Английская Википедия:Battle of Besançon

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Battle of Besançon (21 June 1575) was a sectarian conflict between the Protestants and Catholics in the French city of Besançon in the region of Franche-Comté. Prior to the battle, the Huguenots, accused of heresy, had been expelled from the city and fled to the County of Montbéliard and Switzerland; the outcasts formed an army and planned an attempt to retake Besançon and turn the city into a stronghold of the Protestant Reformation. By the time the armed Protestants had reached the city of Besançon however, their army had dwindled because of several mishaps. Nonetheless, the battle began and raged for several hours; the outcome was an overwhelming Catholic victory. The majority of the Protestant army managed to escape, but those who were captured were hanged as traitors. For over two centuries after the battle, Protestantism in Besançon was repressed.

Background

Шаблон:See also In Besançon, the Catholics had executed Protestants for religious reasons since 1528.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the punishment, prosecution, and banning of Protestants in Besançon, Archbishop Antoine struggled to contain the spread of Protestant ideas. The preaching of William Farel,Шаблон:Sfn Theodore Beza and John Calvin had resulted in people converting to Protestantism;Шаблон:Sfn Protestant propaganda, religious gatherings, and iconoclastic attacks on Catholic imagery had also maintained the Protestant community in Besançon.Шаблон:Sfn On 1 March 1562, the murder of Huguenots in Wassy, France began the French Wars of Religion. By then, Besançon had become part of an independent republic protected by the Holy Roman Empire, which mostly untouched in the beginning of the conflict. Despite the oppression in Besançon, many French Protestant reformers continued to flock to the city.Шаблон:Sfn

In Besançon, the people called for Catholic Philip II of Spain to help fight all heresies in 1571.Шаблон:Sfn In response to this, the new archbishop, Claude de La Baume, demanded that anybody suspected of heresy be expelled from Besançon.Шаблон:Sfn Local authorities kept count of the Protestants in the city, expelling fifty of them later. The outcast Protestants took refuge in Switzerland and Montbéliard.Шаблон:Sfn In the midst of increasing violence in the region after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572,Шаблон:Sfn the Protestant personae non gratae gathered in Montbéliard and NeuchâtelШаблон:Sfn before marching to Besançon in 1575.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Preparations

Protestants in Franche-Comté had been expelled from the region, and had met in Montbéliard and Switzerland to organise the capture of Besançon.Шаблон:Sfn Desiring assistance, they enlisted some Swiss and Montbéliards to fight with them.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Originally, the soldiers were incredibly well organised, with 300 soldiers coming from Switzerland and 150 coming from Montbéliard. No less than 6,000 men would be provided by the Holy Roman Empire if the city fell. The people of Besançon were on their guard, and the assault was carefully designed to be unexpected. According to their plans, the soldiers from Neuchâtel would enter Besançon through the Notre-Dame, and those from Montbéliard would enter the city through the Battant.Шаблон:Sfn

On the night of 20 June, two armed Protestant corps coming from Montbéliard and Neuchâtel were travelling to Besançon. However, some of the troops from the Neuchâtel group decided to abandon the battle, as their request for extra pay had been denied. The other soldiers continued upstream. The remaining soldiers from Neuchâtel got into a fight with the inhabitants of Morteau;Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn after a fierce battle, they were forced to retreat.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn After waiting for the group from Neuchâtel, which could not be found,Шаблон:Sfn Capitaine Paul de Beaujeu decided to continue with the plan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By midnight,Шаблон:Sfn the soldiers had reached Palente, and they hid in the forests of Chalezeule while establishing a plan of attack.Шаблон:Sfn With the help of a dozen small boats laid end-to-end, the soldiers crossed the Doubs.Шаблон:Sfn To continue the attack, the soldiers would need the help of the townspeople.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Battle

