Английская Википедия:Battle of Berezina

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Infobox military conflict Шаблон:Campaignbox French invasion of Russia Шаблон:OSM Location map The Battle of (the) Berezina (or Beresina) took place from 26 to 29 November 1812, between Napoleon's Шаблон:Lang and the Imperial Russian Army under Field Marshal Wittgenstein and Admiral Chichagov. Napoleon was retreating back toward Poland in chaos after the aborted occupation of Moscow and trying to cross the Berezina River at Borisov. The outcome of the battle was inconclusive as, despite heavy losses, Napoleon managed to cross the river and continue his retreat with the surviving remnants of his army.Шаблон:Sfn

Background

Napoleon had fought his way out of Russia in the battles of Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma and Krasnoi. His plan was to cross the Berezina River at Borisov (in Belarusian Governorate General) in order to join up with his Austrian ally, Field Marshall Schwarzenberg at Minsk.Шаблон:Sfn As the central core of Napoleon's Шаблон:Lang marched toward Borisov, however, Russian troops supported by Cossacks moved to block his battered force, reduced to 49,000 men under arms and 40,000 stragglers.Шаблон:Sfn

On 21 November, the Russians attacked and captured the French garrison at Borisov including the bridge over the Berezina. A French advance force attempted to regain Borisov on 23 November, but the Russians destroyed the bridge and remained in control of the west bank.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn To the north, Russian field marshal Wittgenstein and an army of 30,000 tracked Napoleon as he moved west. From Minsk in the west, Russian admiral Chichagov (with Chaplits in the vanguard) and an army of 35,000 advanced toward Borisov.Шаблон:Sfn And pursuing Napoleon's army from the east was Russian General Miloradovich with a force of an additional 32,000 soldiers.Шаблон:Sfn

On 23 November 1812, the Sacred Squadron (French: L'escadron sacré) was formed as an ad hoc cavalry unit which consisted – out of military necessity – entirely of officers to serve as Napoleon's bodyguard.

Russian field marshal Kutuzov with another 39,000 men was in the vicinity, 64 kilometres to the east, but was not involved in the fighting. General Sir Robert Wilson, a British liaison officer traveling with Kutuzov, advocated for a direct confrontation with Napoleon and protested against the Russian strategy allowing Napoleon to withdraw with only peripheral attacks. Kutuzov replied that he was not at all sure that the total destruction of the Emperor Napoleon and his army would be such a benefit to Russia, as Britain would then dominate Europe, and that would be intolerable.Шаблон:Sfn

The crossing and battles

Файл:Battle of Berezina map-es.svg
Battle of Berezina map-es
Файл:P1030746-001.JPG
From the Russian monument where Chaplits was located. The Berezina is in the middle, across the river, Studzionka
Файл:Studzionka, Biarezina. Студзёнка, Бярэзіна (Lauvergne, 1840).jpg
Studzionka, Biarezina. Студзёнка, Бярэзіна (Lauvergne, 1840)

As Napoleon's army reached Bobr, 50 kilometres from Borisov, he was informed that the bridge over the Berezina at Borisov had been destroyed. Napoleon also learned that a French cavalry brigade had discovered a place where the river might be crossed eight miles north of Borisov at the hamlet of Studienka. Although this was a place where an ice crossing could normally be made in November, a temporary thaw of the ice and the muddy banks made it necessary that bridges be constructed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Plans were made to build pontoon bridges. The commander of the pontoon bridge builders, General Jean Baptiste Eblé, had disobeyed Napoleon's previous orders given during the withdrawal to destroy the equipment, forges, and tools necessary for building bridges. To draw the Russians' attention away from the vicinity of the crossing, numerous diversions were undertaken. On 25 November, bridge construction started in Studienka even though numerous campfires belonging to the forces of Admiral Chichagov were observed across the river at Brili.Шаблон:Sfn

The movements of French General Nicolas Oudinot's corps and numerous rumours led the Russians to believe that Napoleon would either attack at Borisov and attempt to repair the bridge or he would lead his troops south of Borisov and cross the Berezina downstream. As a result, Chichagov made the decision to move the main body of his force south of Borisov to Szabaszeviki so that he could watch and patrol a 90Шаблон:Nbhkilometre stretch of the Berezina River. Russian General Tshaplitz and his force of approximately 3,000 men camped at Brili were ordered to move 15 kilometres south to support the Russian forces at Borisov.Шаблон:Sfn

