Английская Википедия:Basque alphabet
Шаблон:Short description The Basque alphabet is a Latin alphabet used to write the Basque language. It consists of 27 letters.
Шаблон:Contains special characters
List of letters
The letters of the Basque alphabet are the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet plus Шаблон:Anglebracket.
This is the whole list,[1] plus their corresponding phonemes in IPA:[2]
All letters and digraphs represent unique phonemes. The main exception is if Шаблон:Anglebracket are preceded by Шаблон:Anglebracket; most dialects palatalize the sound into Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:IPAslink even if that is not written.
Шаблон:Anglebracket is silent in most regions but is pronounced in much of the Northeast, which is the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. It doesn't even represent syllable breaks in the other dialects, although it can stop the aforementioned palatalization from taking place in some words, for example the Шаблон:Anglebracket in Шаблон:Lang.
Digraphs
There are several digraphs (successive letters used to represent a single sound):
- Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink, Шаблон:Anglebracket Шаблон:IPAslink
History
For most of its history, Basque writers used the conventions of Romance languages like Spanish or French. Thus Pedro Agerre's 1643 book was titled Guero corresponding to modern Шаблон:Lang ("Later") and the 18th-century motto Шаблон:Lang would be Шаблон:Lang ("The three as one"). In the late 19th century the nationalist politician Sabino Arana proposed several changes,[3] including new letters such as Шаблон:Anglebracket and Шаблон:Anglebracket that were not accepted in the standard orthography.
The present-day Standard Basque was developed in the second half of the 20th century, and has been set by rules of Euskaltzaindia (the Basque Language Academy). Regarding the alphabet, the main criticism by Biscayan and Gipuzkoan traditionalists targeted the Шаблон:Anglebracket, as the orthography ruled by Euskaltzaindia used it in several words that those traditionalists wrote without this letter, which is silent both in Biscay and Gipuzkoa — whereas it was pronounced in all Basque dialects some centuries ago and still is pronounced in much of the Northeast. On the other hand, Basque speakers of the Northeast had to learn to write several words with fewer or no Шаблон:Anglebracket letters, because usually a Шаблон:Anglebracket used in their tradition was not taken into the Standard Basque orthography. These changes from the various traditions into the modern Standard Basque were proposed and accepted by the young generations of Basque writers, so the Шаблон:Anglebracket controversy faded as the older generations died.[4][5]
Letter frequencies
In a sample of 135,878,500 characters, the most common letter in Basque is Шаблон:Anglebracket and the least common is Шаблон:Anglebracket.[6] Note that Шаблон:Anglebracket is treated as a variant of Шаблон:Anglebracket and is not considered to be a separate letter of the Basque alphabet.
The letter Шаблон:Anglebracket is used:
1. In the Suletin (Zuberoan) dialect of Basque.
2. In standard Basque, it is used in geographical names from the Suletin dialect, e. g. Garrüze 'Garris, Pyrénées-Atlantiques', and their derivatives, e. g. garrüztar 'inhabitant of Garris'.
| Letter | Frequency |
|---|---|
| a | 14.1% |
| b | 2.57% |
| c | 0.253% |
| d | 2.82% |
| e | 12.5% |
| f | 0.456% |
| g | 1.95% |
| h | 1.13% |
| i | 8.40% |
| j | 0.270% |
| k | 5.13% |
| l | 2.92% |
| m | 1.41% |
| n | 7.80% |
| ñ | 0.0109% |
| o | 4.96% |
| p | 1.22% |
| q | 0.0151% |
| r | 7.45% |
| s | 2.49% |
| t | 7.12% |
| u | 4.36% |
| ü | 0.00251% |
| v | 0.114% |
| w | 0.0390% |
| x | 0.499% |
| y | 0.0870% |
| z | 4.59% |
References
External links
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Euskaltzaindia: Rule no. 17 for the Standard Basque, Names of the letters in the Basque alphabet, Rule passed on 25 November 1994. Retrieved 2010-10-22. Шаблон:In lang
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
