Английская Википедия:Batman River
Шаблон:Infobox river The Batman River is a major tributary of the Tigris in southeast Turkey. The region along the Batman River is known for its oil fields.
Course
The river originates in Turkey's Anti-Taurus Mountains (at the Sason and Genç mountains)[1] and flows approximately from north to south, passing near the city of Batman and forming a natural border between the Batman Province and Diyarbakır Province. The historic Malabadi Bridge (built in 1146–1147) crosses the river near the town of Silvan.[2]
The river is widest at about Шаблон:Convert right after exiting the dam, but then narrows to about Шаблон:Convert and forms numerous splits along its way to the Tigris. Its riverbed is irregular in many places, promoting flooding. A tributary of Batman, the Iluh River, originates in the Raman Mountain on the south of the Batman city and flows north-west through the city into the Batman River. Despite being a small river, absent on most maps, Iluh plays an important role for the province because its spring floods affect the provincial capital. The floods of Iluh and Batman rivers occur between March and May and sometimes in October or November. Major floods occurred in 1969 (April, 60 buildings damaged), 1972 (April and May, 210 buildings damaged), 1991 (November, 500 buildings flooded), 1995 (March, nearly 1000 buildings submerged and 450 damaged) and 2006 (October, 11 people died and 20 injured).[1]
Name
In Antiquity, the Batman River was known as Kalat. This name meant "bride" to the Syriac people who populated the area; it was thus translated into Greek as Nymphios (Νυμφίος, Latinized Nymphius) and Nymphaios (Νυμφαῖος, Latinized Nymphaeus).[3] Among Arabs it was known as Satidama, meaning "the bloody" reflecting the battles fought near it.[4]
In international literature, the name Batman came into use in the 19th century,[5] whereas in the 18th century and before it was mostly referred to as Nymphius, among other names.[6][7][8] The origin of the name "Batman" is unclear: it might be a shortening of the name of the Шаблон:Convert tall Bati Raman mountain located nearby[9] or refer to the unit of weight used in the Ottoman Empire.
History
The river served as a natural border between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia and saw major battles in 583 and 591 AD. The main citadel on the river was Martyropolis, modern Silvan.[10][11]
The Batman Dam (Шаблон:Lang-tr, B. de Batman on the map) was built in 1999 in the upstream (Шаблон:Coord), together with the associated reservoir and hydroelectric power plant.[12][13]
Wildlife
The Batman River loach (Paraschistura chrysicristinae) is a Critically Endangered fish native to the Batman and Ambar rivers. The fish is endangered by drought, habitat destruction, and habitat fragmentation from construction of the Batman Dam. It had not been observed since 1974 and was feared extinct until a 2021 expedition netted 14 fish living above the Batman Dam.[14]
References
Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Reflist
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Balaban, Meltem Şenol Risk society and planning: the case of flood disaster management in turkish cities. PhD Thesis. Graduate School of Natural and Applied sciences, Middle East Technical University 2009, pp. 147–149, 157
- ↑ Batman. Coğrafya Шаблон:Webarchive, kultur.gov.tr, 21 February 2007 (in Turkish)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Batman Dam. structurae.de
- ↑ Batman Dam Шаблон:Webarchive. General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, Turkey
- ↑ Greene, Graeme (2021) "Batman loach returns: fish feared extinct found in Turkey". The Guardian 9 December 2021. [1]