As a result, on the morning of 26 November, the French discovered that the Russians had abandoned their camp on the west bank. Forty French cavalry troopers made their way across the river and protected the crossing of 400 men in boats. This small force then secured the west bank so that the bridges could be completed. Meanwhile, neither of the Russian forces pursuing Napoleon from the rear were very aggressive and both remained substantial distances north and west of the Berezina River while the French bridged the river.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This river was 20–30 metres wide and filled with drifting ice, but its banks were swampy, making the crossing extremely difficult.[1][2]

By 1 p.m. the smaller of the two bridges was complete and Oudinot began to lead his infantry of 7,000 men across the river and establish a defensive position to protect against the Russian forces to the south. Later that afternoon, the larger of the two bridges (for the artillery) was completed, but collapsed twice. Napoleon began to move his force across the Berezina in earnest.Шаблон:Sfn

Overnight on 26–27 November, Russian General Chaplitz became aware of the French crossing, consolidated his forces, and attempted to return to Brili to intercept the French. Tshaplitz's forces, however, were stopped well to the south of Brili by Oudinot's battalions. Also on the 27th, Chichagov began to move the main portion of his army back to Borisov when it became apparent that there was no French activity downstream. Chichagov, however, chose not to immediately move north to Brili inasmuch as his men were still in transit and not fully assembled.Шаблон:Sfn

By midday of the 27th, Napoleon and his Imperial Guard were across. One of the spans broke in the late afternoon, but the engineers had it repaired by early evening.Шаблон:Sfn The corps of Marshal Davout and Prince Eugene were able to cross before the day ended. The last unit on the eastern bank, Marshal Victor's IX Corps was given the order to defend against the approach of Wittgenstein who had then reached Borisov. As a part of that operation, French General Louis Partouneaux's 12th Division of the IX Corps suffered a great defeat, surrendering over 8,000 men when they were overwhelmed by Wittgenstein at Staroi-Borisov.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

On 28 November, the Russians coordinated their efforts and attacked Napoleon's Шаблон:Lang on both sides of the river. On the west bank, Tshaplitz reinforced with additional infantry attacked the French forward positions and began to push Oudinot back to Brili. French General Ney took command when Oudinot was wounded and the Russian advance was stopped. Twenty-five thousand men engaged in a firefight that lasted into the night. Finally, French General Doumerc led a cavalry charge of the Cuirassiers,forcing the Russians back and ending the battle for the day. On the east bank of the river, Wittgenstein attacked Victor's IX Corps at 5 a.m. The French were pushed back in fighting that went on for eight hours. At 1 p.m., the Russians attained a position that enabled them to flank the French and rain down cannon fire on the bridges. The artillery bombardment fell largely upon the stragglers causing a human stampede as individuals rushed for the bridges or jumped into the cold river in an attempt to swim to the other side. The fighting and bombardment lasted for approximately four hours at which time the bridge engineers began working to clear a path for Victor's IX Corps to cross the river. Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Dutch Soldiers at the Battle of Berezina.jpg
An image of the Dutch soldiers at the Berezina who helped to cover the retreat for 2 days. Only a third of them survived.

At about 10 p.m. that evening, Victor's IX Corps made their crossing and three hours later the bridges were free of Napoleon's armed troops. The bridges were then available for the stragglers; however, despite encouragement, most of those who had fought so hard to get across the river during the bombardment chose to light their campfires and spend the night on the east bank. The next morning, the commander of the engineers, General Eblé had Napoleon's order to burn the bridges at 7 a.m. Eblé delayed the execution of that order until 8:30 a.m., at which time, tens of thousands of stragglers and their civilian companions were left behind.Шаблон:Sfn

...The unfortunate men who had not taken advantage of the night to get away had at the first appearance of dawn rushed on to the bridge, but now it was too late. Preparations were already made to burn it down. Numbers jumped into the water, hoping to swim through the floating bits of ice, but not one reached the shore. I saw them all there in water up to their shoulders, and, overcome by the terrible cold, they all miserably perished. On the bridge was a canteen man carrying a child on his head. His wife was in front of him, crying bitterly. I could not stay any longer, it was more than I could bear. Just as I turned away, a cart containing a wounded officer fell from the bridge, with the horse also. They next set fire to the bridge, and I have been told that scenes impossible to describe for horror then took place...Шаблон:Sfn

