Английская Википедия:Bathyphysa conifera
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Speciesbox
Bathyphysa conifera, sometimes called the flying spaghetti monster, is a bathypelagic[1] species of siphonophore in the family Rhizophysidae. It is found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and off the coast of Southwestern Africa and California.
Name
Bathyphysa conifera was nicknamed the Flying Spaghetti Monster, for the satirical deity of the Internet, by the oil workers who first saw it.[2] The specific epithet conifera, meaning 'cone-bearing',[3] is due to the shape of the cluster of reproductive structures called gonophores.[4] In Japanese it is called Шаблон:Lang[1][5] / Шаблон:Lang / Шаблон:Lang[6] Шаблон:Transl, "jewel leek". In Chinese, the nickname "Flying Spaghetti Monster" can be translated as Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Transl "flying noodles monster".[7]
Distribution
Bathyphysa conifera has been found in the Northeast[8] and Northwest Atlantic Ocean,[9] off the coast of Gabon[10][11] and as far south as Angola,[12][13] and in Monterey Bay in the Pacific Ocean.[14][1] It has been found in warm temperatures.[15]
Description
Although B. conifera may appear to be an individual organism, each specimen is in fact a colonial organism composed of medusoid and polypoid zooids that are morphologically and functionally specialized.[16] Zooids are multicellular units that develop from a single fertilized egg and combine to create functional colonies able to: reproduce, digest, float, and maintain body positioning.[17]
It has a cystonect body plan,[18] meaning it has a pneumatophore, or float, and siphosome, or line of polyps, but no nectosome, or propulsion medusae.[19] Without that propulsion, B. conifera moves through contracting and relaxing the body stem.[17] It differs from members of the genus Rhizophysa by the presence of ptera, or side 'wings', on the young gastrozooids, or feeding polyps.[20][12][13] It is distinct from other members of the genus Bathyphysa as its tentacles do not have any side branches, or tentilla.[18][20][12][13][17] Tentilla are thought to be ancestral to siphonophores, and B. conifera likely lost the trait as did Apolemia.[21][17] The tentacles have stinging cells called nematocysts that are haploneme, or uniform in thickness, and have a single size of isorhiza, or anchoring nematocysts.[21]
The entire animal, including tentacles, is several meters long.[13] The feeding polyps are pink when young, before developing tentacles.[13] A mature feeding polyp is yellow with a single tentacle.[13]
Colonies are unisexual,[13] and reproduce by incomplete asexual reproduction.[17] Not much more is known about B. conifera reproduction. Early development of cystonects is not known either.[22] Siphonophores generally start life as a single-celled zygote, which divided and grows into a single polyp called a protozooid.[22][17] The protozooid then divides by budding into all the zooids of the colony.[22] The zooids are homologous to individual animals, but are connected physiologically to each other.[17]
Ecology
Like many siphonophores,[16] it is carnivorous.[1][17] The typical siphonophore diet consists of a variety of copepods, small crustaceans, and small fish.[16] B. conifera has been observed eating a lanternfish.[14]
A species of manefish in the genus Caristius associates apparently mutualistically with B. conifera, using it for shelter, stealing meals, and perhaps nibbling on its host as well, yet protecting it from amphipod parasites like Themisto.[18]
References
External links
- Шаблон:Commons category-inline
- Video footage
- Footage from Angolan waters
- Series of Sherman's Lagoon comic strips on the creature Шаблон:Webarchive
- Caristius specimen found with a B. conifera
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокWoRMSне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокStuderне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокJewelLeekне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Jones, Daniel O.B., Gates, A.R., Curry, R.A., Thomson, M., Pile, A., Benfield, M. (Eds) (2009). SERPENT project. Media database archive. Available online at http://archive.serpentproject.com/2621/ Шаблон:Webarchive accessed on Fri Sep 01 2017
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 13,4 13,5 13,6 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 17,5 17,6 17,7 Шаблон:Cite bioRxiv
- ↑ 18,0 18,1 18,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- Английская Википедия
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- Animals described in 1878
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