Английская Википедия:Bats language
Шаблон:Short descriptionШаблон:More referencesШаблон:Infobox language
Bats (Batsbur Mott' or Batsba Moṭṭ, also Batsi, Batsbi, Batsb, Batsaw, or Tsova-Tush) is the endangered language of the Bats people, a North Caucasian minority group. It is part of the Nakh family of Northeast Caucasian languages. It had 2,500 to 3,000 speakers in 1975.
There is only one dialect. It exists only as a spoken language, as Bats people use Georgian as their written language. The language is not mutually intelligible with either Chechen or Ingush, the other two members of the Nakh family.
History
Шаблон:Unsourced section Tusheti, the northeastern mountainous region of Georgia, is home to four tribes that consider themselves Tushetians: the Batsbi (also known as Tsovatush), the Gometsari, the Piriqiti, and the Chagma-Tush. Tsovatush people make up 50% of Tushetians. Only several hundred Tsovatush people speak Bats, whereas the other tribes (Gometsari, Piriqiti and Chagma-Tush) have lost the language. Evidence from toponymics indicates that the other three Tushetian tribes formerly spoke Bats, suggesting that all Tushetians once did and over time the Georgian language replaced Bats.
The mountainous terrain preserved the culture and traditions of Tushetians, but the history of isolation makes it more difficult to document them as only a few records exist.
Classification
Bats belongs to the Nakh family of Northeast Caucasian languages.
Geographic distribution
Most speakers of Bats live in the village of Zemo-Alvani, on the Kakhetia Plain, in the Akhmeta Municipality of Georgia. There are some families of Bats in Tbilisi and other bigger towns in Georgia.
Phonology
Vowels
Bats has a typical triangular five-vowel system with short–long contrast (except for u, which has no long form). Bats also has a number of diphthongs, ei, ui, oi, ai, ou, and au.[1] All vowels and diphthongs have nasalized allophones that are the result of phonetic and morphophonemic processes; this is represented by a superscript n, as in kʼnateⁿ boy-GEN.
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i, iː | u |
| Mid | e [ɛ], eː | o [ɔ], oː |
| Low | a, aː |
Consonants
Bats has a relatively typical consonant inventory for a Northeast Caucasian language. Unlike its close relatives, Chechen and Ingush, Bats has retained the lateral fricative /ɬ/. Also notable is the presence of two geminate ejectives, tːʼ and qːʼ, which are cross-linguistically rare.[2]
Writing
Writing comparison table
| Schifner, 1856 | Imnaishvili, 1977 | Kadagidze, 1984 | Mikeladze, 2012 | Desheriev, 1953 | Chrelashvili, 1999 | IPA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Georgian transcription |
Latin transcription |
Georgian transcription |
Latin transcription |
Georgian transcription |
Latin transcription | ||||
| a | ა | a | ა | a | ა, ⁀ა | A a, ⁀A ⁀a | а | а | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| Ǎ ǎ, â | а͏̆ | а͏̆ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||
| ā | ā | Ā ā | а̄ | а̄ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||
| ā̄ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||||
| აჼ | aⁿ | აჼ | aⁿ | აჼ, ⁀აჼ | Ã ã, ⁀Ã ⁀ã | а̃ | а̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| Ā̃ ā̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||||
| b | ბ | b | ბ | b | ბ | B b | б | б | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| g | გ | g | გ | g | გ | G g | г | г | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| d | დ | d | დ | d | დ | D d | д | д | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| e | ე | e | ე | e | ე | E e | е, э | е | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ⁀ | Ē ē, ⁀Ē ⁀ē | е̄ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||
| ĕ | ĕ | ě, ê | е͏̆ | е͏̆ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||
| ეჼ | eⁿ | ეჼ | eⁿ | ეჼ | Ẽ ẽ | е̃ | е̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| Ē̃ ē̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||||
| w | ვ | v | ვ | v | ვ | V v | в | в | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| z | ზ | z | ზ | z | ზ | Z z | з | з | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ṫ | თ | t | თ | t | თ | T t | т | т | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| თთ | tt | თჾ | tჾ | თჾ | tჾ | тт | тт | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| i | ი | i | ი | i | ი, ⁀ი | I i, ⁀I ⁀i | и | и | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| Ī ī | ӣ | ӣ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||
| ĭ | ĭ | î | и͏̆ | и͏̆ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||
| იჼ | iⁿ | იჼ | iⁿ | იჼ | Ĩ ĩ | и̃ | и̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| Ī̃ ī̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||||
| k | კ | ḳ | კ | ḳ | კ | Ḳ ḳ | кӀ | кӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| l | ლ | l | ლ | l | ლ | L l | л | л | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ლლ | ll | ლჾ | lჾ | ლჾ | lჾ | лл | лл | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| l͓ | ლʻ | lʻ | ლʻ | lʻ | ლʻ | lʻ | лъ | лъ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| m | მ | m | მ | m | მ | M m | м | м | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| n | ნ | n | ნ | n | ნ | N n | н | н | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| j | ჲ | j | ჲ | j | ჲ | J j | й | й | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ჲჼ | j̇̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |||||||
