Английская Википедия:Batanes

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Batanes, officially the Province of Batanes (Шаблон:Lang-ivv; Ilocano: Probinsia ti Batanes; Шаблон:Lang-fil, Шаблон:IPA-tl), is an archipelagic province in the Philippines, administratively part of the Cagayan Valley region. It is the northernmost province in the Philippines, and the smallest, both in population and land area. The capital is Basco, located on the island of Batan.

The island group is located approximately Шаблон:Convert north of the Luzon mainland and about Шаблон:Convert south of Taiwan (Pingtung County), separated from the Babuyan Islands of Cagayan Province by the Balintang Channel, and from Taiwan by the Bashi Channel.

Etymology

The name Batanes is a hispanicised plural form derived from the Ivatan endonym Batan.Шаблон:Citation needed

History

Early history

The ancestors of today's Ivatans descended from Austronesians who migrated to the islands 4,000 years ago during the Neolithic period. They lived in fortified mountain areas called idjangs and drank sugar-cane wine, or palek. They used gold as currency and were farmers. They were seafarers and boat-builders. Batanes was a major site for the Maritime Jade Road, one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world, operating for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.

Spanish colonial era

In 1687, a crew of English freebooters headed by explorer, pirate, and naturalist William Dampier came with a Dutch crew and named the islands in honour of prominent Dutch and British figures. Itbayat was named "Orange Isle" after William of Orange. Batan was named "Grafton Isle" after Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton. Sabtang Isle was named "Monmouth Isle" after James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth. Capt. Dampier stayed for less than three months, and did not claim the islands for the British crown.

In 1783, the Spanish claimed Batanes as part of the Philippines under the rule of Governor-General José Basco y Vargas. Batanes was ruled as part of the Provincia de Cagayan. The Bashi Channel was increasingly used by English East India Company ships and the Spanish authorities brought the islands under their direct administration to prevent them falling under British control. The Ivatan remained on their idjang castle-fortresses for some time. In 1790, Governor Guerrero Шаблон:Clarify decreed that Ivatans were to live in the lowlands and leave their remote idjang. The mangpus, or indigenous Ivatan leaders, headed by the Ivatan hero Aman Dangat, revolted against the Spanish invaders.Шаблон:Verify source

Using guns, the Spanish ended the revolution, killing Aman Dangat and several other Ivatan leaders. Basco and Ivana were the first towns established under full Spanish control. Mahatao was then administered by Basco, while Uyugan and Sabtang, by Ivana. Itbayat was not organized until the 1850s, its coast being a ridge. Soon, Ilocanos came to the islands and integrated with the local population.

Roads, ports, bridges, churches and government buildings were built in this time. Limestone technology used by the Spanish spread to the islands, making bridges strong and fortified. Some of these bridges still remain at Ivana and Mahatao. By 1890, many Ivatans were in Manila, and became ilustrados, who then brought home with them the revolutionary ideas of the Katipunan. These Ivatans, who were then discontented with Spanish rule, killed the ruling General Fortea and declared the end of Spanish rule.Шаблон:Citation needed

American colonial era

Toward the end of the Spanish administration, Batanes was made a part of Cagayan. Due to historical reasons from that time, some segments of Taiwan society argue that the islands should not belong to the Philippines. Batanes was created as a sub-province of Cagayan in August 20, 1907 by the approval of Act No. 1693. In 1909, the new American authorities organized it into an independent province, upon the approval of Act No. 1952. During the American colonial period, additional public schools were constructed and more Ivatan became aware of their place in the Philippines.

In 1920, the first wireless telegraph was installed, followed by an airfield in 1930. New roads were constructed and the Batanes High School was instituted.Шаблон:Citation needed

Japanese occupation

Because of their strategic location, the islands was one of the first points occupied by invading Japanese imperial forces at the outbreak of the Pacific War. The morning of December 8, 1941, the Batan Task Force from Taiwan landed on the Batan Islands, which became the first American territory occupied by the Japanese. The purpose of the invasion was to secure the existing small airfield outside Basco, which was accomplished without resistance. Japanese fighters from Basco took part in the raid on Clark Air Base the following day. Over the next several days, the success of the Japanese bombing of Clark Field rendered a base at Basco unnecessary, and on December 10, 1941, the naval combat force was withdrawn to participate in the invasion of Camiguin.

As part of an administrative reorganization, the province of Batanes was downgraded into a municipality of Cagayan from 1942 to 1944. Upon its restoration, Victor de Padua, an Ilocano who was one of the first School Superintendents on Batan was made Provincial Governor. Early in 1945 the island was liberated by the Philippine Commonwealth forces of the 1st and 12th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army.

