German also has more lenis sounds in word-initial position—for example, Шаблон:Lang ('day'). This lenition is now often absent due to influence from other dialects, for example, the name of Santa Claus, Шаблон:Lang, is now often pronounced with Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, as is the word Шаблон:Lang (Standard German Шаблон:Lang), which traditionally has a lenis sound, now also Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.

Lenis plosives

Lenis plosives are however all voiceless; whereas fortis plosives are long or geminated. They are (like other lenis or short consonants) always preceded by long vowels, with the possible exception of unstressed vowels. According to Pilch, vowel length is not distinctive; however, vowel length is not always predictable: Шаблон:IPA 'to guess' has both a long vowel and a long/geminated consonant.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('day'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('around'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('there'), Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('listen'), Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA ('gas'). Phonemically speaking, Шаблон:IPA may also be (more traditionally) transcribed Шаблон:IPA, or as unvoiced Шаблон:IPA.

Fortis consonants

Fortis or long consonants in general are more stable than in other dialects—'to swim' is always Шаблон:Lang, whereas it is pronounced with only a short Шаблон:IPA in other dialects. This is probably because in stressed words, short vowels only appear before double or geminated/long consonants. Hence, a word like Шаблон:IPA is not possible in Basel German. As in other dialects, the difference between fortis and lenis is in length. Pilch (180) however interprets Шаблон:IPA as alveolar, not long. Fortis consonants may also be transcribed Шаблон:IPA, since lenis Шаблон:IPA are often transcribed as Шаблон:IPA. However, voicing is always absent.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang ('to swim'), Шаблон:Lang ('to pack'), Шаблон:Lang ('to squeeze'), Шаблон:Lang ('to guess' — note the long Шаблон:IPA followed by fortis Шаблон:IPA)

Vowels

Unrounding of vowels

Unrounding was also typical, but now it has been abandoned by many speakers. Lengthening of vowels is also found, linking it more closely to Standard German than all other Swiss German dialects.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang ('good day'; Шаблон:Lang in other dialects, still more common), Шаблон:Lang ('hell', now rounded form more common), Шаблон:Lang ('biggest, greatest'; now Шаблон:Lang more common).

Lengthening and shortening of vowels

Lengthening always occurs before lenis (short) consonants, for example in words like Шаблон:Lang ('day'), Шаблон:Lang ('listen'), Шаблон:Lang ('we'). Shortening, on the other hand, always occurs before long or fortis consonants, for example in Шаблон:Lang, the name of the dialect: whereas other dialects have long Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:Lang or any other word with Шаблон:Lang ('German') in it, Basel German always has short Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA (as well as Шаблон:IPA), however, are usually not shortened, probably because of the shift from earlier Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA. Another reason may be the fact that those are the only vowels that exist as such only as long vowels, i.e. whereas Шаблон:IPA can be shortened to Шаблон:IPA, it is never possible to shorten Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA because *Шаблон:IPA as such does not exist in Basel German. Some speakers, however, use short open vowels in a number of words, e.g. Шаблон:IPA instead of Шаблон:IPA ('hook'). Those speakers who use this pronunciation lack one minimal pair, since Шаблон:IPA also translates as 'crouch'. However, this shortening of Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA is not general. Note however that Шаблон:IPA exists mainly in words of foreign origin such as Шаблон:IPA.

Velarisation of MHG Шаблон:IPA

Middle High German Шаблон:IPA was velarised and appears as Шаблон:IPA. For example, Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'street'.

Vowels before Шаблон:IPA

Typically (but not exclusively) open vowels occur before Шаблон:IPA; for example, Шаблон:Lang ('ear') has the allophone Шаблон:IPA, not Шаблон:IPA. Both Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA only occur before Шаблон:IPA in native words.

Additionally, vowels before Шаблон:IPA are always long, with the exception of loan words such as Шаблон:IPA 'sorry', Шаблон:IPA 'curry' as well as unstressed vowels.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'ear', Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:IPA 'honour'.

Pronunciation of Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA

The vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA traditionally are front, yet distinct from Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. Nowadays, a back pronunciation Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA is more common. Examples: Шаблон:Lang ('bag'), Шаблон:Lang ('Basel').

Diphthongs

Modern pronunciation has Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA [ɛj], Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA; traditional pronunciation lacks Шаблон:IPA which is partly Шаблон:IPA, partly Шаблон:IPA. In modern pronunciation Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA are Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA, whereas traditional pronunciation has Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA etc. Suter (1992: 11) posits only one diphthong Шаблон:IPA, pronounced Шаблон:IPA. In exclamations and few other words, Шаблон:IPA also exist.

Examples: Шаблон:Lang ('alone'), Шаблон:Lang ('to turn'), Шаблон:Lang ('three'), Шаблон:Lang ('to build'), Шаблон:Lang ('blue'), Шаблон:Lang ('four'), Шаблон:Lang ('shut'), Шаблон:Lang ('new'); Шаблон:Lang ('traditional').

Sociolinguistics

Unlike other Alemannic dialects, Basel German features a rather strong dichotomy between the traditional form—Baseldytsch, used especially for the Carnival of Basel (Basler Fasnacht)—and normal spoken language. Some speakers prefer to use the more traditional variety in written form. The traditional variety is normally associated with the upper classes and with Fasnacht. Like other Swiss German dialects, Basel German has (at least in Basel) more prestige than Standard German, and it is now even used in churches.

Spelling

There is a lot of confusion especially when it comes to the use of the grapheme Шаблон:Grapheme, which is often used for rounded sounds, i.e. Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA, whereas it is exclusively used for Шаблон:IPA traditionally. Typically, lenis stops are spelled Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, fortis stops are spelled Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, sometimes Шаблон:Grapheme (Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang 'someone'); Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, sometimes Шаблон:Grapheme (Шаблон:Lang 'middle'); Шаблон:Grapheme, rarely and mainly in loan-words Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, etc. This use of Шаблон:Grapheme for the fortis, unaspirated consonant is used also in other varieties of Swiss German, but sometimes abandoned in favour of spellings more closely resembling Standard German spellings. Examples: Шаблон:Lang ('to push'), Шаблон:Lang (typical sweet cookie; but also Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang ('bag'; but sometimes also Шаблон:Lang), Шаблон:Lang ('bag', traditional word). The fortis Шаблон:IPA is always spelled like lenis Шаблон:IPA, namely Шаблон:Angbr. The same is true for Шаблон:IPA.

Obviously, especially the typical use of Шаблон:Grapheme and Шаблон:Grapheme leads to confusion, even among native speakers, since the dialect is not taught in schools. Aspirates are normally spelled as in Standard German, namely with Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme, Шаблон:Grapheme. However, words where the aspirates derive from a lenis consonant plus Шаблон:IPA are usually written as lenis plus Шаблон:Angbr, e.g., Шаблон:Lang 'to keep', Шаблон:Lang 'to fall'.

Terminology

Шаблон:Lang reflects traditional pronunciation with Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:Lang reflects modern pronunciation with Шаблон:IPA, whereas Шаблон:Lang is the Standard German form. Baslerdüütsch may be used in other dialects.

Bibliography

  • Muster, Hans Peter and Beatrice Bürkli Flaig. 2001. Baselbieter Wörterbuch. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag.
  • Pilch, Herbert. 1977. "Baseldeutsche Phonologie. Auf Grundlage der Intonation" In: Phonetica 34: 165-190.
  • Suter, Rudolf. 1976. Baseldeutsch-Grammatik. Basel: Merian.
  • Suter, Rudolf. 1992. Baseldeutsch-Wörterbuch. 3rd edition. Basel: Merian.

Шаблон:Authority control