| o | ო | o | ო | o | ო, ⁀ო | O o, ⁀O ⁀o | о | о | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| Ō ō | о̄ | о̄ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||
| ō̄ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||||
| ŏ | ŏ | ǒ, ô | о͏̆ | о͏̆ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||
| ოჼ | oⁿ | ოჼ | oⁿ | ოჼ | Õ õ | о̃ | о̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| Ō̃ ō̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||||||
| p | პ | p̣ | პ | p̣ | პ | P̣ p̣ | пӀ | пӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ż | ჟ | ž | ჟ | ž | ჟ | Ž ž | ж | ж | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| r | რ | r | რ | r | რ | R r | р | р | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| რʻ | rʻ | რʻ | rʻ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |||||
| s | ს | s | ს | s | ს | S s | с | с | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| სს | ss | სჾ | sჾ | სჾ | sჾ | сс | сс | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| t | ტ | ṭ | ტ | ṭ | ტ | Ṭ ṭ | тӀ | тӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ტტ | ṭṭ | ტჾ | ṭჾ | ტჾ | ṭჾ | тӀтӀ | тӀтӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| u | უ | u | უ | u | უ, ⁀უ | U u, ⁀U ⁀u | у | у | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| Ū ū | ӯ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |||||||
| ŭ | ŭ | Ǔ ǔ, û | у͏̆ | у͏̆ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||||
| უჼ | uⁿ | უჼ | uⁿ | უჼ, ⁀უჼ | Ũ ũ, ⁀Ũ ⁀ũ | у̃ | у̃ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| ṗ | ფ | p | ფ | p | ფ | P p | п | п | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| k̇ | ქ | k | ქ | k | ქ | K k | к | к | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ġ | ღ | ɣ | ღ | ɣ | ღ | Ɣ ɣ | гӀ | гӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| q | ყ | q̣ | ყ | q̣ | ყ | Q̣ q̣ | къ | къ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ყყ | q̣q̣ | ყჾ | q̣ჾ | ყჾ | q̣ჾ | къкъ | къкъ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| ṡ | შ | š | შ | š | შ | Š š | ш | ш | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| შჾ | šჾ | Шаблон:IPA2 | |||||||
| ċ | ჩ | č | ჩ | č | ჩ | Č č | ч | ч | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| c | ც | c | ც | c | ც | C c | ц | ц | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ʒ | ძ | ʒ | ძ | ʒ | ძ | Ʒ ʒ | дз | дз | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| c̣ | წ | c̣ | წ | c̣ | წ | C̣ c̣ | цӀ | цӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ċ̣ | ჭ | č̣ | ჭ | č̣ | ჭ | Č̣ č̣ | чӀ | чӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| x | ხ | x | ხ | x | ხ | X x | х | х | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ხხ | xx | ხჾ | xჾ | ხჾ | xჾ | хх | хх | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
| q | ჴ | q | ჴ | q | ჴ | Q q | кх | кх | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ჴჴ | ჴჾ | qჾ | ჴჾ | qჾ | ккх | кхкх | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||
| ʒ̇ | ჯ | ǯ | ჯ | ǯ | ჯ | Ǯ ǯ | дж | дж | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| x̣ | ჰ | h | ჰ | h | ჰ | H h | хӀ | хӀ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ḥ | ჰჾ | hჾ | ჰ⁊Шаблон:Fact | h⁊Шаблон:Fact | ჰ⁊ | H⁊ h⁊/Ⱨ ⱨ | хь | хь | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| ჵ | ꞷ | ჵ | ჵ | ꞷ | Ӏъ | Ӏъ | Шаблон:IPA2 | ||
| ʼ | ʻ | ʻ | ჺ | ʻ | ჺ/ع | ʻ | Ӏ | Ӏ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| — | ʼ | ʼ | ჸ | ʼ | ჸ | ʼ | ʼ | ъ | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ф | — | Шаблон:IPA2 |
| — | w | — | — | — | — | — | — | Шаблон:IPA2 | |
Grammar
Шаблон:Expand section The first grammar of Bats, Шаблон:Lang, was compiled by the German orientalist Anton Schiefner (1817–1879), making it into the first grammar of an indigenous Caucasian language based on sound scientific principles.[4]
Noun classes
Traditional analyses posit that Bats has eight noun classes, the highest number among the Northeast Caucasian languages; however, a more recent analysis gives only five classes.[3] This analysis (not unlike analyses of Lak) yields the grouping shown below:
| Label | Singular | Plural | Description | Members |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | v | b | male humans | mar "husband" ʕuv "shepherd" voħ "son" |
| F | j | d | female humans | nan "mother" pstʼu "wife" joħ "daughter" |
| D | d | d | various | bader "child" kʼuit’ĭ "cat" dokʼ "heart" ditx "meat" |
| Bd | b | d | animals | carkʼ "tooth" maiqĭ "bread" qʼar "rain" |
| J | j | j | various | pħu "dog" ča "bear" matx "sun" |
| *Bd/J | b | j | body parts (15 nouns) | bak "fist" bʕarkʼ "eye" čʼqʼempʼŏ "throat" |
| *D/J | d | j | body parts (4 nouns) | batʼr "lip", larkʼ "ear" tʼotʼ "hand", čʼamaǧ "cheek" |
| *B/B | b | b | only 3 nouns | borag "knit slipper" čekam "boot" kakam "autumn wool" |
Under this analysis, the additional three classes are examples of inquorate gender, where the number of items displaying this behavior are insufficient to constitute an independent grouping. Furthermore, they can be explained as inflecting one class in the singular, and another in the plural, e.g. the B/B group agrees as if it belonged to the Bd class in the singular but the male human class in the plural.