Philippine independence

Batanes was briefly marred by political violence during the 1969 presidential elections, when the Philippine Constabulary's Special Forces allowed motorcycle-riding goons dubbed the "Suzuki boys" to secure the victory of Rufino Antonio Jr., an ally of President Ferdinand Marcos, as representative of the Lone District of Batanes in the House of Representatives of the Philippines through a campaign of terror and intimidation. The resulting outcry led to the Supreme Court decrying the "rape of democracy" in the province, and annulled Antonio's victory in 1970 in favor of his rival, Jorge Abad.

In 1984, Pacita Abad, the foremost Ivatan visual artist, became the first woman to be awarded the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) award, breaking 25 years of male dominance. In her acceptance speech, she said, "it was long overdue that Filipina women were recognized, as the Philippines was full of outstanding women" and referred proudly to her mother.

Файл:Oldest House in Ivatan.jpg

Vahay ni Dakay Ivatan house, one of the oldest structures in the Batanes islands. The house is made of limestone and coral and its roofing of cogon grass.

In 1993, the Batanes Protected Landscape and Seascape, which encompassed the entire province, was listed in the Tentative List of the Philippines for UNESCO World Heritage Site inscription in the future.

In 1997, the Indigenous Peoples Rights act or IPRA was passed in Philippine Congress. The law paved the way for the indigenous territorial rights of the Ivatans. The province has since promoted its Ivatan roots. Part of the Ilocano population has returned to mainland Luzon. On December 7, 2004, Pacita Abad died after finishing her last international art work while suffering from cancer.

Geography

The province has a total area of Шаблон:ConvertШаблон:PSGC detail comprising ten islands situated within the Luzon Strait between the Balintang Channel and Taiwan. The islands are sparsely populated and subject to frequent typhoons. The three largest islands, Batan, Itbayat, and Sabtang, are the only inhabited islands.

The northernmost island in the province, also the northernmost land in the entire Philippines, is Mavulis (or Y'ami) Island. Other islands in the chain are Misanga (or North), Ditarem, Siayan, Diogo (or Dinem), Ivuhos, and Dequey. The islands are part of the Luzon Volcanic Arc.

Topography

Файл:Batanes Hills.png

Batanes Hills

Almost one-half of Batanes is hills and mountains. Batan Island is generally mountainous on the north and southeast. It has a basin in the interior. Itbayat Island slopes gradually to the west, being mountainous and hilly along its northern, eastern coast. On Sabtang, mountains cover the central part, making the island slope outward to the coast.

The islands are situated between the vast expanse of the waters of Bashi Channel and Balintang Channel, where the Pacific Ocean merges with the China Sea. The area is a sea lane between the Philippines and Japan, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. It is rich with marine resources, including the rarest sea corals in the world.Шаблон:Which

The province is hilly and mountainous, with only 1,631.5 hectares or 7.1% of its area level to undulating terrain. 78.2% or 17,994.4 hectares vary from rolling hills to steep and very steep. Forty-two percent (42%) or 9,734.40 hectares are steep to very steep land. Because of the terrain of the province, drainage is good and prolonged flooding is non-existent.

The main island of Batan has the largest share of level and nearly level lands, followed by Itbayat and Sabtang, respectively. Itbayat has gently rolling hills and nearly level areas on semi-plateaus surrounded by continuous massive cliffs rising from Шаблон:Convert above sea level, with no shorelines. Sabtang has its small flat areas spread sporadically on its coasts, while its interior is dominated by steep mountains and deep canyons. Batan Island and Sabtang have intermittent stretches of sandy beaches and rocky shorelines.Шаблон:Citation needed

The terrain of the province, while picturesque at almost every turn, has limited the potential for expansion of agriculture in an already very small province.

Файл:Batanes Stone house.jpg

A Batanes stone house

Climate

Batanes has a tropical climate (Köppen climate classification Am). The average yearly temperature is Шаблон:Convert. The average monthly temperature ranges from Шаблон:Convert in January to Шаблон:Convert in July, similar to that of Southern Taiwan. Precipitation is abundant throughout the year. The rainiest month is August. The driest month is April. November to February are the coldest months.

There is a misconception that Batanes is constantly battered by typhoons.Шаблон:Citation needed Batanes is mentioned frequently in connection with typhoons, because it holds the northernmost weather station in the Philippines, thus, it is a reference point for all typhoons that enter the Philippine area. In September 2016, Typhoon Meranti impacted the entire province, including a landfall on Itbayat.