Cossacks and Wittgenstein's troops closed in upon Studienka and took the stragglers on the east bank as prisoners. With the pontoon bridges gone, Wittgenstein had no means to cross the river and pursue Napoleon. On the west bank, Napoleon and his Шаблон:Lang were on their way to Vilna. Chichagov sent Chaplits in pursuit of Napoleon but the French had destroyed three successive bridges across the Gaina swamp between Brili and the Zembin Road leading to Vilna. The swamp could not be crossed without the bridges. Napoleon had escaped. The battle at the Berezina River was over.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Casualties

Author David G. Chandler wrote in "The Campaigns of Napoleon"Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Studzionka, Biarezina. Студзёнка, Бярэзіна (1908) (2).jpg
Studzionka, Biarezina, with the monument in the middle. Студзёнка, Бярэзіна (1908)
Файл:The Berezina in Studzionka.JPG
The Berezina in Studzionka with the monument to the right (January 2015)

Шаблон:Blockquote

Aftermath

The immediate result of the Battle of Berezina had been simple: the French retreat went on, the Russian Army followed. Although it had been a Russian tactical victory by definition as the losses of the "defeated" outweighed those of the "victor", the victorious Russian force failed to meet its original objectives. Indeed, despite enormous losses, Napoleon was in a position to claim a strategic victory, having snatched what was left of his army from a seemingly unavoidable catastrophe. There would be no large military confrontation for the rest of the retreat, although the incessant harassment of Russian Cossacks and the weather continued to take a toll on the surviving members of the French army.Шаблон:Sfn

The losses had been extraordinary. It is estimated that 20–30,000 French combatants became casualties. "To the number of the slain in action must be added probably as many as 30,000 non-combatants."Шаблон:Sfn The Guard, which had not come into action at all, lost about 1,500 men out of 3,500. Much, however, had been saved. Napoleon, his generals, 200 guns, the war chest, much of the baggage, and thousands of officers and veteran soldiers had escaped. Overall, approximately 40,000 members of Napoleon's army were saved. Without this core of experienced men, Napoleon could not have rebuilt his armies for the battles of the War of the Sixth Coalition.Шаблон:Sfn

According to author Andrew Zamoyski:

The next two days were, according to some, among the worst of the entire retreat[...]no fallen horse or cattle remained uneaten, no dog, no cat, no carrion, nor indeed, the corpses of those who died of cold and hunger.Шаблон:Sfn

Napoleon left his army on 5 December at Vilna. The temperatures dropped to -33.75 °C on 8 December and the number of combatants was down to 4,300. On 14 December the rest of the French main army crossed the Niemen. 36,000 French prisoners of the Шаблон:Lang were taken by the Cossacks between 1–14 December. The only troops that had remained were the flanking forces (43,000 under Schwarzenberg, 23,000 under Macdonald), about 1,000 men of the Guard and about 40,000 stragglers. No more than 110,000 were all that was left from 612,000 (including reinforcements) that had entered Russia. The Russian losses may be about 250,000 men.Шаблон:Sfn Louise Fusil, a French actress, who was living in Russia for six years, returned with the army and offers details in her memoires.

In French historiography, Berezina is later associated with disaster.[3]

Gallery

The drama of the battle's story inspired many works of art centred on the crossing:

See also

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

References

General references

  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Mikaberidze, Alexander (2010). Napoleon's Great Escape: The Battle of the Berezina. London: Pen and Sword. Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Morelock, Jerry, Napoleon's Russian nightmare. Misjudgments, Russian strategy and "General Winter" changed the course of history, 2011 Шаблон:ISBN?
  • Pigeard, Alain – "Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon", Tallandier, Bibliothèque Napoléonienne, 2004, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Pigeard, Alain – "La Bérézina", Napoléon Ier Editions 2009 Шаблон:ISBN?
  • Tulard, Jean – "Dictionnaire Napoléon"; Librairie Artème Fayard, 1999, Шаблон:ISBN
  • Weider, Ben and Franceschi, Michel, The Wars Against Napoleon: Debunking the Myth of the Napoleonic Wars, 2007 Шаблон:ISBN?

External links

Шаблон:Sequence Шаблон:Napoleonic Wars Шаблон:Authority control Шаблон:Use dmy dates

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 29th Bulletin de la Grande armée, p. 160
  3. ↑ Familier Échec complet de quelque chose; défaite catastrophique de quelqu’un : Une bérézina électorale. "bérézina ou Bérézina" (in French). Dictionnaire Larousse. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015
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