Noun cases
Batsbi makes use of nine noun cases total, though in the majority of nouns, the ergative and instrumental cases have a common form.
| Cases | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | nekʼ | nekʼi | cokʼal | cokʼli |
| Genitive | nekʼen | nekʼan | cokʼlen | cokʼlan |
| Dative | nekʼen | nekʼin | cokʼlen | cokʼlin |
| Ergative, Instrumental |
nekʼev | nekʼiv | cokʼlev | cokʼliv |
| Contacting case | nek’ex | nekʼax | cokʼlex | cokʼlax |
| Allative | nekʼegŏ | nekʼigŏ | cokʼlegŏ | cokʼligŏ |
| Adverbial | nekʼeǧ | nekʼiǧ | cokʼleǧ | cokʼliǧ |
| Commitive case | nekʼcin, nekʼecin |
nekʼicin | cokʼlecin | cokʼlicin |
| "knife" | "fox" | |||
Numerals
Like most of its relatives, Bats' numerals are vigesimal, using 20 as a common base. This is mainly evident in the construction of higher decads, so that 40 (šauztʼqʼ) is formed from 2 × 20 and 200 (icʼatʼqʼ) formed from is 10 × 20.[3] When modifying nominals, the numeral precedes the noun it modifies.
| 1 | cħa | 11 | cħajtʼː | 1+10 |
| 2 | ši | 12 | šiitʼː | 2+10 |
| 3 | qo | 13 | qoitʼː | 3+10 |
| 4 | Dʕivʔ | 14 | Dʕevajtʼː | 4+10 |
| 5 | pxi | 15 | pxiitʼː | 5+10 |
| 6 | jetx | 16 | jetxajtʼː | 6+10 |
| 7 | vorɬ | 17 | vorɬajtʼː | 7+10 |
| 8 | barɬ | 18 | barɬajtʼː | 8+10 |
| 9 | isː | 19 | tʼqʼexc’ | 20–1 |
| 10 | itʼː | 20 | tʼqʼa |
| 21 | tʼqʼacħa | 20+1 |
| 22 | tʼqʼaš | 20+2 |
| 30 | tʼqʼaitʼː | 20+10 |
| 31 | tʼqʼacħaitʼː | (20+1)+10 |
| 32 | tʼqʼašiitʼː | (20+2)+10 |
| 40 | šauztʼqʼ | 2×20 |
| 50 | šauztʼqʼaitʼː | (2×20)+10 |
| 60 | qouztʼqʼ | 3×20 |
| 70 | qouztʼqʼaitʼː | (3×20)+10 |
| 80 | Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼ | 4×20 |
| 90 | Dʕe(v)uztʼqʼaitʼː | (4×20)+10 |
| 100 | pxauztʼqʼ | 5×20 |
| 120 | jexcʼatʼqʼ | from jetxcʼatʼqʼ 6x20 |
| 160 | barɬcʼatʼqʼ | 8×20 |
| 200 | icʼatʼqʼ | from itʼːcʼatʼqʼ 10x20 |
| 1000 | atas | from Georgian |
In Bats, as in its closest relatives Chechen and Ingush, the number four (Dʕivʔ) begins with a noun-class marker, represented by D (by default, or another capital letter for the other classes). This marker will agree in class with the class of the nominal which the number modifies, even if that nominal is not overtly expressed and is only apparent through pragmatic or discursive context, as in Vʕivʔev (four (males)). This is seen in the word four itself as well as its derivatives.
Verbs
Bats has explicit inflections for agentivity of a verb; it makes a distinction between "Шаблон:IPA" (I fell down through no fault of my own) and "Шаблон:IPA" (I fell down and it was my own fault).
References
External links
- The Red Book of Peoples of the Russian Empire: The Bats
- Languages of the World report Шаблон:Webarchive
- Bats basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Шаблон:Northeast Caucasian languages Шаблон:Languages of the Caucasus
- ↑ HG1994Шаблон:Full citation needed
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Holisky, Dee Ann and Gagua, Rusudan, 1994. "Tsova-Tush (Batsbi)", in The indigenous languages of the Caucasus Vol 4, Rieks Smeets, editor. Caravan Books, pp. 147-212
- ↑ Kevin Tuite (2007). The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis, pp. 7-8. Historiographia Linguistica, 35 #1.