Administrative divisions

Batanes is subdivided into 6 municipalities, all encompassed by a lone congressional district.

Файл:Ph fil batanes.png

Шаблон:Center

	MunicipalityШаблон:ThinspШаблон:Efn-lr		Population			Шаблон:PSGC rubric	AreaШаблон:PSGC detail		Density		Шаблон:Abbr
			Шаблон:SmallШаблон:PH census		Шаблон:SmallШаблон:PH census		km2	Шаблон:Nowrap	/km2	Шаблон:Nowrap
Шаблон:Coord	Basco	†	Шаблон:Percent and number	8,579	Шаблон:PAGR	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	6
Шаблон:Coord	Itbayat		Шаблон:Percent and number	2,867	Шаблон:PAGR	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	5
Шаблон:Coord	Ivana		Шаблон:Percent and number	1,327	Шаблон:PAGR	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	4
Шаблон:Coord	Mahatao		Шаблон:Percent and number	1,555	Шаблон:PAGR	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	4
Шаблон:Coord	Sabtang		Шаблон:Percent and number	1,621	Шаблон:PAGR	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	6
Шаблон:Coord	Uyugan		Шаблон:Percent and number	1,297	Шаблон:PAGR	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Convert	4
	Total			18,831	17,246	Шаблон:PAGR	203.22	Шаблон:Convert	Шаблон:Sigfig	Шаблон:Convert	29
		Шаблон:Color boxШаблон:ThinspProvincial capital					Шаблон:Color boxШаблон:ThinspMunicipality

Barangays

The 6 municipalities of the province comprise a total of 29 barangays. Ihuvok II in Basco was the most populous in 2010, and Nakanmuan in Sabtang was the least.Шаблон:PH census

Demographics

The population of Batanes in the 2020 census was 18,831 people,Шаблон:PH census. The population density was Шаблон:Convert.

Файл:Ivatan Woman Inside.jpg

An elderly Ivatan woman inside her house.

The natives are called Ivatans. They share prehistoric cultural and linguistic commonalities with the Babuyan on Babuyan Island and the Tao people of Orchid Island.

This divided homeland is a result of the Dutch invasion of Taiwan in 1624 (Dutch Formosa) and Spanish invasion in 1626 (Spanish Formosa). The northern half of the Ivatan homeland, Formosa and Orchid Island were part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This area came under Dutch governance. The Dutch were expelled in 1662 by forces of the Chinese Southern Ming dynasty, led by the Chinese pirate Koxinga who then set himself up as The King of Taiwan.

The southern half of the Ivatan homeland, the islands of Batanes, was reinforced and fortified by Spanish refugees from Formosa, before being formally joined in the 18th century with the Spanish government in Manila.

An Ilocano minority population lives in Batanes. Some have left and returned to mainland Luzon.

The main languages spoken in Batanes are Ivatan, which is spoken on the islands of Batan and Sabtang. Itbayaten is spoken primarily on the island of Itbayat. The Ivatan which is dominant in the province is considered to be one of the Austronesian languages. From college level down to elementary level, the language is widely spoken. The Ivatans widely speak and understand the Ilocano (lingua franca of northern Luzon), Tagalog, and English languages.

Batanes Ilocanos are bilingual in Ilocano and Ivatan. They speak Ilocano with an Ivatan accent.

Ivatan-speaking communities can be found in almost every part of the country, mainly in mainland Luzon and in Bukidnon, Lanao and Cotabato in Mindanao, as well as overseas.

Religion

The large majority (94%) of the island's people adhere to Roman Catholicism. The remaining faiths are other Christian Churches. Шаблон:Clear-left

Ecology

Файл:Goats in Batanes.png

Livestock freely roaming in the green hills in Batanes

An extensive survey of the ecology of Batanes provided the scientific basis for confirming the need for a national park in Batanes protecting the Batanes protected landscapes and seascapes, proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, submitted in August 1993. An effort is underway to declare the whole province, along with the sugar central sites in Negros, as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Flora and fauna

The province is the home of the unique conifer species Podocarpus costalis. Although it is reportedly growing in some other places such as coasts of Luzon, Catanduanes and even Taiwan, full blossoming and fruiting are observed only in Batanes. Its fruiting capacity on the island remains a mystery but is likely due to several factors such as climate, soil and type of substratum of the island.

