Английская Википедия:Basit
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Arab culture Basīṭ (Шаблон:Lang-ar), or al-basīṭ (البسيط), is a metre used in classical Arabic poetry. The word literally means "extended" or "spread out" in Arabic.[1] Along with the ṭawīl, kāmil, and wāfir, it is one of the four most common metres used in pre-Islamic and classical Arabic poetry.[2]
Form of the metre
The metrical form of the basīṭ is often as follows (where "–" is a long syllable, "u" is a short syllable, and "x" is Шаблон:Lang, i.e., a syllable which can be either long or short):[3][4]
- | x – u – | x u – | – – u – | u u – |
The mnemonic words (tafāʿīl) used by Arab prosodists to describe this metre are: Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang).
The metre is usually used in couplets of eight feet each.
Example
An example is the qasīda by al-Mutanabbi (915-965): “The poet reproaches Sayf al-Dawla” (king of Aleppo), a poem of 38 couplets, from which come the following well-known verses:
- | u – u – | u u – | – – u – | u u – |
- | u – u – | – u – | – – u – | u u – |
- If you see the lion’s fangs on display
- do not imagine for a moment that the lion is smiling.
- And a soul whose owner’s concern was my soul
- I have overtaken on a steed whose back was inviolable;
- His two hind legs in the galloping were one and his two forelegs were one,
- and his action was whatever my hand and my foot desired.
- And I have ridden with a blade between the two armies,
- until I struck while the wave of death was crashing round me.
- The horses and the night and the desert know me
- and the sword and the spear and the paper and the pen.
Variations
Although in the poem of al-Mutanabbi quoted above, the last foot of each half-verse is always | u u – |, other poets use the metre in the following form, where "uu" represents a biceps element, i.e. one where the two short syllables can optionally be replaced by one long one.
- | x – u – | x u – | – – u – | uu – |
An example is the following drinking-song by Abu Nuwas which begins:
- Шаблон:Transliteration
- Шаблон:Transliteration
- | – – u – | – u – | – – u – | – – |
- | u – u – | – u – | – – u – | – – |
- "Censure me not, for censure but tempts me;
- cure me rather with the cause of my ill—"[5]
The metre also exists in a trimeter form of which the half-verse is as follows:
- | x – u – | – u – | x – u – |
There is also a catalectic trimeter form:
- | x – u – | – u – | x – – |
Occasionally the first foot of each half-verse can be | – u u – |.
Very rarely (in less than 1% of lines) the third foot can be | u – u – |.[6]
In a musical context
The term basīṭ is also used in a musical context; in the Andalusi nubah, or classical suites, of Morocco, each nubah, or suite, is divided into five main movements (called mīzān (Шаблон:Lang; plural: mawāzīn, Шаблон:Lang)) each of which uses a different rhythm, as follows:
- Basīṭ (6/4)
- Qāim wa nusf (8/4)
- Btāyhī (8/4)
- Darj (4/4)
- Quddām (3/4 or 6/8)[1]
See also
References
External links
- A recitation in Arabic of al-Mutanabbi's line
- Recitation of the Abu Nuwas poem by Bashar Al-Roumi
- Version of the Abu Nuwas poem sung to a lute
Шаблон:Poetic metersШаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Edward W. Lane (1863) Arabic-English Lexicon Шаблон:Webarchive.
- ↑ Golston, Chris & Riad, Tomas (1997). "The Phonology of classical Arabic meter". Linguistics 35 (1997), 111-132; p. 120.
- ↑ McCarus, Ernest N. (1983). "Identifying the Meters of Arabic Poetry", Al-'Arabiyya vol 16. no. 1/2, pp. 57-83. (Georgetown University Press).
- ↑ Wright, W. (1951). A Grammar of the Arabic Language, vol. II, Cambridge University Press; pp. 350-390.
- ↑ Translation from Kennedy, Philip F. (1997). The wine song in classical Arabic poetry: Abu Nuwas and the literary tradition. Oxford University Press.)
- ↑ Stoetzer, Willem (1982) "Some Observations on Quantity in Arabic Metrics". Journal of Arabic Literature Vol. 13 (1982), pp. 66-75
