Английская Википедия:Bassettia pallida
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox
Bassettia pallida is a species of gall wasp found in the Southern United States. This species was described by American entomologist William Harris Ashmead in 1896. B. pallida reproduces asexually in galls it induces on oak trees. The parasite Euderus set, a eulophid wasp, has B. pallida as a host and manipulates its behavior.
Taxonomy
William Harris Ashmead described this species in 1896 based on a female specimen in the National Museum of Natural History. The holotype was collected in 1884 in Georgia.[1]
Distribution
This species has been found in the American states of Georgia, Florida,[2] Missouri, Louisiana, and Texas.[3] Its type location is Savannah, Georgia.[1]
Description
Adult female
The female is Шаблон:Convert long. The antennae have thirteen joints. The head, antennae, thorax and legs are a brownish yellow color, while the posterior tibiae and eyes are dark brown and the abdomen is a polished black. A grooved line goes around the base of the scutellum.[1]
Biology
Reproduction
The females can reproduce asexually in galls of the oaks Quercus geminata, Quercus virginiana,[2] and Quercus minima.[4] These oak species are all in the Virentes section (or subsection) of Quercus.[5] Galls are formed on the oaks' stem underneath the bark.[4] Mature B. pallida come out of the galls in March or April,[2] coinciding with the production of new leaves on the oak.[6]Шаблон:Rp Sexual reproduction is thought to happen afterwards in galls formed on the midvein of new leaves.[6]Шаблон:Rp
Parasites
The chalcid wasp Euderus set parasitizes B. pallida.[3][6] This is a rare example of hypermanipulation, i.e., where one parasite which manipulates its host's phenotype has its own phenotype manipulated by a different parasite. In this case, B. pallida causes the oak to form a gall, and E. set alters the behavior of B. pallida to create a hole in the gall and plug the hole with their head and die; E. set later emerges through a hole in its host's head.[6]
Only the asexual reproductive stage is targeted by E. set.[6]Шаблон:Rp
References
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокAshmead, 1896не указан текст - ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокMelika et al., 2007не указан текст - ↑ 3,0 3,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокEgan et al., 2017не указан текст - ↑ 4,0 4,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокPrice et al., 2004не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокCavenderBares et al., 2015не указан текст - ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWeinersmith et al., 2017не указан текст
- Английская Википедия
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- Cynipidae
- Oak galls
- Insects described in 1896
- Hymenoptera of North America
- Endemic insects of the United States
- Taxa named by William Harris Ashmead
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