Several species of birds, bats, reptiles and amphibians inhabit the island. Many of those are endemic to the Philippines. The island is a sanctuary of different migratory birds during winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

Economy

Шаблон:Stack About 75% of the Ivatans are farmers and fishermen. The rest are employed in the government and services sector. Garlic and cattle are major cash crops. Ivatans plant camote (sweet potato), cassava, gabi or tuber and a unique variety of white uvi. Sugarcane is raised to produce palek, a kind of native wine, and vinegar.

In recent years, fish catch has declined due to the absence of technical know-how. Employment opportunities are scarce. Most of the educated Ivatans have migrated to urban centers or have gone abroad.Шаблон:Citation needed

A wind diesel generating plant was commissioned in 2004.Шаблон:Citation needed

Distance and bad weather work against its economic growth. Certain commodities like rice, soft drinks, and gasoline carry a 75% to 100% mark-up over Manila retail prices.Шаблон:Citation needed

Transportation

The island province of Batanes is accessible by air, via Basco Airport and Itbayat Airport. There are 3 flights per week from Manila by SkyJetAir. There are flights from Tuguegarao (Cagayan) by small local airliners, as of January 2013. PAL Express has flown to Batanes every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday since May 2013.

Values

The Ivatan people of Batanes are one of the most egalitarian societies in the Philippines. The prime motivator of the cultural values of the Ivatans are imbibed in their pre-colonial belief systems of respecting nature and all people. The Ivatans, both the older and younger generations, have one of the highest incidences of social acceptance to minority groups in the country.

The Ivatans have a high respect for the elderly and the prowess of natural phenomena such as waves, sea breeze, lightning, thunders, earthquakes, and wildlife congregations. Discriminating someone based on skin color, ethnic origin, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, and traditions on nature is unacceptable in Ivatan values. Land grabbing is a grave crime in Ivatan societies, making ancestral domain certification an important part of Ivatan jurisprudence since the enactment of the IPRA Law. Шаблон:Citation needed

Heritage

The entire province is listed in the UNESCO tentative list for inscription in the World Heritage List. The government has been finalizing the site's inscription, establishing museums and conservation programs since 2001. Seven intangible heritage elements of the Ivatan have been set by the Philippine government in its initial inventory in 2012. The elements are undergoing a process to be included in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

Natural

Файл:Sabtang Island, Batanes.JPG

White sand beach at Sabtang island

• Sabtang Island is undisturbed and unspoiled. It has intermittent white sand beaches with steep mountains and deep canyons with small level areas sporadically found along the coastline. Southwest of Batan Island, Sabtang is accessible by 30-minute falowa ride from Radiwan Port in Ivana. Sabtang Island is also the take-off point for Ivuhos Island from Barangay Nakanmuan.
• Itbayat Island is located north of Batan Island. Itbayat is shaped like a giant bowl. The island is surrounded by massive boulders and cliffs rising from Шаблон:Convert above sea level and has no shoreline. It has a dirt airstrip for light aircraft. A regular ferry runs the Batan-Itbayat route. Travel time is about four hours by falowa from Basco Seaport. A light plane flies from Basco Airport to Itbayat at around P1,875 per person and leaves only when the plane is full.
• Batan Island is the most populated island of the province. It is composed of four municipalities: Basco, Ivana, Uyugan, and Mahatao. Basco is the center of commerce and the seat of the provincial government.
• Mount Iraya is a dormant volcano standing at Шаблон:Convert whose last eruption was recorded in 505 AD. Mountaineering, trekking, and trailblazing are recommended sports activities on the mountain. Walking distance from Basco, the top of Mt. Iraya can be reached in about three hours.
• Mavulis Island is the northernmost island of Batanes. From this location, one can see Formosa (Taiwan) on a clear day. Tatus or coconut crabs abound on the island surrounded by rich marine life.
• Di-atay Beach is a cove with multi-colored rocks and white sand ideal for picnics and beachcombing. Located along the highway of Mahatao, it is Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• Songsong in Chadpidan Bay is an hour of exhilarating trek from Basco proper (Шаблон:Convert). It is famous for its beautiful sunset view.
• Naidi Hills is walking distance from Basco.
• Chawa Cave is for the more adventurous. An enchanted cave with a natural salt bed whose mouth opens to the south China Sea and is accessible through the boulders of Chawa Point in Mahatao. It is Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• Sitio Diura at Racuj-a-Ide is the fishermen's village at Mananoy Bay. Fishing season is marked by a festival in mid-March called Kapayvanuvanua. Visitors are treated with fresh fish delicacies from the Pacific Ocean. Within the area is the legendary Spring of Youth and living cave with crystal limestone formations. The bay is Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• Nakabuang Cave is Шаблон:Convert from San Vicente Centro in Sabtang.
• Mt. Matarem is an extinct volcano Шаблон:Convert at its summit. It is Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• White Beach at Vatang, Hapnit, and Mavatuy Point, all in Mahatao.
• Storm-proof Stone houses in Batanes many residents during typhoon made up their already-fortified houses with wood and secured the roofs with nets and ropes. This was done to ensure that the structures—which symbolize the Ivatan's strength and resilience against disasters—outlast the high-pressure winds of a typhoon that is expected to unleash. Tapangkos or covering were also installed on the doors and windows of several buildings in Batanes, including the capitol building. During heavy storms, it was also a time for Bayanihan of the residents as they helped each other tie-down roofs.