Equipped with ladders, ropes, weapons and ammunition, the soldiers managed to obtain the keys of the Battant through a man named Le Goux, after threatening civil law notary Jean Papay. After crossing the Battant Bridge, the soldiers entered the city and prepared to attackШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn with the help of two townspeople; one named Recy, and the other an upholsterer named Augustin.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The soldiers seized armaments located near the Battant,Шаблон:Sfn with the intention of sacking the archdiocese and churches, and killing Catholic priests and church leaders.Шаблон:Sfn The invaders then separated into groups: some gathered around the Battant, while about 70 men, on horse and foot, reached the high street; those who were approaching the Battant passed along the Rue des Granges, a major street in Besançon. Both groups were assisted by many townspeople. By this time, the Protestant invaders had destroyed several houses (such as that of Madame de Thoraise of Chavirey),Шаблон:Sfn and an attack on the town hall wounded one Catholic.Шаблон:Sfn

François de Vergy, a member of the House of Vergy, had been informed of this attack by the townspeople, and he arrived in Besançon at dawn.Шаблон:Sfn He asked the soldiers if they were friendly, after which the insurgents responded with violence.Шаблон:Sfn After several exchanges of gunfire, the battle moved to the high street where the Protestants were armed with two pieces of artillery near the Battant.Шаблон:Sfn Two hours after the battle moved to the high street, de Vergy led a group of monks and priests to the battle, equipped with three cannons.Шаблон:Sfn The first two cannons did not fire, which caused doubt in the Catholic ranks, despite having over 300 men, many more than the Protestant forces.Шаблон:Sfn However, the third cannon fired, successfully causing panic among the Protestants.Шаблон:Sfn The Protestants continued their fight regardless, using cannons,Шаблон:Sfn firearms, and knives in an attempt to stop the Catholic forces and Claude de La Baume, their leader.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The Protestant leader was severely injured and his horse was hit, causing disorder in the ranks of Huguenot troops, ultimately resulting in them attempting to retreat from the city.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

After the Protestants were caught in crossfire by townspeople engaging in the battle,Шаблон:Sfn many decided to flee through the Battant.Шаблон:Sfn They took the portcullis down, but could not find boats to cross the Doubs, so some soldiers chose to swim; many of them drowned,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including goldsmith Guillaume Laboral from Montbéliard.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Those who did not escape the battle were executed at the gallows.Шаблон:Sfn The executions occurred on the same day, or later in the week.Шаблон:Sfn In total, twenty Protestants were killed in combat, and two drowned in the Doubs. The Father of Faverney, Antoine d'Achey, and the army in Vesoul were dispatched to rescue the city, not knowing that the battle had already ended. Nonetheless, Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga thanked Achey for his attempts.Шаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

The morning after the battle, forty young noblemen from Besançon, suspected of sympathizing with the Protestant insurgents, were executed after lengthy torture sessions.Шаблон:Sfn Other citizens suspected of heresy would receive the same punishment—some were imprisoned; others were banished from the city, or had their money and possessions taken away.Шаблон:Sfn Many citizens were publicly hanged in front of the city hall.Шаблон:Sfn Some Protestants were hanged, beheaded, and quartered, while some others were dragged onto a publicly displayed pile of bodies. Some Protestant corpses were cut up and the pieces exposed on the city gates.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Masses were held at St. Jean's Cathedral and St. Stephen's Cathedral of Besançon to celebrate the defeat of the Huguenots.Шаблон:Sfn

To remember the Catholic victory, Claude de La Baume held a local festival that took place on 21 June, resulting in his promotion to cardinal by Pope Gregory XIII,Шаблон:Sfn and a pension of 1,000 ducats from Philip II of Spain.Шаблон:Sfn The citizens of Morteau, who stopped the troops from Neuchâtel, were made citizens of Besançon and received significant financial compensation.Шаблон:Sfn François de Lette, Baron of Aubonne, was forced into exile,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn and Paul de Beaujeu left the region and travelled to Switzerland.Шаблон:Sfn Following the battle, Protestantism in Besançon was repressed until the signing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which allowed Protestants to live in the city unconstrained.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

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