Man-made

• Radar Tukon was a United States weather station on a hilltop. It offers a magnificent 360-degree view of Batan Island, the South China Sea, Mt. Iraya, Basco proper, boulder lined cliffs and the Pacific Ocean. At present, it houses the northernmost weather station in the Philippines, the Basco Radar Station, and is only Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• Old Loran Station housed a US Coast Guard detachment for almost two decades and is about Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• Ruins Of Songsong is a ghost barangay which is a cluster of roofless shells of old stone houses abandoned after a tidal wave that hit the island of Batan in the 1950s. It has a long stretch of beach. The ruins are Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• San Jose Church in Ivana was built in 1814. It has a crenelated fortress-like campanile. The church fronts the Ivana Seaport and is Шаблон:Convert from Basco.
• Kanyuyan Beach & Port at Baluarte Bay in Basco is the port of call of the cargo ships bringing goods from Manila.
• San Carlos Borromeo Church and a convent at Mahatao are Шаблон:Convert from Basco. It was completed in 1789 and still retains its centuries-old features.
• Idjangs or fortified stone fortresses where the native Ivatans' ancestors migrated to Batanes as early as 4,000 BC lived in them for defensive cover.
• Fundacion Pacita is a lodging house and restaurant, which was formerly owned by Pacita Abad, the most iconic Ivatan visual artist. The house has been redecorated and filled with numerous art works of Pacita Abad after she died in 2004.

Historical

• Radiwan Point at Ivana Seaport is where the Katipuneros landed on September 18, 1898. It is also the ferry station of the falowas plying the islands of Sabtang and Itbayat.
• Boat-shaped Stone Grave Markers, Chuhangin Burial Site, Ivuhos Island, Sabtang, Batanes
• Chavulan Burial Jar Site, Ivuhos Island, Sabtang Island
• Arrangement of Stone with Holes, Sumnanga, Sabtang
• Columnar Stones, Post Holes, Stone Anchors, Itbud Idyang, Uyugan, Batanes
• Arrangement of Stone Walls, Idyang Site, Basco, Batanes
• Paso Stone Formation, Ivuhos Island, Sabtang, Batanes
• Columnar Stone with Holes, Mahatao, Batanes

Intangible heritage

In 2012, the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the ICHCAP of UNESCO published Pinagmulan: Enumeration from the Philippine Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The first edition of the UNESCO-backed book included (1) Laji, (2) Kapayvanuvanuwa Fishing Ritual, (3) Kapangdeng Ritual, (4) Traditional Boats in Batanes, (5) Sinadumparan Ivatan House Types, (6) Ivatan Basketry, and (7) Ivatan (Salakot) Hat Weaving, signifying their great importance to Philippine intangible cultural heritage. The local government of Batanes, in cooperation with the NCCA, is given the right to nominate the 7 distinct elements into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists.

Gallery

• An old Spanish bridge in Ivana

  An old Spanish bridge in Ivana

• A rocky shore in Batanes

  A rocky shore in Batanes

• Gloomy sky over the lighthouse in Basco

  Gloomy sky over the lighthouse in Basco

• An Ivatan holding one of many types of traditional Ivatan baskets

  An Ivatan holding one of many types of traditional Ivatan baskets

External links

• Шаблон:Wikivoyage-inline
• Шаблон:Commons category-inline
• Шаблон:OSM relation
• Batanes Islands Cultural Atlas
• Northern Luzon cultures Шаблон:Webarchive
• Batanes Travel and Tours
• Batanes Budget Travel Guide
• TRAVEL TIP: A Guide on Planning a Trip to Batanes